Double HandedClub Certificate2025
ØseNOR 12088
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles44.5°44.5°42.5°41.2°40.4°40.2°40.2°40.8°42.3°
Beat VMG2.603.584.354.865.105.215.255.255.09
52°4.105.536.547.167.467.587.647.697.64
60°4.395.846.827.417.707.837.907.987.94
75°4.616.087.027.587.918.138.278.428.49
90°4.445.987.077.707.988.248.508.859.04
110°4.456.077.257.918.368.738.989.389.73
120°4.335.937.127.838.308.759.179.8410.37
135°3.815.326.567.437.988.448.899.8711.41
150°3.154.485.646.637.397.898.289.079.96
Run VMG2.733.884.885.746.416.907.328.038.71
Gybe Angles142.6°142.6°146.9°149.2°151.4°155.3°160.3°162.4°160.6°
APH ToD:531.4CDL: 10.019APH ToT: 1.1290CertNo:9564
BOAT
ClassHanse 400EDesignerJudel-VrolijkBuilderHanse YachtbauAge date01/2007Series date01/2005Offset fileHANSE400E.OFFData file9564
HULL
Length Overall12.027 mMaximum Beam4.036 mDraft1.981 mDisplacement8,863 kgDLR6.5700IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.120%Age Allowance0.487%
PROPELLER
InstallationStrutTypeFolding 2 bladesDiameter0.400m
CREW
Maximum weight170 kg(default)Minimum weight120 kg ✱ when appliedNon Manual PowerNoCrew Arm Extension
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail52.9353.82Headsail Luffed47.7647.76Headsail FlyingSymmetricAsymmetric133.69133.69 (All asymmetric spinnakers with SHW/SFL > 85%)
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail15.75Storm Jib13.56Heavy Weather Jib36.60
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails6Spinnakers5
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.
Double HandedClub Certificate2025
ØseNOR 12088
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1386.31004.7827.1740.3705.3691.0685.3686.1706.8
52°878.9651.6550.4502.9482.5474.9471.0467.9471.2
60°820.2615.9527.6486.0467.3459.7455.6451.4453.2
75°781.5592.4512.8474.8454.9442.7435.5427.4423.9
90°811.6602.1509.1467.3450.9436.6423.5406.9398.4
110°809.6593.3496.6454.9430.7412.3400.9383.8370.0
120°831.8607.0505.3460.0433.7411.7392.8365.8347.1
135°944.8676.3549.1484.4451.0426.6404.9364.7315.4
150°1143.4804.5638.6543.0487.0456.3434.6397.1361.4
Run VMG1320.4928.9737.3627.0561.3521.6491.5448.4413.1
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1352.9966.8782.2683.6633.3606.3588.4567.2560.0
All purpose1023.1742.4611.7545.9513.2493.9480.7463.1452.9
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward661.70.9067
All purpose531.41.1290
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low677.00.8862
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium527.51.1375
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High477.41.2568
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low874.50.6861
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium655.70.9150
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High584.91.0258
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance579.41.0356
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low677.00.8862
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium527.51.1375
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High477.41.2568
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low874.50.6861
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium655.70.9150
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High584.91.0258
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1431.3963.0734.8615.5549.1513.5484.6438.8427.9
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.7866
Downwind "popa"0.9731
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.8346
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.9085
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low677.00.8862
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium527.51.1375
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High477.41.2568
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low874.50.6861
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium655.70.9150
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High584.91.0258
Predominantly Upwind578.11.0379
Predominantly Downwind536.51.1183
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low677.00.8862
Triple Number AP Medium527.51.1373
Triple Number AP High477.41.2568
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low912.50.6575
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium655.70.9150
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High584.91.0258
Single Number Predominant Upwind601.90.9969
Single Number Predominant Reaching525.71.1414
Single Number Predominant Downwind559.51.0724
Predominant Upwind - Low821.30.7305
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med629.90.9525
Predominant Upwind - Medium560.11.0713
Predominant Upwind - Med/High528.71.1348
Predominant Upwind - High517.31.1599
Predominant Downwind Low809.50.7412
Predominant Downwind Low/Med603.10.9948
Predominant Downwind Medium518.41.1575
Predominant Downwind Med/High467.21.2843
Predominant Downwind High435.41.3781
Predominant Reaching Low724.80.8278
Predominant Reaching Low/Med555.71.0797
Predominant Reaching Medium491.71.2203
Predominant Reaching Med/High454.81.3192
Predominant Reaching High432.41.3876
SA/DSPL Upwind23.34SA/DSPL Downwind43.26
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1017.30.5898
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med752.70.7972
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium645.80.9291
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High591.61.0141
5-Band Windward/Leeward High569.61.0533
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1025.00.5854
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med763.10.7863
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium660.10.9090
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High610.90.9821
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High593.61.0108
5-Band AP Low743.40.8071
5-Band AP Low/Med593.21.0114
5-Band AP Medium520.91.1520
5-Band AP Med/High482.71.2430
5-Band AP High464.41.2921
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low879.10.6825
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med719.60.8338
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium622.30.9642
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High574.01.0453
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High554.01.0831
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9682
Chicago-Mac All Purpose1.0043
Chicago-Mac Downwind1.0352
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.7388
Bayview-Mac Shore0.7436
Harvest Moon Regatta458.01.3102
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance579.41.0356
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low677.00.8862
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium527.51.1375
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High477.41.2568
