Club Certificate2025
karikveiteNOR 16120
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles43.5°43.5°41.4°39.5°37.7°37.2°37.0°37.1°38.1°
Beat VMG2.443.394.154.705.045.195.275.335.28
52°3.825.186.156.737.047.217.297.387.39
60°4.085.466.396.907.207.397.507.617.65
75°4.315.756.697.117.357.617.808.028.13
90°4.586.026.917.367.657.837.988.398.68
110°4.415.926.957.497.928.298.589.219.89
120°4.265.786.847.417.888.348.839.8311.39
135°3.715.186.357.087.568.048.5310.0213.10
150°3.064.365.496.427.057.467.868.7211.29
Run VMG2.653.784.765.566.146.566.947.629.78
Gybe Angles142.9°142.9°147.4°150.1°153.2°158.3°161.7°160.0°140.8°
APH ToD:552.9CDL: 8.927APH ToT: 1.0852CertNo:676034
BOAT
ClassJ/99DesignerJohnstoneBuilderJ/compositesAge date01/2022Series date01/2018Offset fileJ99-LK.offData file676034
HULL
Length Overall9.950 mMaximum Beam3.410 mDraft1.996 mDisplacement3,940 kgDLR6.0371IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.180%Age Allowance0.228%
PROPELLER
InstallationStrutTypeFolding 2 bladesDiameter0.400m
CREW
Maximum weight562 kg(declared)Minimum weight432 kg ✱ when appliedNon Manual PowerNoCrew Arm Extension
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail33.1433.76Headsail Luffed24.9324.93Headsail Flying70.3470.34SymmetricAsymmetric92.5192.51 (All asymmetric spinnakers with SHW/SFL > 85%)
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail9.75Storm Jib8.93Heavy Weather Jib24.09
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails5
✱ One set on the forestay
Spinnakers4
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.
Club Certificate2025
karikveiteNOR 16120
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1476.41063.2868.1765.9714.0693.0682.7675.8682.0
52°942.5695.4585.1534.9511.1499.5493.9488.1487.4
60°881.8659.0563.0521.5499.8487.1480.2472.9470.9
75°835.4626.0538.1506.4489.9473.3461.3449.1443.0
90°785.8597.6520.9489.4470.8459.8451.2429.2415.0
110°816.9607.7517.8480.8454.6434.2419.7391.0363.9
120°844.6623.2526.2485.8457.1431.8407.6366.4316.1
135°971.2694.8566.7508.7476.0447.8421.9359.3274.8
150°1174.6825.9655.5560.4510.8482.4458.0413.0318.9
Run VMG1356.7953.6756.9647.1586.6548.5519.1472.2368.2
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1416.31008.4812.5706.5650.3620.8600.9574.0525.1
All purpose1063.4772.0637.2570.8534.7513.2497.6472.1438.1
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward681.00.8811
All purpose552.91.0852
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low704.60.8516
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium549.91.0911
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High492.01.2196
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low910.50.6590
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium675.10.8887
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High595.81.0071
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance601.10.9981
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low704.60.8516
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium549.91.0911
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High492.01.2196
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low910.50.6590
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium675.10.8887
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High595.81.0071
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1496.31002.9763.3639.5569.4532.5502.4451.8416.6
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.7689
Downwind "popa"0.9366
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.8125
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.8791
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low704.60.8516
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium549.91.0911
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High492.01.2196
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low910.50.6590
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium675.10.8887
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High595.81.0071
Predominantly Upwind600.10.9998
Predominantly Downwind558.81.0736
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low704.60.8516
Triple Number AP Medium550.01.0910
Triple Number AP High491.91.2196
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low950.50.6313
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium675.10.8887
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High595.81.0071
Single Number Predominant Upwind624.30.9611
Single Number Predominant Reaching545.71.0995
Single Number Predominant Downwind580.11.0343
Predominant Upwind - Low860.50.6973
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med658.40.9113
Predominant Upwind - Medium581.31.0321
Predominant Upwind - Med/High543.41.1041
Predominant Upwind - High523.91.1452
Predominant Downwind Low834.00.7194
Predominant Downwind Low/Med625.70.9589
Predominant Downwind Medium541.21.1086
Predominant Downwind Med/High486.81.2326
Predominant Downwind High441.41.3592
Predominant Reaching Low743.80.8067
Predominant Reaching Low/Med577.61.0388
Predominant Reaching Medium514.11.1670
Predominant Reaching Med/High474.61.2641
Predominant Reaching High442.41.3562
SA/DSPL Upwind23.17SA/DSPL Downwind50.14
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1061.50.5653
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med780.00.7692
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium664.10.9035
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High603.90.9936
5-Band Windward/Leeward High570.21.0523
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1072.70.5593
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med791.60.7579
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium677.10.8861
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High620.30.9673
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High591.81.0139
5-Band AP Low771.90.7773
5-Band AP Low/Med618.50.9701
5-Band AP Medium542.61.1059
5-Band AP Med/High499.11.2023
5-Band AP High470.61.2748
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low917.30.6541
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med746.90.8034
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium640.30.9370
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High584.61.0264
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High552.21.0865
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9318
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9678
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.9979
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.7117
Bayview-Mac Shore0.7167
Harvest Moon Regatta480.81.2479
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance601.10.9981
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low704.60.8516
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium549.91.0911
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High492.01.2196
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low910.50.6590
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium675.10.8887
