Club Certificate2025
SUBITOSUI 3410
Swiss Rating Office ABC
Bruno Frank
Haldengässli 76
8706 Feldmeilen
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles42.4°42.4°40.5°39.0°38.0°37.4°37.3°37.3°38.1°
Beat VMG2.573.524.244.714.935.035.085.125.06
52°4.005.336.226.706.927.017.067.127.11
60°4.245.586.426.857.077.187.247.327.33
75°4.395.746.556.967.227.417.537.697.78
90°4.225.606.506.967.267.517.728.038.22
110°4.215.696.717.197.517.727.918.248.51
120°4.075.566.647.187.597.948.218.649.03
135°3.524.996.206.967.427.858.299.2610.33
150°2.964.235.366.367.037.457.868.7710.17
Run VMG2.563.664.645.516.256.777.177.918.81
Gybe Angles146.0°146.0°150.1°151.2°158.7°166.9°171.4°170.3°150.7°
APH ToD:563.7CDL: 8.789APH ToT: 1.0643CertNo:SUI3410
BOAT
ClassGrand Soleil 34.1DesignerVismaraBuilderDel PardoAge date05/2000Series date01/1999Offset fileGS341_K.OFFData fileSUI3410
HULL
Length Overall10.005 mMaximum Beam3.278 mDraft2.008 mDisplacement4,645 kgDLR6.1440IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.090%Age Allowance0.487%
PROPELLER
InstallationStrutTypeFolding 2 bladesDiameter0.405m
CREW
Maximum weight603 kg(default)Minimum weight473 kg ✱ when appliedNon Manual PowerNoCrew Arm Extension
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail29.8830.35Headsail Luffed36.7736.77Headsail FlyingSymmetric112.05112.05Asymmetric
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail9.24Storm Jib8.75Heavy Weather Jib23.61
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails5Spinnakers4
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.
Club Certificate2025
SUBITOSUI 3410
Swiss Rating Office ABC
Bruno Frank
Haldengässli 76
8706 Feldmeilen
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1398.11022.3849.2764.0730.2715.5708.1703.1712.1
52°900.9675.7579.2537.7520.6513.7509.9505.8506.1
60°848.2644.7561.0525.7509.2501.2496.9491.5490.8
75°821.0627.7549.9517.2498.5485.9477.9468.3462.9
90°853.8643.0554.2517.2496.1479.6466.0448.3438.0
110°856.1633.2536.9500.6479.4466.2455.0437.0422.9
120°885.4647.6542.5501.1474.5453.2438.2416.7398.5
135°1022.8721.8580.5517.3485.4458.5434.3388.8348.4
150°1214.4851.4671.6566.1512.1483.5458.3410.6354.0
Run VMG1405.8983.1775.2653.1575.6531.7502.0455.0408.5
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1400.91002.7812.2708.5652.9623.6605.1579.0560.3
All purpose1066.1777.0644.1579.1545.4526.2512.4491.4475.6
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward683.10.8783
All purpose563.71.0643
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low710.50.8445
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium560.11.0713
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High508.01.1812
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low907.40.6612
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium677.40.8858
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High599.91.0001
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance610.60.9826
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low710.50.8445
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium560.11.0713
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High508.01.1812
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low907.40.6612
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium677.40.8858
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High599.91.0001
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1482.71000.7766.2645.1579.4544.8517.5473.6457.4
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.7647
Downwind "popa"0.9384
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.8097
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.8785
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low710.50.8445
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium560.11.0713
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High508.01.1812
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low907.40.6612
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium677.40.8858
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High599.91.0001
Predominantly Upwind609.80.9839
Predominantly Downwind566.51.0591
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low710.50.8445
Triple Number AP Medium560.11.0712
Triple Number AP High508.01.1812
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low946.50.6339
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium677.40.8858
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High599.91.0001
Single Number Predominant Upwind633.00.9479
Single Number Predominant Reaching562.21.0672
Single Number Predominant Downwind591.01.0152
Predominant Upwind - Low851.80.7044
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med661.20.9075
Predominant Upwind - Medium592.21.0131
Predominant Upwind - Med/High559.41.0725
Predominant Upwind - High544.71.1015
Predominant Downwind Low855.50.7014
Predominant Downwind Low/Med637.50.9412
Predominant Downwind Medium547.91.0950
Predominant Downwind Med/High492.81.2176
Predominant Downwind High457.71.3108
Predominant Reaching Low765.40.7839
Predominant Reaching Low/Med593.01.0118
Predominant Reaching Medium528.21.1360
Predominant Reaching Med/High488.81.2275
Predominant Reaching High464.01.2932
SA/DSPL Upwind23.82SA/DSPL Downwind50.72
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1054.90.5688
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med780.20.7690
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium666.50.9002
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High607.80.9872
5-Band Windward/Leeward High580.31.0340
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1058.50.5668
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med789.60.7599
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium681.50.8804
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High628.30.9549
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High605.30.9912
5-Band AP Low782.80.7665
5-Band AP Low/Med626.20.9582
5-Band AP Medium553.21.0845
5-Band AP Med/High513.91.1674
5-Band AP High492.31.2188
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low911.80.6580
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med747.40.8028
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium646.20.9284
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High594.61.0090
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High569.11.0543
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9220
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9527
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.9801
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.7072
Bayview-Mac Shore0.7118
Harvest Moon Regatta494.81.2126
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance610.60.9826
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low710.50.8445
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium560.11.0713
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High508.01.1812
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low907.40.6612
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium677.40.8858
