Double HandedClub Certificate2025
FRINOR 6854
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles43.0°43.0°40.5°39.7°39.3°39.0°38.6°38.6°39.2°
Beat VMG2.363.213.844.264.524.654.734.754.70
52°3.654.845.646.166.436.596.666.716.70
60°3.835.065.856.326.586.746.836.896.92
75°3.945.195.996.466.726.907.037.197.26
90°3.845.105.936.456.756.967.127.397.58
110°3.554.865.866.506.867.127.347.697.89
120°3.414.705.716.426.827.117.357.838.27
135°3.044.255.286.106.626.967.237.768.37
150°2.513.664.705.546.236.686.987.508.05
Run VMG2.173.174.074.835.506.066.497.087.56
Gybe Angles147.5°147.5°151.4°155.2°159.7°165.5°172.7°178.6°178.6°
APH ToD:621.9CDL: 7.852APH ToT: 0.9648CertNo:5612
BOAT
ClassSADLER 34DesignerSADLERDBuilderSadler YachtsAge date01/1988Series date01/1980Offset fileK16642.BOFData file5612
HULL
Length Overall10.600 mMaximum Beam3.280 mDraft1.863 mDisplacement6,198 kgDLR9.3180IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.640%Age Allowance0.487%
PROPELLER
InstallationShaft exposedTypeFolding 2 bladesDiameter0.400m
CREW
Maximum weight170 kg(default)Minimum weight120 kg ✱ when appliedNon Manual PowerNoCrew Arm Extension
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail22.9123.21Headsail Luffed40.3740.37Headsail FlyingSymmetric54.2762.49Asymmetric
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail6.98Storm Jib8.38Heavy Weather Jib22.61
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails5Spinnakers4
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.
Double HandedClub Certificate2025
FRINOR 6854
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1528.41122.7937.6844.3796.2773.4760.3757.4766.5
52°986.5743.4638.0584.8559.7546.6540.3536.8537.0
60°939.6711.9615.5569.2546.9534.3526.9522.4520.2
75°914.6693.7601.0557.5535.4521.7511.8500.4495.5
90°938.1706.5606.7558.0533.3517.5505.3487.2475.2
110°1013.4740.1614.7553.9524.8505.7490.2468.0456.0
120°1055.2766.1630.8561.0527.7506.7489.7459.7435.3
135°1185.1846.1682.3590.6543.6517.5497.8463.9430.2
150°1434.1984.9766.4649.7578.1539.1515.5479.7447.1
Run VMG1656.01137.2884.1745.4654.4593.6554.3508.4476.3
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1589.31130.0910.8794.8725.3683.5657.3632.9621.4
All purpose1207.9877.1722.9642.9599.1573.8557.4538.5526.7
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward758.20.7913
All purpose621.90.9648
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low800.00.7500
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium617.70.9713
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High554.41.0822
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1020.40.5880
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium753.50.7963
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High654.70.9164
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance675.00.8889
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low800.00.7500
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium617.70.9713
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High554.41.0822
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1020.40.5880
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium753.50.7963
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High654.70.9164
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1690.21130.7859.6720.3638.2595.3563.9517.5502.9
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.7009
Downwind "popa"0.8272
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.7346
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.7848
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low800.00.7500
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium617.70.9713
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High554.41.0822
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1020.40.5880
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium753.50.7963
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High654.70.9164
Predominantly Upwind668.30.8978
Predominantly Downwind634.70.9454
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low800.00.7500
Triple Number AP Medium617.80.9712
Triple Number AP High554.41.0822
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1066.00.5629
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium753.50.7963
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High654.70.9164
Single Number Predominant Upwind693.80.8648
Single Number Predominant Reaching622.00.9646
Single Number Predominant Downwind664.00.9036
Predominant Upwind - Low946.50.6339
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med731.40.8203
Predominant Upwind - Medium647.00.9274
Predominant Upwind - Med/High605.10.9916
Predominant Upwind - High590.91.0154
Predominant Downwind Low978.50.6132
Predominant Downwind Low/Med721.00.8322
Predominant Downwind Medium610.90.9822
Predominant Downwind Med/High546.31.0982
Predominant Downwind High514.31.1666
Predominant Reaching Low860.70.6971
Predominant Reaching Low/Med660.60.9082
Predominant Reaching Medium580.31.0340
Predominant Reaching Med/High536.11.1192
Predominant Reaching High513.81.1678
SA/DSPL Upwind18.64SA/DSPL Downwind22.73
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1190.80.5039
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med874.80.6859
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium739.70.8112
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High663.40.9045
5-Band Windward/Leeward High635.10.9447
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1188.20.5050
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med882.10.6802
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium753.60.7962
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High683.70.8776
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High660.00.9091
5-Band AP Low888.30.6754
5-Band AP Low/Med699.10.8582
5-Band AP Medium609.00.9853
5-Band AP Med/High560.51.0704
5-Band AP High539.71.1116
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low1026.60.5844
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med837.70.7163
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium716.00.8380
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High650.40.9226
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High625.80.9588
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.8386
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.8576
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.8708
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6298
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6351
Harvest Moon Regatta545.21.1005
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance675.00.8889
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low800.00.7500
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium617.70.9713
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High554.41.0822
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1020.40.5880
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium753.50.7963
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High654.70.9164
