Club Certificate2025
BoreasAUT 122
Austrian Sailing Federation
Seegelände 10
7100 Neusiedl am See
Austria
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles42.0°42.0°39.8°38.6°38.2°37.9°37.8°38.0°39.7°
Beat VMG2.733.724.424.754.894.975.035.054.90
52°4.215.586.456.796.937.017.077.127.07
60°4.465.846.656.997.137.217.277.347.34
75°4.636.016.797.177.387.507.607.747.78
90°4.485.896.757.197.507.747.928.168.31
110°4.135.646.727.277.657.958.168.538.85
120°3.925.426.557.197.638.048.438.999.49
135°3.394.795.966.817.347.808.269.3510.86
150°2.753.995.146.136.887.367.818.7910.13
Run VMG2.383.464.455.326.086.697.167.988.94
Gybe Angles144.2°144.2°148.9°152.5°159.0°166.9°174.5°176.3°164.9°
APH ToD:562.8CDL: 8.821APH ToT: 1.0660CertNo:025/25
BOAT
ClassDEHLER 33 COMPDesignerJUDEL/VROLIJKBuilderDEHLERAge date10/1995Series date01/1995Offset fileDEH33COM.offData fileAUT122
HULL
Length Overall9.990 mMaximum Beam2.984 mDraft2.006 mDisplacement3,760 kgDLR4.7773IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.090%Age Allowance0.487%
PROPELLER
InstallationStrutTypeFolding 2 bladesDiameter0.380m
CREW
Maximum weight450 kg(declared)Minimum weight320 kg ✱ when appliedNon Manual PowerNoCrew Arm Extension0.00 m
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail34.5835.19Headsail Luffed28.2228.22Headsail FlyingSymmetric63.1263.12Asymmetric
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail10.53Storm Jib7.22Heavy Weather Jib19.49
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails5Spinnakers4
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
COMMENTS
YCRHD
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.
Club Certificate2025
BoreasAUT 122
Austrian Sailing Federation
Seegelände 10
7100 Neusiedl am See
Austria
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1320.0968.2813.9758.1735.6724.1716.3712.8735.2
52°855.9645.1558.4529.9519.4513.7509.5505.6508.8
60°807.6616.9541.2514.7504.9499.3494.9490.2490.8
75°776.9599.4530.5502.2487.7480.0473.7465.2462.5
90°803.4611.6533.4500.5480.1465.2454.8441.3433.2
110°871.9638.5535.5495.1470.3452.8441.1422.0406.8
120°917.5664.2549.5501.0472.0447.8427.2400.3379.5
135°1061.6751.9603.8528.6490.6461.6435.7385.2331.4
150°1309.1901.5700.6587.3523.4489.0461.2409.7355.4
Run VMG1512.31040.9808.9676.6592.2538.4503.1451.1402.8
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1414.41004.6811.4717.4663.9631.2609.7581.9569.0
All purpose1061.1771.0638.8578.8546.2526.0511.2489.4475.6
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward690.30.8692
All purpose562.81.0660
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low704.90.8512
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium559.81.0719
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High506.71.1842
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low908.00.6608
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium685.90.8748
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High604.70.9923
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance611.50.9812
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low704.90.8512
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium559.81.0719
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High506.71.1842
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low908.00.6608
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium685.90.8748
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High604.70.9923
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1515.91008.2765.4649.2582.6545.6515.4468.2453.5
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.7736
Downwind "popa"0.9108
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.8103
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.8648
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low704.90.8512
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium559.81.0719
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High506.71.1842
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low908.00.6608
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium685.90.8748
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High604.70.9923
Predominantly Upwind605.80.9905
Predominantly Downwind571.61.0498
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low704.90.8512
Triple Number AP Medium559.81.0718
Triple Number AP High506.71.1842
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low949.40.6320
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium685.90.8748
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High604.70.9923
Single Number Predominant Upwind627.80.9557
Single Number Predominant Reaching557.81.0757
Single Number Predominant Downwind597.11.0049
Predominant Upwind - Low826.70.7258
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med650.60.9223
Predominant Upwind - Medium591.01.0153
Predominant Upwind - Med/High560.61.0704
Predominant Upwind - High546.61.0977
Predominant Downwind Low873.40.6870
Predominant Downwind Low/Med647.00.9274
Predominant Downwind Medium552.81.0853
Predominant Downwind Med/High492.91.2174
Predominant Downwind High454.81.3193
Predominant Reaching Low756.20.7934
Predominant Reaching Low/Med588.31.0199
Predominant Reaching Medium524.81.1432
Predominant Reaching Med/High485.51.2357
Predominant Reaching High460.51.3030
SA/DSPL Upwind25.86SA/DSPL Downwind40.23
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1059.20.5665
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med784.90.7644
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium675.10.8888
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High613.20.9785
5-Band Windward/Leeward High584.51.0266
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1050.90.5710
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med789.00.7604
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium688.50.8715
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High634.30.9460
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High611.00.9820
5-Band AP Low782.20.7670
5-Band AP Low/Med623.50.9624
5-Band AP Medium553.01.0849
5-Band AP Med/High512.91.1697
5-Band AP High490.81.2226
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low908.30.6606
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med749.10.8010
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium652.80.9192
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High599.41.0010
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High572.91.0472
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9316
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9535
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.9682
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.7069
Bayview-Mac Shore0.7138
Harvest Moon Regatta488.61.2281
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance611.50.9812
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low704.90.8512
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium559.81.0719
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High506.71.1842
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low908.00.6608
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium685.90.8748
