Non Spin/HSFClub Certificate2025
VandalNOR 15553
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles43.4°43.4°41.2°39.6°38.0°37.2°37.1°37.3°38.2°
Beat VMG2.293.213.964.534.925.105.195.265.21
52°3.584.895.876.536.917.117.227.327.34
60°3.805.146.126.727.077.307.447.597.65
75°3.925.306.276.857.227.527.788.078.23
90°3.805.176.176.827.217.557.888.468.82
110°3.274.595.706.527.057.467.878.709.66
120°3.034.315.426.296.897.307.718.559.59
135°2.583.754.845.746.466.977.368.159.05
150°2.163.214.225.125.906.547.007.748.52
Run VMG1.872.783.674.505.275.976.567.368.09
Gybe Angles149.8°149.8°153.9°173.2°174.8°175.7°177.2°178.4°178.1°
APH ToD:607.1CDL: 8.741APH ToT: 0.9883CertNo:21409
BOAT
ClassVQ 32DesignerDickKoopmansBuilderModus Marine LelysAge date01/2008Series date01/2007Offset fileVQ32Meas.offData file21409
HULL
Length Overall9.690 mMaximum Beam3.046 mDraft2.078 mDisplacement3,531 kgDLR4.8005IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.270%Age Allowance0.487%
PROPELLER
InstallationStrutTypeFolding 2 bladesDiameter0.380m
CREW
Maximum weight595 kg(default)Minimum weight465 kg ✱ when appliedNon Manual PowerNoCrew Arm Extension
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail29.6730.27Headsail Luffed23.9623.96Headsail FlyingSymmetricAsymmetric
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail8.47Storm Jib7.20Heavy Weather Jib19.44
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails5
✱ Zero set flying
Spinnakers0
✱ Spinnaker pole aboard
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.
Non Spin/HSFClub Certificate2025
VandalNOR 15553
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1571.71122.9909.2795.2732.3705.7693.8685.0690.3
52°1006.8736.8613.0551.5520.9506.0499.0491.7490.3
60°948.4699.9588.6536.1509.1493.0483.6474.2470.8
75°917.8679.5573.9525.3498.9478.6463.0446.0437.6
90°948.1697.0583.2528.1499.2476.9456.8425.7408.0
110°1100.2783.6632.0551.8510.3482.5457.4413.6372.8
120°1186.5834.9664.6572.6522.9493.0467.1421.0375.4
135°1397.7958.8744.3627.5557.0516.4489.4442.0397.9
150°1667.91121.5852.3702.6610.0550.1513.9465.0422.4
Run VMG1929.41295.0980.8800.2682.5603.0548.9489.3445.0
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1748.01209.0945.0797.7707.4654.3621.3587.2567.7
All purpose1308.1922.3736.4636.9579.6545.5523.1493.6472.7
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward749.10.8010
All purpose607.10.9883
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low829.30.7235
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium603.30.9946
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High517.61.1591
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1077.00.5571
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium744.00.8064
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High616.80.9728
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance664.10.9035
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low829.30.7235
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium603.30.9946
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High517.61.1591
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1077.00.5571
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium744.00.8064
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High616.80.9728
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1895.21217.6890.4719.1618.3566.5529.4472.9448.9
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.7441
Downwind "popa"0.7778
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.7539
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.7674
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low829.30.7235
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium603.30.9946
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High517.61.1591
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1077.00.5571
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium744.00.8064
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High616.80.9728
Predominantly Upwind641.10.9359
Predominantly Downwind642.80.9335
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low829.30.7235
Triple Number AP Medium603.30.9945
Triple Number AP High517.71.1591
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1129.60.5312
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium744.00.8064
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High616.80.9728
Single Number Predominant Upwind669.40.8963
Single Number Predominant Reaching612.10.9802
Single Number Predominant Downwind678.10.8848
Predominant Upwind - Low972.40.6170
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med719.00.8345
Predominant Upwind - Medium614.60.9762
Predominant Upwind - Med/High561.11.0694
Predominant Upwind - High539.71.1116
Predominant Downwind Low1074.40.5585
Predominant Downwind Low/Med755.30.7944
Predominant Downwind Medium613.00.9787
Predominant Downwind Med/High525.81.1412
Predominant Downwind High481.31.2467
Predominant Reaching Low905.80.6624
Predominant Reaching Low/Med664.60.9027
Predominant Reaching Medium563.01.0657
Predominant Reaching Med/High502.61.1939
Predominant Reaching High469.61.2777
SA/DSPL Upwind23.03SA/DSPL Downwind23.03
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1278.40.4694
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med896.90.6690
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium726.20.8262
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High628.40.9548
5-Band Windward/Leeward High589.71.0174
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1259.00.4766
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med892.40.6724
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium731.00.8208
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High642.20.9343
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High609.30.9848
5-Band AP Low942.00.6370
5-Band AP Low/Med705.50.8504
5-Band AP Medium591.81.0139
5-Band AP Med/High526.71.1393
5-Band AP High495.11.2119
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low1085.30.5528
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med853.60.7029
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium699.50.8578
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High614.20.9769
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High579.61.0353
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.8636
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.8594
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.8447
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.5998
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6072
Harvest Moon Regatta523.91.1452
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance664.10.9035
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low829.30.7235
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium603.30.9946
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High517.61.1591
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1077.00.5571
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium744.00.8064
