Double HandedClub Certificate2025
RAIAJPN 6210
JAPAN SAILING FEDERATION
4-2, Kasumigaokacho,
Shinjuku, Tokyo
Japan
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles42.4°42.4°40.1°38.9°38.4°38.0°37.8°38.5°40.4°
Beat VMG2.943.944.614.905.055.145.205.235.08
52°4.555.946.747.037.177.267.327.387.35
60°4.826.226.977.257.387.477.557.637.63
75°4.986.397.137.467.667.797.918.088.15
90°4.826.277.117.537.838.078.268.568.77
110°4.225.796.937.527.938.248.488.909.41
120°4.035.576.757.427.908.368.819.459.96
135°3.464.906.137.037.608.108.619.8711.63
150°2.804.065.236.277.097.628.119.2010.73
Run VMG2.423.524.535.446.246.887.388.309.40
Gybe Angles138.6°138.6°148.3°151.0°157.3°165.5°170.9°170.1°162.2°
APH ToD:543.6CDL: 9.237APH ToT: 1.1038CertNo:250210
BOAT
ClassYOUNG99 MODDesignerJ.YOUNGBuilderYACHTING DEVELOPAge date09/1994Series date12/1993Offset fileKZ169.offData fileJC250210
HULL
Length Overall10.990 mMaximum Beam3.720 mDraft2.054 mDisplacement4,262 kgDLR4.8600IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.020%Age Allowance0.487%
PROPELLER
InstallationStrutTypeFolding 2 bladesDiameter0.408m
CREW
Maximum weight170 kg(default)Minimum weight120 kg ✱ when appliedNon Manual PowerNoCrew Arm Extension
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail40.4841.33Headsail Luffed37.1437.14Headsail FlyingSymmetric70.4870.48Asymmetric
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail11.94Storm Jib7.42Heavy Weather Jib20.04
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails5Spinnakers4
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
COMMENTS
Change from Cert NO.JC150331 Change from Cert NO.JC210120
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.
Double HandedClub Certificate2025
RAIAJPN 6210
JAPAN SAILING FEDERATION
4-2, Kasumigaokacho,
Shinjuku, Tokyo
Japan
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1224.0912.7780.8734.3712.8700.4692.1688.1708.7
52°791.0605.8533.9512.0502.1496.2491.7487.6490.0
60°746.5578.8516.7496.8487.8481.9477.1471.8472.0
75°722.3563.3505.1482.6470.1462.2455.3445.6441.6
90°746.7574.4506.7478.1459.8445.9435.9420.5410.4
110°852.6621.9519.4478.8454.0436.8424.6404.4382.6
120°893.8645.8533.1484.9455.6430.9408.7380.9361.3
135°1040.6734.1587.0511.8473.7444.5418.1364.6309.5
150°1286.3886.1688.1573.8507.7472.5443.7391.2335.4
Run VMG1486.71023.2794.5662.2576.8523.4487.6433.6383.1
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1352.5968.0787.7698.2644.8611.9589.8560.8545.9
All purpose1011.2739.6616.8560.5528.4507.9492.6469.6454.0
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward669.60.8960
All purpose543.61.1038
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low678.20.8847
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium541.41.1083
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High487.81.2301
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low877.80.6835
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium666.30.9005
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High584.51.0266
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance591.71.0141
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low678.20.8847
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium541.41.1083
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High487.81.2301
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low877.80.6835
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium666.30.9005
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High584.51.0266
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1456.1973.5742.4630.5564.0526.9496.3448.6433.1
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.8044
Downwind "popa"0.9331
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.8391
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.8904
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low678.20.8847
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium541.41.1083
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High487.81.2301
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low877.80.6835
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium666.30.9005
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High584.51.0266
Predominantly Upwind584.31.0268
Predominantly Downwind553.21.0845
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low678.20.8847
Triple Number AP Medium541.41.1083
Triple Number AP High487.81.2301
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low916.60.6546
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium666.30.9005
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High584.51.0266
Single Number Predominant Upwind603.40.9943
Single Number Predominant Reaching535.81.1198
Single Number Predominant Downwind577.31.0393
Predominant Upwind - Low783.80.7655
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med625.60.9591
Predominant Upwind - Medium570.91.0509
Predominant Upwind - Med/High540.71.1097
Predominant Upwind - High525.71.1412
Predominant Downwind Low845.80.7094
Predominant Downwind Low/Med627.40.9563
Predominant Downwind Medium535.21.1211
Predominant Downwind Med/High474.91.2633
Predominant Downwind High435.21.3787
Predominant Reaching Low722.20.8308
Predominant Reaching Low/Med565.81.0604
Predominant Reaching Medium505.81.1863
Predominant Reaching Med/High466.81.2854
Predominant Reaching High440.31.3629
SA/DSPL Upwind29.39SA/DSPL Downwind42.01
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1019.70.5884
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med761.60.7878
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium655.50.9153
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High593.31.0113
5-Band Windward/Leeward High563.31.0652
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1007.30.5956
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med764.00.7853
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium668.00.8982
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High613.50.9779
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High589.11.0185
5-Band AP Low751.20.7987
5-Band AP Low/Med602.00.9967
5-Band AP Medium534.71.1222
5-Band AP Med/High494.31.2139
5-Band AP High470.81.2743
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low874.70.6860
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med725.70.8268
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium633.00.9479
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High579.11.0361
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High551.41.0881
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9691
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9889
Chicago-Mac Downwind1.0001
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.7358
Bayview-Mac Shore0.7438
Harvest Moon Regatta469.61.2776
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance591.71.0141
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low678.20.8847
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium541.41.1083
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High487.81.2301
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low877.80.6835
