Double HandedClub Certificate2025
PROPAGANDAJPN 4777
JAPAN SAILING FEDERATION
4-2, Kasumigaokacho,
Shinjuku, Tokyo
Japan
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles42.3°42.3°40.4°39.0°38.4°38.6°38.5°39.2°41.5°
Beat VMG2.753.764.514.885.055.145.195.204.97
52°4.245.676.627.037.207.297.357.397.30
60°4.495.946.847.247.427.527.597.657.61
75°4.686.116.977.417.677.847.968.118.14
90°4.846.317.187.587.818.048.278.608.78
110°4.776.327.297.728.108.498.859.389.54
120°4.676.237.277.858.278.609.0010.0810.94
135°4.025.626.877.578.138.759.4710.7712.17
150°3.374.745.916.877.548.048.5610.1413.50
Run VMG2.924.105.125.956.586.997.418.7811.69
Gybe Angles143.1°143.1°147.1°149.9°153.5°154.1°151.4°143.4°146.7°
APH ToD:530.3CDL: 9.078APH ToT: 1.1314CertNo:250600
BOAT
ClassA-35DesignerNIVELT BernardBuilderARCHAMBAULTAge date01/2010Series date01/2005Offset fileA35.OFFData fileJC250600
HULL
Length Overall10.590 mMaximum Beam3.598 mDraft2.054 mDisplacement4,250 kgDLR5.6346IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.020%Age Allowance0.487%
PROPELLER
InstallationStrutTypeFolding 2 bladesDiameter0.368m
CREW
Maximum weight170 kg(default)Minimum weight120 kg ✱ when appliedNon Manual PowerNoCrew Arm Extension
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail37.8338.56Headsail Luffed30.5730.57Headsail FlyingSymmetricAsymmetric130.36130.36 (1 asymmetric(s) with SHW/SFL < 85%)
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail11.03Storm Jib9.08Heavy Weather Jib24.50
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails5Spinnakers4
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.
Double HandedClub Certificate2025
PROPAGANDAJPN 4777
JAPAN SAILING FEDERATION
4-2, Kasumigaokacho,
Shinjuku, Tokyo
Japan
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1310.4956.2798.5737.8713.4700.5693.2692.8724.3
52°849.7634.8543.9511.8500.0493.6489.8486.8493.0
60°801.1606.3526.4497.1485.4478.8474.5470.3473.2
75°769.2589.0516.8485.9469.1459.0452.5444.0442.0
90°743.7570.3501.6475.0461.1447.6435.1418.8410.0
110°755.4570.0494.1466.5444.5423.9406.9383.9377.3
120°771.0577.8495.2458.8435.5418.6399.9357.0329.2
135°896.6641.0524.3475.7442.5411.5380.3334.3295.8
150°1068.4759.6609.5524.0477.2447.9420.8355.0266.6
Run VMG1234.7877.1703.8605.1547.3514.8485.5409.9307.9
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1272.4916.6751.1671.4630.3607.6589.4551.3516.1
All purpose965.1709.1594.8544.4517.5499.6484.4458.1439.5
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward652.40.9197
All purpose530.31.1314
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low652.00.9203
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium528.41.1354
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High478.31.2544
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low833.90.7195
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium648.40.9253
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High579.71.0351
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance575.51.0426
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low652.00.9203
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium528.41.1354
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High478.31.2544
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low833.90.7195
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium648.40.9253
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High579.71.0351
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1340.6912.7707.5608.2551.9519.7490.4436.4412.5
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.7936
Downwind "popa"1.0137
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.8489
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.9358
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low652.00.9203
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium528.41.1354
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High478.31.2544
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low833.90.7195
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium648.40.9253
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High579.71.0351
Predominantly Upwind577.81.0384
Predominantly Downwind525.91.1409
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low652.00.9203
Triple Number AP Medium528.51.1353
Triple Number AP High478.31.2544
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low869.80.6898
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium648.40.9253
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High579.71.0351
Single Number Predominant Upwind599.11.0015
Single Number Predominant Reaching519.81.1542
Single Number Predominant Downwind545.21.1005
Predominant Upwind - Low785.70.7636
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med620.00.9677
Predominant Upwind - Medium564.81.0623
Predominant Upwind - Med/High535.91.1196
Predominant Upwind - High521.91.1497
Predominant Downwind Low768.30.7809
Predominant Downwind Low/Med585.81.0242
Predominant Downwind Medium512.51.1707
Predominant Downwind Med/High459.91.3046
Predominant Downwind High416.41.4409
Predominant Reaching Low690.00.8696
Predominant Reaching Low/Med545.91.0991
Predominant Reaching Medium493.21.2166
Predominant Reaching Med/High455.91.3162
Predominant Reaching High429.81.3960
SA/DSPL Upwind25.95SA/DSPL Downwind63.79
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low964.20.6223
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med729.60.8224
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium640.00.9375
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High589.51.0179
5-Band Windward/Leeward High551.81.0873
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low972.40.6170
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med741.20.8095
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium656.10.9145
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High610.80.9823
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High581.11.0325
5-Band AP Low712.00.8427
5-Band AP Low/Med582.51.0301
5-Band AP Medium522.61.1480
5-Band AP Med/High485.31.2363
5-Band AP High459.41.3060
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low836.50.7173
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med699.00.8583
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium618.00.9709
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High571.61.0497
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High539.61.1120
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9765
Chicago-Mac All Purpose1.0212
Chicago-Mac Downwind1.0632
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.7694
Bayview-Mac Shore0.7743
Harvest Moon Regatta458.91.3075
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance575.51.0426
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low652.00.9203
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium528.41.1354
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High478.31.2544
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low833.90.7195