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1690.21130.7859.6720.3638.2595.3563.9517.5502.9
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance675.00.8889
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low800.00.7500
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium617.70.9713
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High554.41.0822
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1020.40.5880
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium753.50.7963
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High654.70.9164
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1690.21130.7859.6720.3638.2595.3563.9517.5502.9
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance675.0
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1690.21130.7859.6720.3638.2595.3563.9517.5502.9
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low800.00.7500
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium617.70.9713
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High554.41.0822
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1020.40.5880
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium753.50.7963
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High654.70.9164
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating667.50.8989
FinRating, kevyt tuuli1172.90.8526
FinRating, kova tuuli543.80.9195
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low800.00.7500
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium617.70.9713
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High554.41.0822
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1020.40.5880
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium753.50.7963
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High654.70.9164
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance0.8889
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7500
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.9713
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.0822
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5880
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.7963
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9164
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1690.21130.7859.6720.3638.2595.3563.9517.5502.9
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)698.0
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance675.00.8889
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low800.00.7500
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium617.70.9713
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High554.41.0822
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1020.40.5880
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium753.50.7963
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High654.70.9164
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1690.21130.7859.6720.3638.2595.3563.9517.5502.9
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low800.00.7500
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium617.70.9713
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High554.41.0822
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1020.40.5880
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium753.50.7963
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High654.70.9164
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance675.00.8889
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low800.00.7500
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium617.70.9713
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High554.41.0822
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1020.40.5880
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium753.50.7963
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High654.70.9164
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1690.21130.7859.6720.3638.2595.3563.9517.5502.9
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance675.00.8889
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low800.00.7500
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium617.70.9713
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High554.41.0822
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1020.40.5880
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium753.50.7963
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High654.70.9164
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1690.21130.7859.6720.3638.2595.3563.9517.5502.9
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low800.0
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium617.7
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High554.4
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1020.4
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium753.5
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High654.7
Predominantly Upwind668.3
Predominantly Downwind634.7
Predominantly Reaching609.3
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance675.00.8889
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low800.00.7500
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium617.70.9713
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High554.41.0822
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1020.40.5880
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium753.50.7963
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High654.70.9164
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1690.21130.7859.6720.3638.2595.3563.9517.5502.9
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7500
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.9713
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.0822
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5880
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.7963
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9164
Coastal/Long Distance0.8889
Predominantly Upwind0.8978
Predominantly Downwind0.9454
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)698.0
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Distanseseilas Singeltall  (APH)0.9648
Distanseseilas Trippeltall svak vind0.7500
Distanseseilas Trippeltall mellomvind0.9713
Distanseseilas Trippeltall sterk vind1.0822
Pølsebane Trippeltall svak vind0.5880
Pølsebane Trippeltall mellomvind0.7963
Pølsebane Trippeltall sterk vind0.9164
Motvind Singeltall0.8978
Medvind Singeltall0.9454
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low800.00.7500
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium617.70.9713
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High554.41.0822
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1020.40.5880
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium753.50.7963
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High654.70.9164
Coastal/Long Distance675.00.8889
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind668.30.8978
Predominantly Downwind634.70.9454
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore624.80.9603
Cape Doctor Coastal530.21.1316