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High599.91.0001
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1482.71000.7766.2645.1579.4544.8517.5473.6457.4
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance610.60.9826
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low710.50.8445
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium560.11.0713
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High508.01.1812
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low907.40.6612
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium677.40.8858
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High599.91.0001
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1482.71000.7766.2645.1579.4544.8517.5473.6457.4
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance610.6
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1482.71000.7766.2645.1579.4544.8517.5473.6457.4
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low710.50.8445
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium560.11.0713
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High508.01.1812
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low907.40.6612
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium677.40.8858
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High599.91.0001
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating610.60.9826
FinRating, kevyt tuuli1036.50.9647
FinRating, kova tuuli495.61.0089
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low710.50.8445
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium560.11.0713
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High508.01.1812
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low907.40.6612
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium677.40.8858
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High599.91.0001
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance0.9826
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8445
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0713
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1812
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6612
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8858
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0001
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1482.71000.7766.2645.1579.4544.8517.5473.6457.4
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)629.6
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance610.60.9826
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low710.50.8445
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium560.11.0713
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High508.01.1812
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low907.40.6612
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium677.40.8858
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High599.91.0001
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1482.71000.7766.2645.1579.4544.8517.5473.6457.4
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low710.50.8445
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium560.11.0713
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High508.01.1812
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low907.40.6612
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium677.40.8858
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High599.91.0001
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance610.60.9826
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low710.50.8445
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium560.11.0713
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High508.01.1812
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low907.40.6612
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium677.40.8858
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High599.91.0001
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1482.71000.7766.2645.1579.4544.8517.5473.6457.4
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance610.60.9826
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low710.50.8445
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium560.11.0713
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High508.01.1812
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low907.40.6612
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium677.40.8858
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High599.91.0001
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1482.71000.7766.2645.1579.4544.8517.5473.6457.4
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low710.5
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium560.1
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High508.0
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low907.4
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium677.4
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High599.9
Predominantly Upwind609.8
Predominantly Downwind566.5
Predominantly Reaching548.3
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance610.60.9826
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low710.50.8445
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium560.11.0713
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High508.01.1812
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low907.40.6612
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium677.40.8858
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High599.91.0001
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1482.71000.7766.2645.1579.4544.8517.5473.6457.4
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8445
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0713
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1812
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6612
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8858
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0001
Coastal/Long Distance0.9826
Predominantly Upwind0.9839
Predominantly Downwind1.0591
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)629.6
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Distanseseilas Singeltall  (APH)1.0643
Distanseseilas Trippeltall svak vind0.8445
Distanseseilas Trippeltall mellomvind1.0713
Distanseseilas Trippeltall sterk vind1.1812
Pølsebane Trippeltall svak vind0.6612
Pølsebane Trippeltall mellomvind0.8858
Pølsebane Trippeltall sterk vind1.0001
Motvind Singeltall0.9839
Medvind Singeltall1.0591
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low710.50.8445
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium560.11.0713
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High508.01.1812
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low907.40.6612
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium677.40.8858
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High599.91.0001
Coastal/Long Distance610.60.9826
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind609.80.9839
Predominantly Downwind566.51.0591
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore565.91.0602