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium648.40.9253
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High579.71.0351
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1340.6912.7707.5608.2551.9519.7490.4436.4412.5
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance575.51.0426
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low652.00.9203
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium528.41.1354
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High478.31.2544
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low833.90.7195
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium648.40.9253
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High579.71.0351
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1340.6912.7707.5608.2551.9519.7490.4436.4412.5
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance575.5
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1340.6912.7707.5608.2551.9519.7490.4436.4412.5
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low652.00.9203
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium528.41.1354
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High478.31.2544
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low833.90.7195
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium648.40.9253
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High579.71.0351
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating575.51.0426
FinRating, kevyt tuuli944.21.0591
FinRating, kova tuuli459.61.0878
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low652.00.9203
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium528.41.1354
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High478.31.2544
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low833.90.7195
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium648.40.9253
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High579.71.0351
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance1.0426
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.9203
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.1354
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2544
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.7195
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.9253
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0351
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1340.6912.7707.5608.2551.9519.7490.4436.4412.5
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)588.7
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance575.51.0426
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low652.00.9203
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium528.41.1354
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High478.31.2544
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low833.90.7195
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium648.40.9253
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High579.71.0351
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1340.6912.7707.5608.2551.9519.7490.4436.4412.5
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low652.00.9203
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium528.41.1354
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High478.31.2544
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low833.90.7195
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium648.40.9253
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High579.71.0351
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance575.51.0426
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low652.00.9203
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium528.41.1354
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High478.31.2544
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low833.90.7195
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium648.40.9253
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High579.71.0351
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1340.6912.7707.5608.2551.9519.7490.4436.4412.5
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance575.51.0426
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low652.00.9203
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium528.41.1354
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High478.31.2544
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low833.90.7195
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium648.40.9253
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High579.71.0351
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1340.6912.7707.5608.2551.9519.7490.4436.4412.5
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low652.0
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium528.4
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High478.3
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low833.9
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium648.4
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High579.7
Predominantly Upwind577.8
Predominantly Downwind525.9
Predominantly Reaching508.0
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance575.51.0426
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low652.00.9203
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium528.41.1354
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High478.31.2544
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low833.90.7195
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium648.40.9253
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High579.71.0351
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1340.6912.7707.5608.2551.9519.7490.4436.4412.5
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.9203
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.1354
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2544
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.7195
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.9253
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0351
Coastal/Long Distance1.0426
Predominantly Upwind1.0384
Predominantly Downwind1.1409
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)588.7
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Distanseseilas Singeltall  (APH)1.1314
Distanseseilas Trippeltall svak vind0.9203
Distanseseilas Trippeltall mellomvind1.1354
Distanseseilas Trippeltall sterk vind1.2544
Pølsebane Trippeltall svak vind0.7195
Pølsebane Trippeltall mellomvind0.9253
Pølsebane Trippeltall sterk vind1.0351
Motvind Singeltall1.0384
Medvind Singeltall1.1409
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low652.00.9203
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium528.41.1354
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High478.31.2544
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low833.90.7195
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium648.40.9253
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High579.71.0351
Coastal/Long Distance575.51.0426
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind577.81.0384