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low800.00.7500
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium617.70.9713
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High554.41.0822
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1020.40.5880
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium753.50.7963
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High654.70.9164
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7500
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.9713
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.0822
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5880
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.7963
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9164
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7500
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.9713
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.0822
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5880
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.7963
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9164
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance675.00.8889
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low800.00.7500
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium617.70.9713
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High554.41.0822
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1020.40.5880
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium753.50.7963
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High654.70.9164
Predominantly Upwind668.30.8978
Predominantly Downwind634.70.9454
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1690.21130.7859.6720.3638.2595.3563.9517.5502.9
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance675.00.8889
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low800.00.7500
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium617.70.9713
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High554.41.0822
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1020.40.5880
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium753.50.7963
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High654.70.9164
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1690.21130.7859.6720.3638.2595.3563.9517.5502.9
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low800.00.7500
Triple Number AP Medium617.80.9712
Triple Number AP High554.41.0822
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1066.00.5629
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium753.50.7963
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High654.70.9164
Single Number Predominant Upwind693.80.8648
Single Number Predominant Reaching622.00.9646
Single Number Predominant Downwind664.00.9036
Predominant Upwind - Low946.50.6339
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med731.40.8203
Predominant Upwind - Medium647.00.9274
Predominant Upwind - Med/High605.10.9916
Predominant Upwind - High590.91.0154
Predominant Downwind Low978.50.6132
Predominant Downwind Low/Med721.00.8322
Predominant Downwind Medium610.90.9822
Predominant Downwind Med/High546.31.0982
Predominant Downwind High514.31.1666
Predominant Reaching Low860.70.6971
Predominant Reaching Low/Med660.60.9082
Predominant Reaching Medium580.31.0340
Predominant Reaching Med/High536.11.1192
Predominant Reaching High513.81.1678
SA/DSPL Upwind18.64SA/DSPL Downwind22.73
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1190.80.5039
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med874.80.6859
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium739.70.8112
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High663.40.9045
5-Band Windward/Leeward High635.10.9447
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1188.20.5050
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med882.10.6802
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium753.60.7962
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High683.70.8776
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High660.00.9091
5-Band AP Low888.30.6754
5-Band AP Low/Med699.10.8582
5-Band AP Medium609.00.9853
5-Band AP Med/High560.51.0704
5-Band AP High539.71.1116
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low1026.60.5844
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med837.70.7163
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium716.00.8380
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High650.40.9226
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High625.80.9588
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.8386
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.8576
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.8708
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6298
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6351
Harvest Moon Regatta545.21.1005
Double HandedClub Certificate2025
FRINOR 6854
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassSADLER 34MeasurementHINPlan reviewHull constructionSolidCarbon rudderNoLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA10.600Max. Beam3.280Draft1.863Displacement6,198Wetted area24.24IMS L8.669LSM08.729Acc. length10.499Sink (kg/mm) 16.95
VCGD-0.100VCGM-0.153RM Rated (kg·m) 115.8Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight170Declared crew weightN/A
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeFolding 2 blades
InstallationShaft exposedTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRD0.400PBWPIPA0.0015
PSD0.000PHD0.000PHL0.000
PSA0.0°ESL0.000
ST10.000ST20.000ST30.000
ST40.000ST50.000
RIG
Forestay tensionAftInner stayNone FittedMast materialSingle headsail furlerNoMainsail furlerArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunning backstays0CheckstaysSpreaders0Rotating mastNo
P11.170IG12.940ISP12.940MDT10.120MDL10.185MDT20.000MDL20.000TL0.000MW0.000GO0.000
E3.570J3.970BAS1.400FSD0.030SFJ0.000SPL4.050WPLTPS0.000BD0.000MWT0.00MCG0.000
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodVCG entered directlyVCG entered-0.100Flotation Date01/01/2015
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible
Double HandedClub Certificate2025
FRINOR 6854
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateComment5612-2004012412000.130.691.242.162.9522.9101/01/1753
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateComment5612-2004012412010.000.000.000.000.006.2812.63NoNo 40.3701/01/1753
SYMMETRIC SPINNAKER
IdSLUSLESLSHWSFLAreaMeas.DateComment1-20190311133512.406.759.586.680.0054.2701/01/2019Fra Dufour 34, kjøpt brukt
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length10.5 mTable area0.44 m²Headroom1.73 mMinimum number of berths4Personal gear stowage0.16 m³Fresh water capacity90 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit4Food stowage0.24 m³Fuel capacity60 lCabin soleStovesSinksGalley gear stowageToiletWash basinNavigation areaHanging locker
*This list is a summary of the requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for details.