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium666.30.9005
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High584.51.0266
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1456.1973.5742.4630.5564.0526.9496.3448.6433.1
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance591.71.0141
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low678.20.8847
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium541.41.1083
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High487.81.2301
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low877.80.6835
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium666.30.9005
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High584.51.0266
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1456.1973.5742.4630.5564.0526.9496.3448.6433.1
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance591.7
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1456.1973.5742.4630.5564.0526.9496.3448.6433.1
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low678.20.8847
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium541.41.1083
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High487.81.2301
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low877.80.6835
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium666.30.9005
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High584.51.0266
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating591.71.0141
FinRating, kevyt tuuli1001.80.9982
FinRating, kova tuuli473.51.0559
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low678.20.8847
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium541.41.1083
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High487.81.2301
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low877.80.6835
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium666.30.9005
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High584.51.0266
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance1.0141
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8847
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.1083
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2301
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6835
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.9005
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0266
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1456.1973.5742.4630.5564.0526.9496.3448.6433.1
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)605.8
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance591.71.0141
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low678.20.8847
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium541.41.1083
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High487.81.2301
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low877.80.6835
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium666.30.9005
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High584.51.0266
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1456.1973.5742.4630.5564.0526.9496.3448.6433.1
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low678.20.8847
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium541.41.1083
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High487.81.2301
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low877.80.6835
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium666.30.9005
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High584.51.0266
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance591.71.0141
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low678.20.8847
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium541.41.1083
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High487.81.2301
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low877.80.6835
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium666.30.9005
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High584.51.0266
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1456.1973.5742.4630.5564.0526.9496.3448.6433.1
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance591.71.0141
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low678.20.8847
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium541.41.1083
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High487.81.2301
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low877.80.6835
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium666.30.9005
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High584.51.0266
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1456.1973.5742.4630.5564.0526.9496.3448.6433.1
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low678.2
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium541.4
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High487.8
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low877.8
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium666.3
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High584.5
Predominantly Upwind584.3
Predominantly Downwind553.2
Predominantly Reaching527.8
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance591.71.0141
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low678.20.8847
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium541.41.1083
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High487.81.2301
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low877.80.6835
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium666.30.9005
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High584.51.0266
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1456.1973.5742.4630.5564.0526.9496.3448.6433.1
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8847
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.1083
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2301
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6835
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.9005
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0266
Coastal/Long Distance1.0141
Predominantly Upwind1.0268
Predominantly Downwind1.0845
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)605.8
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Distanseseilas Singeltall  (APH)1.1038
Distanseseilas Trippeltall svak vind0.8847
Distanseseilas Trippeltall mellomvind1.1083
Distanseseilas Trippeltall sterk vind1.2301
Pølsebane Trippeltall svak vind0.6835
Pølsebane Trippeltall mellomvind0.9005
Pølsebane Trippeltall sterk vind1.0266
Motvind Singeltall1.0268
Medvind Singeltall1.0845
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low678.20.8847
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium541.41.1083
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High487.81.2301
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low877.80.6835
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium666.30.9005
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High584.51.0266
Coastal/Long Distance591.71.0141
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind584.31.0268