Predominantly Downwind525.91.1409
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore526.71.1392
Cape Doctor Coastal445.11.3481
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low652.00.9203
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium528.41.1354
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High478.31.2544
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low833.90.7195
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium648.40.9253
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High579.71.0351
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.9203
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.1354
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2544
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.7195
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.9253
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0351
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.9203
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.1354
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2544
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.7195
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.9253
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0351
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance575.51.0426
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low652.00.9203
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium528.41.1354
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High478.31.2544
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low833.90.7195
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium648.40.9253
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High579.71.0351
Predominantly Upwind577.81.0384
Predominantly Downwind525.91.1409
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1340.6912.7707.5608.2551.9519.7490.4436.4412.5
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance575.51.0426
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low652.00.9203
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium528.41.1354
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High478.31.2544
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low833.90.7195
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium648.40.9253
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High579.71.0351
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1340.6912.7707.5608.2551.9519.7490.4436.4412.5
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low652.00.9203
Triple Number AP Medium528.51.1353
Triple Number AP High478.31.2544
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low869.80.6898
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium648.40.9253
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High579.71.0351
Single Number Predominant Upwind599.11.0015
Single Number Predominant Reaching519.81.1542
Single Number Predominant Downwind545.21.1005
Predominant Upwind - Low785.70.7636
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med620.00.9677
Predominant Upwind - Medium564.81.0623
Predominant Upwind - Med/High535.91.1196
Predominant Upwind - High521.91.1497
Predominant Downwind Low768.30.7809
Predominant Downwind Low/Med585.81.0242
Predominant Downwind Medium512.51.1707
Predominant Downwind Med/High459.91.3046
Predominant Downwind High416.41.4409
Predominant Reaching Low690.00.8696
Predominant Reaching Low/Med545.91.0991
Predominant Reaching Medium493.21.2166
Predominant Reaching Med/High455.91.3162
Predominant Reaching High429.81.3960
SA/DSPL Upwind25.95SA/DSPL Downwind63.79
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low964.20.6223
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med729.60.8224
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium640.00.9375
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High589.51.0179
5-Band Windward/Leeward High551.81.0873
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low972.40.6170
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med741.20.8095
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium656.10.9145
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High610.80.9823
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High581.11.0325
5-Band AP Low712.00.8427
5-Band AP Low/Med582.51.0301
5-Band AP Medium522.61.1480
5-Band AP Med/High485.31.2363
5-Band AP High459.41.3060
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low836.50.7173
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med699.00.8583
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium618.00.9709
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High571.61.0497
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High539.61.1120
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9765
Chicago-Mac All Purpose1.0212
Chicago-Mac Downwind1.0632
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.7694
Bayview-Mac Shore0.7743
Harvest Moon Regatta458.91.3075
Double HandedClub Certificate2025
PROPAGANDAJPN 4777
JAPAN SAILING FEDERATION
4-2, Kasumigaokacho,
Shinjuku, Tokyo
Japan
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassA-35MeasurementHINPlan reviewHull constructionCoredCarbon rudderNoLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA10.590Max. Beam3.598Draft2.054Displacement4,250Wetted area22.24IMS L9.393LSM09.102Acc. length10.590Sink (kg/mm) 17.13
VCGD-0.046VCGM-0.050RM Rated (kg·m) 105.3Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight170Declared crew weightN/A
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeFolding 2 blades
InstallationStrutTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRD0.368PBWPIPA0.0005
EDLST1ST2
ST3ST4ST5
RIG
Forestay tensionAftInner stayNone FittedMast materialCarbonSingle headsail furlerNoMainsail furlerNoArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunning backstays0CheckstaysSpreaders2Rotating mastNo
P13.720IG13.469ISP15.300MDT10.098MDL10.178MDT2MDL2TLTaperMWGO
E4.590J4.130BAS1.584FSDFoilSFJ0.000SPLWPLTPS5.590BDMWTMCG
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodRM estimatedFlotation Date22/12/2024
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible
Double HandedClub Certificate2025
PROPAGANDAJPN 4777
JAPAN SAILING FEDERATION
4-2, Kasumigaokacho,
Shinjuku, Tokyo
Japan
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateComment10.201.001.742.983.9037.83
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateComment10.090.701.332.433.354.4313.13YesNo 30.57
ASYMMETRIC SPINNAKER
IdSLUSLESLSHWSFLRatioAreaMeas.DateComment117.4515.1016.289.599.7099%130.36215.4015.0015.205.257.0075%70.93
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length10.6 mTable area0.44 m²Headroom1.74 mMinimum number of berths4Personal gear stowage0.16 m³Fresh water capacity92 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit4Food stowage0.24 m³Fuel capacity62 lCabin soleStovesSinksGalley gear stowageToiletWash basinNavigation areaHanging locker
*This list is a summary of the requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for details.