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High604.70.9923
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1515.91008.2765.4649.2582.6545.6515.4468.2453.5
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance611.50.9812
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low704.90.8512
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium559.81.0719
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High506.71.1842
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low908.00.6608
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium685.90.8748
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High604.70.9923
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1515.91008.2765.4649.2582.6545.6515.4468.2453.5
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance611.5
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1515.91008.2765.4649.2582.6545.6515.4468.2453.5
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low704.90.8512
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium559.81.0719
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High506.71.1842
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low908.00.6608
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium685.90.8748
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High604.70.9923
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating604.80.9921
FinRating, kevyt tuuli1041.90.9598
FinRating, kova tuuli493.71.0127
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low704.90.8512
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium559.81.0719
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High506.71.1842
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low908.00.6608
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium685.90.8748
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High604.70.9923
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance0.9812
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8512
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0719
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1842
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6608
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8748
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9923
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1515.91008.2765.4649.2582.6545.6515.4468.2453.5
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)627.8
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance611.50.9812
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low704.90.8512
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium559.81.0719
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High506.71.1842
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low908.00.6608
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium685.90.8748
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High604.70.9923
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1515.91008.2765.4649.2582.6545.6515.4468.2453.5
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low704.90.8512
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium559.81.0719
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High506.71.1842
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low908.00.6608
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium685.90.8748
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High604.70.9923
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance611.50.9812
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low704.90.8512
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium559.81.0719
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High506.71.1842
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low908.00.6608
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium685.90.8748
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High604.70.9923
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1515.91008.2765.4649.2582.6545.6515.4468.2453.5
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance611.50.9812
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low704.90.8512
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium559.81.0719
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High506.71.1842
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low908.00.6608
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium685.90.8748
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High604.70.9923
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1515.91008.2765.4649.2582.6545.6515.4468.2453.5
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low704.9
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium559.8
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High506.7
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low908.0
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium685.9
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High604.7
Predominantly Upwind605.8
Predominantly Downwind571.6
Predominantly Reaching547.3
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance611.50.9812
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low704.90.8512
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium559.81.0719
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High506.71.1842
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low908.00.6608
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium685.90.8748
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High604.70.9923
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1515.91008.2765.4649.2582.6545.6515.4468.2453.5
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8512
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0719
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1842
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6608
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8748
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9923
Coastal/Long Distance0.9812
Predominantly Upwind0.9905
Predominantly Downwind1.0498
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)627.8
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Distanseseilas Singeltall  (APH)1.0660
Distanseseilas Trippeltall svak vind0.8512
Distanseseilas Trippeltall mellomvind1.0719
Distanseseilas Trippeltall sterk vind1.1842
Pølsebane Trippeltall svak vind0.6608
Pølsebane Trippeltall mellomvind0.8748
Pølsebane Trippeltall sterk vind0.9923
Motvind Singeltall0.9905
Medvind Singeltall1.0498
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low704.90.8512
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium559.81.0719
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High506.71.1842
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low908.00.6608
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium685.90.8748
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High604.70.9923
Coastal/Long Distance611.50.9812
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind605.80.9905
Predominantly Downwind571.61.0498
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore572.81.0474