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High595.81.0071
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1496.31002.9763.3639.5569.4532.5502.4451.8416.6
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance601.10.9981
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low704.60.8516
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium549.91.0911
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High492.01.2196
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low910.50.6590
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium675.10.8887
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High595.81.0071
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1496.31002.9763.3639.5569.4532.5502.4451.8416.6
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance601.1
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1496.31002.9763.3639.5569.4532.5502.4451.8416.6
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low704.60.8516
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium549.91.0911
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High492.01.2196
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low910.50.6590
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium675.10.8887
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High595.81.0071
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating596.11.0066
FinRating, kevyt tuuli1038.20.9632
FinRating, kova tuuli469.61.0648
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low704.60.8516
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium549.91.0911
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High492.01.2196
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low910.50.6590
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium675.10.8887
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High595.81.0071
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance0.9981
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8516
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0911
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2196
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6590
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8887
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0071
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1496.31002.9763.3639.5569.4532.5502.4451.8416.6
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)619.4
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance601.10.9981
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low704.60.8516
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium549.91.0911
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High492.01.2196
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low910.50.6590
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium675.10.8887
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High595.81.0071
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1496.31002.9763.3639.5569.4532.5502.4451.8416.6
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low704.60.8516
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium549.91.0911
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High492.01.2196
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low910.50.6590
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium675.10.8887
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High595.81.0071
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance601.10.9981
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low704.60.8516
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium549.91.0911
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High492.01.2196
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low910.50.6590
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium675.10.8887
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High595.81.0071
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1496.31002.9763.3639.5569.4532.5502.4451.8416.6
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance601.10.9981
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low704.60.8516
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium549.91.0911
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High492.01.2196
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low910.50.6590
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium675.10.8887
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High595.81.0071
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1496.31002.9763.3639.5569.4532.5502.4451.8416.6
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low704.6
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium549.9
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High492.0
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low910.5
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium675.1
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High595.8
Predominantly Upwind600.1
Predominantly Downwind558.8
Predominantly Reaching535.6
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance601.10.9981
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low704.60.8516
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium549.91.0911
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High492.01.2196
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low910.50.6590
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium675.10.8887
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High595.81.0071
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1496.31002.9763.3639.5569.4532.5502.4451.8416.6
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8516
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0911
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2196
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6590
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8887
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0071
Coastal/Long Distance0.9981
Predominantly Upwind0.9998
Predominantly Downwind1.0736
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)619.4
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Distanseseilas Singeltall  (APH)1.0852
Distanseseilas Trippeltall svak vind0.8516
Distanseseilas Trippeltall mellomvind1.0911
Distanseseilas Trippeltall sterk vind1.2196
Pølsebane Trippeltall svak vind0.6590
Pølsebane Trippeltall mellomvind0.8887
Pølsebane Trippeltall sterk vind1.0071
Motvind Singeltall0.9998
Medvind Singeltall1.0736
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low704.60.8516
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium549.91.0911
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High492.01.2196
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low910.50.6590
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium675.10.8887
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High595.81.0071
Coastal/Long Distance601.10.9981
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind600.10.9998
Predominantly Downwind558.81.0736
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore539.81.1116