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low874.50.6861
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium655.70.9150
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High584.91.0258
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1431.3963.0734.8615.5549.1513.5484.6438.8427.9
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance579.41.0356
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low677.00.8862
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium527.51.1375
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High477.41.2568
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low874.50.6861
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium655.70.9150
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High584.91.0258
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1431.3963.0734.8615.5549.1513.5484.6438.8427.9
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance579.4
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1431.3963.0734.8615.5549.1513.5484.6438.8427.9
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low677.00.8862
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium527.51.1375
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High477.41.2568
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low874.50.6861
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium655.70.9150
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High584.91.0258
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating574.21.0450
FinRating, kevyt tuuli996.71.0033
FinRating, kova tuuli467.21.0702
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low677.00.8862
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium527.51.1375
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High477.41.2568
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low874.50.6861
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium655.70.9150
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High584.91.0258
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance1.0356
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8862
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.1375
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2568
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6861
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.9150
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0258
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1431.3963.0734.8615.5549.1513.5484.6438.8427.9
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)595.0
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance579.41.0356
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low677.00.8862
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium527.51.1375
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High477.41.2568
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low874.50.6861
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium655.70.9150
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High584.91.0258
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1431.3963.0734.8615.5549.1513.5484.6438.8427.9
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low677.00.8862
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium527.51.1375
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High477.41.2568
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low874.50.6861
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium655.70.9150
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High584.91.0258
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance579.41.0356
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low677.00.8862
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium527.51.1375
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High477.41.2568
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low874.50.6861
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium655.70.9150
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High584.91.0258
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1431.3963.0734.8615.5549.1513.5484.6438.8427.9
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance579.41.0356
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low677.00.8862
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium527.51.1375
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High477.41.2568
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low874.50.6861
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium655.70.9150
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High584.91.0258
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1431.3963.0734.8615.5549.1513.5484.6438.8427.9
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low677.0
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium527.5
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High477.4
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low874.5
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium655.7
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High584.9
Predominantly Upwind578.1
Predominantly Downwind536.5
Predominantly Reaching513.9
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance579.41.0356
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low677.00.8862
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium527.51.1375
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High477.41.2568
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low874.50.6861
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium655.70.9150
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High584.91.0258
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1431.3963.0734.8615.5549.1513.5484.6438.8427.9
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8862
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.1375
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2568
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6861
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.9150
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0258
Coastal/Long Distance1.0356
Predominantly Upwind1.0379
Predominantly Downwind1.1183
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)595.0
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Distanseseilas Singeltall  (APH)1.1290
Distanseseilas Trippeltall svak vind0.8862
Distanseseilas Trippeltall mellomvind1.1375
Distanseseilas Trippeltall sterk vind1.2568
Pølsebane Trippeltall svak vind0.6861
Pølsebane Trippeltall mellomvind0.9150
Pølsebane Trippeltall sterk vind1.0258
Motvind Singeltall1.0379
Medvind Singeltall1.1183
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low677.00.8862
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium527.51.1375
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High477.41.2568