Cape Doctor Coastal479.71.2507
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low704.90.8512
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium559.81.0719
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High506.71.1842
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low908.00.6608
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium685.90.8748
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High604.70.9923
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8512
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0719
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1842
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6608
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8748
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9923
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8512
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0719
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1842
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6608
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8748
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9923
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance611.50.9812
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low704.90.8512
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium559.81.0719
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High506.71.1842
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low908.00.6608
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium685.90.8748
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High604.70.9923
Predominantly Upwind605.80.9905
Predominantly Downwind571.61.0498
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1515.91008.2765.4649.2582.6545.6515.4468.2453.5
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance611.50.9812
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low704.90.8512
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium559.81.0719
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High506.71.1842
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low908.00.6608
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium685.90.8748
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High604.70.9923
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1515.91008.2765.4649.2582.6545.6515.4468.2453.5
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low704.90.8512
Triple Number AP Medium559.81.0718
Triple Number AP High506.71.1842
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low949.40.6320
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium685.90.8748
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High604.70.9923
Single Number Predominant Upwind627.80.9557
Single Number Predominant Reaching557.81.0757
Single Number Predominant Downwind597.11.0049
Predominant Upwind - Low826.70.7258
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med650.60.9223
Predominant Upwind - Medium591.01.0153
Predominant Upwind - Med/High560.61.0704
Predominant Upwind - High546.61.0977
Predominant Downwind Low873.40.6870
Predominant Downwind Low/Med647.00.9274
Predominant Downwind Medium552.81.0853
Predominant Downwind Med/High492.91.2174
Predominant Downwind High454.81.3193
Predominant Reaching Low756.20.7934
Predominant Reaching Low/Med588.31.0199
Predominant Reaching Medium524.81.1432
Predominant Reaching Med/High485.51.2357
Predominant Reaching High460.51.3030
SA/DSPL Upwind25.86SA/DSPL Downwind40.23
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1059.20.5665
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med784.90.7644
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium675.10.8888
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High613.20.9785
5-Band Windward/Leeward High584.51.0266
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1050.90.5710
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med789.00.7604
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium688.50.8715
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High634.30.9460
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High611.00.9820
5-Band AP Low782.20.7670
5-Band AP Low/Med623.50.9624
5-Band AP Medium553.01.0849
5-Band AP Med/High512.91.1697
5-Band AP High490.81.2226
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low908.30.6606
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med749.10.8010
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium652.80.9192
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High599.41.0010
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High572.91.0472
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9316
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9535
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.9682
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.7069
Bayview-Mac Shore0.7138
Harvest Moon Regatta488.61.2281
Club Certificate2025
BoreasAUT 122
Austrian Sailing Federation
Seegelände 10
7100 Neusiedl am See
Austria
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassDEHLER 33 COMPMeasurement01/01/1996HINPlan reviewHull constructionCoredCarbon rudderNoLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA9.990Max. Beam2.984Draft2.006Displacement3,760Wetted area20.71IMS L9.399LSM09.232Acc. length9.698Sink (kg/mm) 15.43
VCGD0.081VCGM0.099RM Rated (kg·m) 69.6Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight614Declared crew weight450
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeFolding 2 blades
InstallationStrutTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRD0.380PBW0.098PIPA0.0033
EDL1.260ST10.040ST20.180
ST30.180ST40.112ST50.290
RIG
Forestay tensionAftInner stayNone FittedMast materialAluminumSingle headsail furlerNoMainsail furlerNoArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunning backstays2Checkstays0Spreaders2Rotating mastNo
P12.800IG11.925ISP11.955MDT10.090MDL10.140MDT20.090MDL20.100TL1.650MW0.140GO0.165
E4.700J3.400BAS1.515FSD0.027SFJ0.250SPL3.690WPLTPS0.000BD0.131MWT113.00MCG2.660
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodVCG entered directlyVCG entered0.076Flotation Date01/01/1996
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible
Club Certificate2025
BoreasAUT 122
Austrian Sailing Federation
Seegelände 10
7100 Neusiedl am See
Austria
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateComment20240.160.931.642.883.8434.5808/04/2024
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateComment20160.050.601.162.333.564.8011.90NoNo 28.2230/03/2016G30.080.480.911.742.553.3611.95YesNo 20.59
SYMMETRIC SPINNAKER
IdSLUSLESLSHWSFLAreaMeas.DateComment201511.5011.5011.506.626.4563.12
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length9.7 mTable area0.44 m²Headroom1.68 mMinimum number of berths4Personal gear stowage0.16 m³Fresh water capacity74 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit4Food stowage0.24 m³Fuel capacity44 lCabin soleStovesSinksGalley gear stowageToiletWash basinNavigation areaHanging locker
*This list is a summary of the requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for details.