Club Certificate2025
SCACCIAPENSIERISUI 10
Swiss Rating Office ABC
Bruno Frank
Haldengässli 76
8706 Feldmeilen
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles41.6°41.6°39.5°38.2°37.8°37.8°37.8°38.2°39.7°
Beat VMG2.102.853.413.733.863.923.963.993.93
52°3.204.254.945.265.415.485.545.605.60
60°3.374.435.095.395.555.645.715.785.80
75°3.464.555.205.525.735.885.986.116.16
90°3.704.795.395.655.796.006.186.416.53
110°3.724.835.495.856.136.346.496.746.96
120°3.514.665.405.826.196.496.747.097.40
135°3.014.165.055.616.006.406.787.558.39
150°2.543.604.515.245.706.076.437.218.33
Run VMG2.193.123.934.615.205.595.936.607.35
Gybe Angles148.9°148.9°153.4°158.6°167.3°176.3°176.8°176.8°165.8°
APH ToD:700.9CDL: 5.348APH ToT: 0.8560CertNo:SUI1016
BOAT
ClassM 1DesignerJ. KjaerulffBuilderMoserAge dateSeries date02/1976Offset fileCB_M1.offData fileSUI1016
HULL
Length Overall7.050 mMaximum Beam2.314 mDraft1.437 mDisplacement1,202 kgDLR7.5943IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.150%Age Allowance0.487%
PROPELLER
InstallationStrutTypeFolding 2 bladesDiameter0.334m
CREW
Maximum weight286 kg(default)Minimum weight156 kg ✱ when appliedNon Manual PowerNoCrew Arm Extension
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail15.8916.13Headsail Luffed10.8310.83Headsail FlyingSymmetric41.5141.51Asymmetric
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail4.71Storm Jib3.57Heavy Weather Jib9.62
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails5
✱ Woven polyester sails
Spinnakers4
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.
Club Certificate2025
SCACCIAPENSIERISUI 10
Swiss Rating Office ABC
Bruno Frank
Haldengässli 76
8706 Feldmeilen
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1716.21261.01056.1964.7931.7918.3908.9902.8917.0
52°1124.9846.3729.3684.2665.1656.4649.9643.3643.2
60°1068.5811.8707.3667.5648.2637.9630.8622.6620.9
75°1039.9792.0691.9652.4628.8612.7602.1589.6584.7
90°973.2752.2668.0637.2621.4599.7582.5561.4551.3
110°968.6744.6655.8615.3587.0568.2554.9533.8517.5
120°1025.5772.7666.2618.3581.8554.4534.1507.6486.7
135°1195.4865.2713.0641.4599.5562.5531.0476.7429.2
150°1416.3999.9797.4686.7631.8593.5559.6499.0432.4
Run VMG1642.01154.6917.2780.4691.8643.6607.1545.3489.9
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1677.91207.8986.6872.6811.8781.0758.0724.1703.5
All purpose1272.9939.2789.6718.9682.0659.0640.9614.7596.7
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward845.30.7098
All purpose700.90.8560
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low864.40.6941
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium697.50.8602
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High635.60.9440
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1097.30.5468
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium838.90.7152
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High751.00.7989
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance756.90.7928
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low864.40.6941
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium697.50.8602
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High635.60.9440
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1097.30.5468
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium838.90.7152
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High751.00.7989
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1765.41202.5931.2797.3724.7682.7646.8589.5571.1
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.6049
Downwind "popa"0.7865
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.6499
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.7215
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low864.40.6941
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium697.50.8602
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High635.60.9440
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1097.30.5468
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium838.90.7152
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High751.00.7989
Predominantly Upwind764.90.7844
Predominantly Downwind694.80.8635
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low864.40.6941
Triple Number AP Medium697.60.8601
Triple Number AP High635.60.9440
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1144.00.5245
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium838.90.7152
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High751.00.7989
Single Number Predominant Upwind792.10.7575
Single Number Predominant Reaching693.80.8648
Single Number Predominant Downwind722.10.8309
Predominant Upwind - Low1040.40.5767
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med821.90.7300
Predominant Upwind - Medium746.30.8039
Predominant Upwind - Med/High708.20.8472
Predominant Upwind - High689.90.8697
Predominant Downwind Low1020.20.5881
Predominant Downwind Low/Med776.00.7732
Predominant Downwind Medium675.10.8888
Predominant Downwind Med/High608.70.9857
Predominant Downwind High565.21.0615
Predominant Reaching Low916.40.6547
Predominant Reaching Low/Med728.30.8238
Predominant Reaching Medium658.10.9117
Predominant Reaching Med/High610.50.9828
Predominant Reaching High580.11.0343
SA/DSPL Upwind23.64SA/DSPL Downwind50.76
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1270.30.4723
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med953.20.6295
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium826.90.7256
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High760.70.7888
5-Band Windward/Leeward High726.40.8260
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1281.00.4684
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med969.70.6188
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium850.10.7058
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High790.80.7587
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High762.40.7870
5-Band AP Low944.50.6353
5-Band AP Low/Med770.80.7784
5-Band AP Medium689.80.8698
5-Band AP Med/High643.00.9331
5-Band AP High616.10.9739
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low1104.10.5434
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med917.70.6538
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium805.60.7448
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High746.50.8038
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High714.80.8393
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.7385
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.7724
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.8039
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.5828
Bayview-Mac Shore0.5868
Harvest Moon Regatta612.20.9800
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance756.90.7928
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low864.40.6941
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium697.50.8602
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High635.60.9440
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1097.30.5468
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium838.90.7152