Cape Doctor Coastal448.31.3383
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low704.60.8516
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium549.91.0911
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High492.01.2196
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low910.50.6590
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium675.10.8887
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High595.81.0071
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8516
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0911
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2196
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6590
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8887
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0071
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8516
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0911
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2196
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6590
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8887
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0071
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance601.10.9981
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low704.60.8516
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium549.91.0911
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High492.01.2196
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low910.50.6590
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium675.10.8887
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High595.81.0071
Predominantly Upwind600.10.9998
Predominantly Downwind558.81.0736
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1496.31002.9763.3639.5569.4532.5502.4451.8416.6
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance601.10.9981
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low704.60.8516
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium549.91.0911
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High492.01.2196
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low910.50.6590
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium675.10.8887
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High595.81.0071
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1496.31002.9763.3639.5569.4532.5502.4451.8416.6
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low704.60.8516
Triple Number AP Medium550.01.0910
Triple Number AP High491.91.2196
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low950.50.6313
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium675.10.8887
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High595.81.0071
Single Number Predominant Upwind624.30.9611
Single Number Predominant Reaching545.71.0995
Single Number Predominant Downwind580.11.0343
Predominant Upwind - Low860.50.6973
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med658.40.9113
Predominant Upwind - Medium581.31.0321
Predominant Upwind - Med/High543.41.1041
Predominant Upwind - High523.91.1452
Predominant Downwind Low834.00.7194
Predominant Downwind Low/Med625.70.9589
Predominant Downwind Medium541.21.1086
Predominant Downwind Med/High486.81.2326
Predominant Downwind High441.41.3592
Predominant Reaching Low743.80.8067
Predominant Reaching Low/Med577.61.0388
Predominant Reaching Medium514.11.1670
Predominant Reaching Med/High474.61.2641
Predominant Reaching High442.41.3562
SA/DSPL Upwind23.17SA/DSPL Downwind50.14
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1061.50.5653
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med780.00.7692
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium664.10.9035
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High603.90.9936
5-Band Windward/Leeward High570.21.0523
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1072.70.5593
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med791.60.7579
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium677.10.8861
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High620.30.9673
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High591.81.0139
5-Band AP Low771.90.7773
5-Band AP Low/Med618.50.9701
5-Band AP Medium542.61.1059
5-Band AP Med/High499.11.2023
5-Band AP High470.61.2748
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low917.30.6541
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med746.90.8034
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium640.30.9370
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High584.61.0264
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High552.21.0865
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9318
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9678
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.9979
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.7117
Bayview-Mac Shore0.7167
Harvest Moon Regatta480.81.2479
Club Certificate2025
karikveiteNOR 16120
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassJ/99MeasurementHINPlan reviewHull constructionCoredCarbon rudderNoLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA9.950Max. Beam3.410Draft1.996Displacement3,940Wetted area21.31IMS L9.105LSM08.673Acc. length9.950Sink (kg/mm) 16.38
VCGD-0.267VCGM-0.141RM Rated (kg·m) 103.3Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight562Declared crew weight562
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeFolding 2 blades
InstallationStrutTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRD0.400PBWPIPA0.0037
EDL1.750ST10.065ST20.180
ST30.180ST40.110ST50.313
RIG
Forestay tensionAftInner stayNone FittedMast materialAluminumSingle headsail furlerYesMainsail furlerArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunning backstays0CheckstaysSpreaders2Rotating mastNo
P12.740IG13.220ISP14.440MDT10.110MDL10.195MDT20.110MDL20.142TL0.965MW0.195GO0.235
E4.370J3.885BAS1.510FSD0.027SFJ0.080SPL0.000WPLTPS4.400BD0.000MWT114.00MCG4.720
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodVCG entered directlyVCG entered-0.267Flotation Date01/01/2015
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible
Club Certificate2025
karikveiteNOR 16120
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateComment394-2022052011560.380.991.682.763.6133.1420/05/2022
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateComment388-2024041614070.051.923.435.697.017.4214.47NoYes070.3416/04/2024394-2022052011580.090.561.031.982.933.8612.63YesNo 24.9320/05/2022
ASYMMETRIC SPINNAKER
IdSLUSLESLSHWSFLRatioAreaMeas.DateComment394-20220520120014.9613.0614.017.708.8287%92.5120/05/2022
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length9.9 mTable area0.44 m²Headroom1.70 mMinimum number of berths4Personal gear stowage0.16 m³Fresh water capacity78 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit4Food stowage0.24 m³Fuel capacity48 lCabin soleStovesSinksGalley gear stowageToiletWash basinNavigation areaHanging locker
*This list is a summary of the requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for details.