Predominantly Downwind553.21.0845
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore550.41.0901
Cape Doctor Coastal458.71.3082
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low678.20.8847
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium541.41.1083
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High487.81.2301
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low877.80.6835
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium666.30.9005
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High584.51.0266
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8847
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.1083
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2301
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6835
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.9005
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0266
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8847
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.1083
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2301
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6835
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.9005
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0266
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance591.71.0141
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low678.20.8847
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium541.41.1083
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High487.81.2301
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low877.80.6835
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium666.30.9005
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High584.51.0266
Predominantly Upwind584.31.0268
Predominantly Downwind553.21.0845
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1456.1973.5742.4630.5564.0526.9496.3448.6433.1
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance591.71.0141
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low678.20.8847
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium541.41.1083
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High487.81.2301
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low877.80.6835
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium666.30.9005
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High584.51.0266
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1456.1973.5742.4630.5564.0526.9496.3448.6433.1
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low678.20.8847
Triple Number AP Medium541.41.1083
Triple Number AP High487.81.2301
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low916.60.6546
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium666.30.9005
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High584.51.0266
Single Number Predominant Upwind603.40.9943
Single Number Predominant Reaching535.81.1198
Single Number Predominant Downwind577.31.0393
Predominant Upwind - Low783.80.7655
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med625.60.9591
Predominant Upwind - Medium570.91.0509
Predominant Upwind - Med/High540.71.1097
Predominant Upwind - High525.71.1412
Predominant Downwind Low845.80.7094
Predominant Downwind Low/Med627.40.9563
Predominant Downwind Medium535.21.1211
Predominant Downwind Med/High474.91.2633
Predominant Downwind High435.21.3787
Predominant Reaching Low722.20.8308
Predominant Reaching Low/Med565.81.0604
Predominant Reaching Medium505.81.1863
Predominant Reaching Med/High466.81.2854
Predominant Reaching High440.31.3629
SA/DSPL Upwind29.39SA/DSPL Downwind42.01
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1019.70.5884
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med761.60.7878
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium655.50.9153
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High593.31.0113
5-Band Windward/Leeward High563.31.0652
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1007.30.5956
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med764.00.7853
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium668.00.8982
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High613.50.9779
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High589.11.0185
5-Band AP Low751.20.7987
5-Band AP Low/Med602.00.9967
5-Band AP Medium534.71.1222
5-Band AP Med/High494.31.2139
5-Band AP High470.81.2743
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low874.70.6860
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med725.70.8268
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium633.00.9479
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High579.11.0361
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High551.41.0881
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9691
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9889
Chicago-Mac Downwind1.0001
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.7358
Bayview-Mac Shore0.7438
Harvest Moon Regatta469.61.2776
Double HandedClub Certificate2025
RAIAJPN 6210
JAPAN SAILING FEDERATION
4-2, Kasumigaokacho,
Shinjuku, Tokyo
Japan
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassYOUNG99 MODMeasurementHINPlan reviewHull constructionSolidCarbon rudderNoLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA10.990Max. Beam3.720Draft2.054Displacement4,262Wetted area23.53IMS L9.696LSM09.571Acc. length10.990Sink (kg/mm) 17.19
VCGD-0.156VCGM-0.103RM Rated (kg·m) 104.7Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight170Declared crew weightN/A
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeFolding 2 blades
InstallationStrutTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRD0.408PBWPIPA0.0007
EDLST1ST2
ST3ST4ST5
RIG
Forestay tensionAftInner stayNone FittedMast materialAluminumSingle headsail furlerNoMainsail furlerNoArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunning backstays1CheckstaysSpreaders2Rotating mastNo
P13.800IG12.182ISP12.182MDT10.101MDL10.169MDT2MDL2TLTaperMWGO
E4.940J3.835BAS1.580FSDFoilSFJ0.045SPL3.835WPLTPSBDMWTMCG
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodRM estimatedFlotation Date01/04/2005
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible
Double HandedClub Certificate2025
RAIAJPN 6210
JAPAN SAILING FEDERATION
4-2, Kasumigaokacho,
Shinjuku, Tokyo
Japan
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateComment10.171.051.863.184.1240.48
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateComment10.081.442.884.325.7612.84NoNo 37.14* Copied from legacy *
SYMMETRIC SPINNAKER
IdSLUSLESLSHWSFLAreaMeas.DateComment112.5912.5912.596.716.7570.48* Copied from legacy *
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length11.0 mTable area0.55 m²Headroom1.76 mMinimum number of berths5Personal gear stowage0.20 m³Fresh water capacity125 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit5Food stowage0.30 m³Fuel capacity70 lCabin soleStovesSinksGalley gear stowageToiletWash basinNavigation areaHanging locker
*This list is a summary of the requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for details.