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High616.80.9728
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1895.21217.6890.4719.1618.3566.5529.4472.9448.9
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance664.10.9035
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low829.30.7235
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium603.30.9946
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High517.61.1591
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1077.00.5571
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium744.00.8064
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High616.80.9728
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1895.21217.6890.4719.1618.3566.5529.4472.9448.9
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance664.1
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1895.21217.6890.4719.1618.3566.5529.4472.9448.9
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low829.30.7235
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium603.30.9946
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High517.61.1591
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1077.00.5571
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium744.00.8064
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High616.80.9728
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating654.10.9173
FinRating, kevyt tuuli1262.50.7921
FinRating, kova tuuli498.01.0041
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low829.30.7235
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium603.30.9946
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High517.61.1591
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1077.00.5571
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium744.00.8064
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High616.80.9728
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance0.9035
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7235
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.9946
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1591
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5571
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8064
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9728
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1895.21217.6890.4719.1618.3566.5529.4472.9448.9
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)691.3
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance664.10.9035
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low829.30.7235
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium603.30.9946
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High517.61.1591
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1077.00.5571
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium744.00.8064
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High616.80.9728
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1895.21217.6890.4719.1618.3566.5529.4472.9448.9
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low829.30.7235
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium603.30.9946
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High517.61.1591
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1077.00.5571
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium744.00.8064
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High616.80.9728
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance664.10.9035
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low829.30.7235
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium603.30.9946
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High517.61.1591
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1077.00.5571
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium744.00.8064
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High616.80.9728
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1895.21217.6890.4719.1618.3566.5529.4472.9448.9
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance664.10.9035
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low829.30.7235
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium603.30.9946
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High517.61.1591
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1077.00.5571
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium744.00.8064
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High616.80.9728
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1895.21217.6890.4719.1618.3566.5529.4472.9448.9
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low829.3
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium603.3
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High517.6
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1077.0
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium744.0
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High616.8
Predominantly Upwind641.1
Predominantly Downwind642.8
Predominantly Reaching603.9
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance664.10.9035
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low829.30.7235
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium603.30.9946
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High517.61.1591
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1077.00.5571
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium744.00.8064
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High616.80.9728
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1895.21217.6890.4719.1618.3566.5529.4472.9448.9
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7235
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.9946
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1591
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5571
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8064
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9728
Coastal/Long Distance0.9035
Predominantly Upwind0.9359
Predominantly Downwind0.9335
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)691.3
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Distanseseilas Singeltall  (APH)0.9883
Distanseseilas Trippeltall svak vind0.7235
Distanseseilas Trippeltall mellomvind0.9946
Distanseseilas Trippeltall sterk vind1.1591
Pølsebane Trippeltall svak vind0.5571
Pølsebane Trippeltall mellomvind0.8064
Pølsebane Trippeltall sterk vind0.9728
Motvind Singeltall0.9359
Medvind Singeltall0.9335
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low829.30.7235
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium603.30.9946
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High517.61.1591
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1077.00.5571
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium744.00.8064
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High616.80.9728
Coastal/Long Distance664.10.9035
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind641.10.9359
Predominantly Downwind642.80.9335
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore573.51.0462