Cape Doctor Coastal480.41.2490
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low710.50.8445
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium560.11.0713
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High508.01.1812
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low907.40.6612
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium677.40.8858
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High599.91.0001
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8445
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0713
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1812
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6612
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8858
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0001
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8445
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0713
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1812
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6612
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8858
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0001
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance610.60.9826
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low710.50.8445
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium560.11.0713
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High508.01.1812
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low907.40.6612
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium677.40.8858
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High599.91.0001
Predominantly Upwind609.80.9839
Predominantly Downwind566.51.0591
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1482.71000.7766.2645.1579.4544.8517.5473.6457.4
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance610.60.9826
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low710.50.8445
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium560.11.0713
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High508.01.1812
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low907.40.6612
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium677.40.8858
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High599.91.0001
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1482.71000.7766.2645.1579.4544.8517.5473.6457.4
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low710.50.8445
Triple Number AP Medium560.11.0712
Triple Number AP High508.01.1812
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low946.50.6339
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium677.40.8858
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High599.91.0001
Single Number Predominant Upwind633.00.9479
Single Number Predominant Reaching562.21.0672
Single Number Predominant Downwind591.01.0152
Predominant Upwind - Low851.80.7044
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med661.20.9075
Predominant Upwind - Medium592.21.0131
Predominant Upwind - Med/High559.41.0725
Predominant Upwind - High544.71.1015
Predominant Downwind Low855.50.7014
Predominant Downwind Low/Med637.50.9412
Predominant Downwind Medium547.91.0950
Predominant Downwind Med/High492.81.2176
Predominant Downwind High457.71.3108
Predominant Reaching Low765.40.7839
Predominant Reaching Low/Med593.01.0118
Predominant Reaching Medium528.21.1360
Predominant Reaching Med/High488.81.2275
Predominant Reaching High464.01.2932
SA/DSPL Upwind23.82SA/DSPL Downwind50.72
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1054.90.5688
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med780.20.7690
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium666.50.9002
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High607.80.9872
5-Band Windward/Leeward High580.31.0340
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1058.50.5668
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med789.60.7599
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium681.50.8804
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High628.30.9549
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High605.30.9912
5-Band AP Low782.80.7665
5-Band AP Low/Med626.20.9582
5-Band AP Medium553.21.0845
5-Band AP Med/High513.91.1674
5-Band AP High492.31.2188
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low911.80.6580
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med747.40.8028
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium646.20.9284
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High594.61.0090
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High569.11.0543
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9220
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9527
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.9801
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.7072
Bayview-Mac Shore0.7118
Harvest Moon Regatta494.81.2126
Club Certificate2025
SUBITOSUI 3410
Swiss Rating Office ABC
Bruno Frank
Haldengässli 76
8706 Feldmeilen
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassGrand Soleil 34.1Measurement01/04/2001HINPlan reviewHull constructionCoredCarbon rudderNoLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA10.005Max. Beam3.278Draft2.008Displacement4,645Wetted area22.23IMS L9.213LSM09.109Acc. length10.005Sink (kg/mm) 16.19
VCGD-0.034VCGM0.050RM Rated (kg·m) 86.1Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight603Declared crew weightN/A
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeFolding 2 blades
InstallationStrutTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRD0.405PBW0.113PIPA0.0033
EDL2.227ST10.042ST20.180
ST30.180ST40.111ST50.272
RIG
Forestay tensionAftInner stayNone FittedMast materialAluminumSingle headsail furlerNoMainsail furlerNoArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunning backstays0CheckstaysSpreaders2Rotating mastNo
P12.000IG13.222ISP13.700MDT10.105MDL10.187MDT20.105MDL20.150TL1.000MW0.167GO0.167
E4.400J3.940BAS1.702FSD0.031SFJ0.000SPL4.896WPLTPSBD0.132MWT135.50MCG4.220
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodVCG entered directlyVCG entered-0.034Flotation Date01/04/2001
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible
Club Certificate2025
SUBITOSUI 3410
Swiss Rating Office ABC
Bruno Frank
Haldengässli 76
8706 Feldmeilen
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateCommentM10.150.821.472.643.5729.8808/04/2013
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateComment8620.090.731.412.844.245.7112.92NoNo 36.7722/03/2016
SYMMETRIC SPINNAKER
IdSLUSLESLSHWSFLAreaMeas.DateCommentS214.5214.5214.529.597.94112.05altS213.4413.4413.449.149.41102.97
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length10.0 mTable area0.44 m²Headroom1.70 mMinimum number of berths4Personal gear stowage0.16 m³Fresh water capacity80 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit4Food stowage0.24 m³Fuel capacity50 lCabin soleStovesSinksGalley gear stowageToiletWash basinNavigation areaHanging locker
*This list is a summary of the requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for details.