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High751.00.7989
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1765.41202.5931.2797.3724.7682.7646.8589.5571.1
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance756.90.7928
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low864.40.6941
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium697.50.8602
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High635.60.9440
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1097.30.5468
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium838.90.7152
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High751.00.7989
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1765.41202.5931.2797.3724.7682.7646.8589.5571.1
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance756.9
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1765.41202.5931.2797.3724.7682.7646.8589.5571.1
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low864.40.6941
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium697.50.8602
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High635.60.9440
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1097.30.5468
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium838.90.7152
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High751.00.7989
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating756.90.7928
FinRating, kevyt tuuli1245.60.8028
FinRating, kova tuuli619.80.8067
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low864.40.6941
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium697.50.8602
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High635.60.9440
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1097.30.5468
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium838.90.7152
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High751.00.7989
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance0.7928
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.6941
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.8602
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High0.9440
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5468
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.7152
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.7989
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1765.41202.5931.2797.3724.7682.7646.8589.5571.1
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)778.4
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance756.90.7928
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low864.40.6941
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium697.50.8602
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High635.60.9440
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1097.30.5468
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium838.90.7152
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High751.00.7989
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1765.41202.5931.2797.3724.7682.7646.8589.5571.1
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low864.40.6941
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium697.50.8602
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High635.60.9440
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1097.30.5468
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium838.90.7152
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High751.00.7989
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance756.90.7928
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low864.40.6941
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium697.50.8602
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High635.60.9440
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1097.30.5468
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium838.90.7152
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High751.00.7989
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1765.41202.5931.2797.3724.7682.7646.8589.5571.1
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance756.90.7928
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low864.40.6941
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium697.50.8602
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High635.60.9440
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1097.30.5468
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium838.90.7152
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High751.00.7989
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1765.41202.5931.2797.3724.7682.7646.8589.5571.1
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low864.4
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium697.5
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High635.6
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1097.3
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium838.9
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High751.0
Predominantly Upwind764.9
Predominantly Downwind694.8
Predominantly Reaching676.8
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance756.90.7928
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low864.40.6941
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium697.50.8602
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High635.60.9440
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1097.30.5468
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium838.90.7152
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High751.00.7989
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1765.41202.5931.2797.3724.7682.7646.8589.5571.1
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.6941
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.8602
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High0.9440
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5468
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.7152
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.7989
Coastal/Long Distance0.7928
Predominantly Upwind0.7844
Predominantly Downwind0.8635
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)778.4
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Distanseseilas Singeltall  (APH)0.8560
Distanseseilas Trippeltall svak vind0.6941
Distanseseilas Trippeltall mellomvind0.8602
Distanseseilas Trippeltall sterk vind0.9440
Pølsebane Trippeltall svak vind0.5468
Pølsebane Trippeltall mellomvind0.7152
Pølsebane Trippeltall sterk vind0.7989
Motvind Singeltall0.7844
Medvind Singeltall0.8635
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low864.40.6941
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium697.50.8602
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High635.60.9440
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1097.30.5468
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium838.90.7152
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High751.00.7989
Coastal/Long Distance756.90.7928
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind764.90.7844
Predominantly Downwind694.80.8635