Cape Doctor Coastal479.01.2527
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low829.30.7235
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium603.30.9946
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High517.61.1591
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1077.00.5571
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium744.00.8064
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High616.80.9728
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7235
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.9946
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1591
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5571
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8064
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9728
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7235
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.9946
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1591
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5571
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8064
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9728
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance664.10.9035
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low829.30.7235
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium603.30.9946
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High517.61.1591
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1077.00.5571
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium744.00.8064
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High616.80.9728
Predominantly Upwind641.10.9359
Predominantly Downwind642.80.9335
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1895.21217.6890.4719.1618.3566.5529.4472.9448.9
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance664.10.9035
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low829.30.7235
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium603.30.9946
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High517.61.1591
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1077.00.5571
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium744.00.8064
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High616.80.9728
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1895.21217.6890.4719.1618.3566.5529.4472.9448.9
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low829.30.7235
Triple Number AP Medium603.30.9945
Triple Number AP High517.71.1591
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1129.60.5312
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium744.00.8064
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High616.80.9728
Single Number Predominant Upwind669.40.8963
Single Number Predominant Reaching612.10.9802
Single Number Predominant Downwind678.10.8848
Predominant Upwind - Low972.40.6170
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med719.00.8345
Predominant Upwind - Medium614.60.9762
Predominant Upwind - Med/High561.11.0694
Predominant Upwind - High539.71.1116
Predominant Downwind Low1074.40.5585
Predominant Downwind Low/Med755.30.7944
Predominant Downwind Medium613.00.9787
Predominant Downwind Med/High525.81.1412
Predominant Downwind High481.31.2467
Predominant Reaching Low905.80.6624
Predominant Reaching Low/Med664.60.9027
Predominant Reaching Medium563.01.0657
Predominant Reaching Med/High502.61.1939
Predominant Reaching High469.61.2777
SA/DSPL Upwind23.03SA/DSPL Downwind23.03
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1278.40.4694
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med896.90.6690
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium726.20.8262
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High628.40.9548
5-Band Windward/Leeward High589.71.0174
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1259.00.4766
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med892.40.6724
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium731.00.8208
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High642.20.9343
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High609.30.9848
5-Band AP Low942.00.6370
5-Band AP Low/Med705.50.8504
5-Band AP Medium591.81.0139
5-Band AP Med/High526.71.1393
5-Band AP High495.11.2119
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low1085.30.5528
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med853.60.7029
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium699.50.8578
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High614.20.9769
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High579.61.0353
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.8636
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.8594
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.8447
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.5998
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6072
Harvest Moon Regatta523.91.1452
Non Spin/HSFClub Certificate2025
VandalNOR 15553
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassVQ 32MeasurementHINPlan reviewHull constructionCoredCarbon rudderNoLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA9.690Max. Beam3.046Draft2.078Displacement3,531Wetted area22.06IMS L9.165LSM09.026Acc. length9.690Sink (kg/mm) 16.13
VCGD-0.300VCGM-0.212RM Rated (kg·m) 97.9Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight595Declared crew weightN/A
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeFolding 2 blades
InstallationStrutTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRD0.380PBWPIPA0.0033
EDL1.920ST10.040ST20.130
ST30.130ST40.130ST50.300
RIG
Forestay tensionAftInner stayNone FittedMast materialAluminumSingle headsail furlerNoMainsail furlerArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunning backstays0CheckstaysSpreaders2Rotating mastNo
P12.210IG12.000ISP13.000MDT10.120MDL10.170MDT20.000MDL20.000TL0.000MW0.000GO0.000
E3.960J3.630BAS1.400FSD0.000SFJ0.000SPL4.325WPLTPS4.325BD0.000MWT0.00MCG0.000
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodVCG entered directlyVCG entered-0.300Flotation Date01/01/2015
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible
Non Spin/HSFClub Certificate2025
VandalNOR 15553
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateComment453-2016112218580.130.801.652.683.3929.6722/11/2016
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateComment453-2016112219070.080.591.081.972.863.7912.25NoNo 23.9622/11/2016453-2016112220320.060.541.031.972.843.6612.44NoNo 23.8222/11/2016453-2016112219300.080.490.921.792.723.6312.27NoNo 22.3322/11/2016
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length9.7 mTable area0.44 m²Headroom1.68 mMinimum number of berths4Personal gear stowage0.16 m³Fresh water capacity74 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit4Food stowage0.24 m³Fuel capacity44 lCabin soleStovesSinksGalley gear stowageToiletWash basinNavigation areaHanging locker
*This list is a summary of the requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for details.