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore709.60.8455
Cape Doctor Coastal602.10.9966
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low864.40.6941
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium697.50.8602
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High635.60.9440
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1097.30.5468
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium838.90.7152
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High751.00.7989
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.6941
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.8602
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High0.9440
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5468
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.7152
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.7989
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.6941
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.8602
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High0.9440
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5468
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.7152
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.7989
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance756.90.7928
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low864.40.6941
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium697.50.8602
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High635.60.9440
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1097.30.5468
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium838.90.7152
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High751.00.7989
Predominantly Upwind764.90.7844
Predominantly Downwind694.80.8635
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1765.41202.5931.2797.3724.7682.7646.8589.5571.1
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance756.90.7928
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low864.40.6941
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium697.50.8602
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High635.60.9440
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1097.30.5468
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium838.90.7152
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High751.00.7989
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1765.41202.5931.2797.3724.7682.7646.8589.5571.1
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low864.40.6941
Triple Number AP Medium697.60.8601
Triple Number AP High635.60.9440
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1144.00.5245
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium838.90.7152
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High751.00.7989
Single Number Predominant Upwind792.10.7575
Single Number Predominant Reaching693.80.8648
Single Number Predominant Downwind722.10.8309
Predominant Upwind - Low1040.40.5767
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med821.90.7300
Predominant Upwind - Medium746.30.8039
Predominant Upwind - Med/High708.20.8472
Predominant Upwind - High689.90.8697
Predominant Downwind Low1020.20.5881
Predominant Downwind Low/Med776.00.7732
Predominant Downwind Medium675.10.8888
Predominant Downwind Med/High608.70.9857
Predominant Downwind High565.21.0615
Predominant Reaching Low916.40.6547
Predominant Reaching Low/Med728.30.8238
Predominant Reaching Medium658.10.9117
Predominant Reaching Med/High610.50.9828
Predominant Reaching High580.11.0343
SA/DSPL Upwind23.64SA/DSPL Downwind50.76
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1270.30.4723
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med953.20.6295
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium826.90.7256
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High760.70.7888
5-Band Windward/Leeward High726.40.8260
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1281.00.4684
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med969.70.6188
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium850.10.7058
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High790.80.7587
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High762.40.7870
5-Band AP Low944.50.6353
5-Band AP Low/Med770.80.7784
5-Band AP Medium689.80.8698
5-Band AP Med/High643.00.9331
5-Band AP High616.10.9739
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low1104.10.5434
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med917.70.6538
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium805.60.7448
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High746.50.8038
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High714.80.8393
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.7385
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.7724
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.8039
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.5828
Bayview-Mac Shore0.5868
Harvest Moon Regatta612.20.9800
Club Certificate2025
SCACCIAPENSIERISUI 10
Swiss Rating Office ABC
Bruno Frank
Haldengässli 76
8706 Feldmeilen
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassM 1Measurement01/02/1999HINPlan reviewHull constructionCoredCarbon rudderNoLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA7.050Max. Beam2.314Draft1.437Displacement1,202Wetted area9.36IMS L5.559LSM05.408Acc. length7.050Sink (kg/mm) 6.25
VCGD-0.091VCGM-0.065RM Rated (kg·m) 14.7Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight286Declared crew weightN/A
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeFolding 2 blades
InstallationStrutTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRD0.334PBWPIPA0.0021
EDL1.300ST10.051ST20.147
ST30.147ST40.070ST50.300
RIG
Forestay tensionAftInner stayNone FittedMast materialAluminumSingle headsail furlerNoMainsail furlerNoArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunning backstays0CheckstaysSpreaders1Rotating mastNo
P9.270IG8.441ISP8.539MDT10.070MDL10.110MDT2MDL2TLTaperMWGO
E2.900J2.715BAS0.980FSDNo FoilSFJ0.190SPL2.780WPLTPSBDMWTMCG
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodRM estimatedFlotation Date01/02/1999
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible
Club Certificate2025
SCACCIAPENSIERISUI 10
Swiss Rating Office ABC
Bruno Frank
Haldengässli 76
8706 Feldmeilen
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateCommentORC0.120.581.051.852.4515.89* Copied from legacy *
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateCommentORC2.400.00NoNo 10.83* Copied from legacy *
SYMMETRIC SPINNAKER
IdSLUSLESLSHWSFLAreaMeas.DateCommentORC8.508.508.506.104.9041.51* Copied from legacy *
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length7.0 mTable area0.22 m²Headroom1.40 mMinimum number of berths2Personal gear stowage0.08 m³Fresh water capacity10 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit2Food stowage0.12 m³Fuel capacity20 lCabin soleStovesSinksGalley gear stowageToiletWash basinNavigation areaHanging locker
*This list is a summary of the requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for details.