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low874.50.6861
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium655.70.9150
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High584.91.0258
Coastal/Long Distance579.41.0356
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind578.11.0379
Predominantly Downwind536.51.1183
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore562.21.0673
Cape Doctor Coastal456.01.3159
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low677.00.8862
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium527.51.1375
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High477.41.2568
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low874.50.6861
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium655.70.9150
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High584.91.0258
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8862
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.1375
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2568
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6861
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.9150
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0258
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8862
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.1375
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2568
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6861
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.9150
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0258
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance579.41.0356
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low677.00.8862
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium527.51.1375
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High477.41.2568
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low874.50.6861
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium655.70.9150
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High584.91.0258
Predominantly Upwind578.11.0379
Predominantly Downwind536.51.1183
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1431.3963.0734.8615.5549.1513.5484.6438.8427.9
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance579.41.0356
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low677.00.8862
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium527.51.1375
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High477.41.2568
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low874.50.6861
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium655.70.9150
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High584.91.0258
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1431.3963.0734.8615.5549.1513.5484.6438.8427.9
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low677.00.8862
Triple Number AP Medium527.51.1373
Triple Number AP High477.41.2568
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low912.50.6575
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium655.70.9150
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High584.91.0258
Single Number Predominant Upwind601.90.9969
Single Number Predominant Reaching525.71.1414
Single Number Predominant Downwind559.51.0724
Predominant Upwind - Low821.30.7305
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med629.90.9525
Predominant Upwind - Medium560.11.0713
Predominant Upwind - Med/High528.71.1348
Predominant Upwind - High517.31.1599
Predominant Downwind Low809.50.7412
Predominant Downwind Low/Med603.10.9948
Predominant Downwind Medium518.41.1575
Predominant Downwind Med/High467.21.2843
Predominant Downwind High435.41.3781
Predominant Reaching Low724.80.8278
Predominant Reaching Low/Med555.71.0797
Predominant Reaching Medium491.71.2203
Predominant Reaching Med/High454.81.3192
Predominant Reaching High432.41.3876
SA/DSPL Upwind23.34SA/DSPL Downwind43.26
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1017.30.5898
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med752.70.7972
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium645.80.9291
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High591.61.0141
5-Band Windward/Leeward High569.61.0533
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1025.00.5854
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med763.10.7863
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium660.10.9090
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High610.90.9821
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High593.61.0108
5-Band AP Low743.40.8071
5-Band AP Low/Med593.21.0114
5-Band AP Medium520.91.1520
5-Band AP Med/High482.71.2430
5-Band AP High464.41.2921
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low879.10.6825
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med719.60.8338
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium622.30.9642
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High574.01.0453
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High554.01.0831
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9682
Chicago-Mac All Purpose1.0043
Chicago-Mac Downwind1.0352
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.7388
Bayview-Mac Shore0.7436
Harvest Moon Regatta458.01.3102
Double HandedClub Certificate2025
ØseNOR 12088
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassHanse 400EMeasurementHINPlan reviewHull constructionCoredCarbon rudderNoLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA12.027Max. Beam4.036Draft1.981Displacement8,863Wetted area34.16IMS L11.073LSM011.048Acc. length12.027Sink (kg/mm) 27.59
VCGD-0.100VCGM0.106RM Rated (kg·m) 284.7Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight170Declared crew weightN/A
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeFolding 2 blades
InstallationStrutTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRD0.400PBWPIPA0.0032
EDL2.670ST10.050ST20.170
ST30.170ST40.100ST50.270
RIG
Forestay tensionAftInner stayNone FittedMast materialAluminumSingle headsail furlerNoMainsail furlerArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunning backstays0CheckstaysSpreaders2Rotating mastNo
P16.180IG16.250ISP16.560MDT10.130MDL10.230MDT20.100MDL20.195TL0.850MW0.230GO0.290
E5.560J4.590BAS1.750FSDFoilSFJ0.000SPL0.000WPLTPS4.900BD0.000MWT241.00MCG6.810
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodVCG entered directlyVCG entered-0.100Flotation Date01/01/2015
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible
Double HandedClub Certificate2025
ØseNOR 12088
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateComment397-2018041117150.150.632.153.644.7052.9311/04/2018
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateComment397-2018041117110.040.711.402.934.756.2615.59NoNo 47.7611/04/2018397-2007061223050.000.000.000.000.004.1115.66NoNo 32.7612/06/2007
ASYMMETRIC SPINNAKER
IdSLUSLESLSHWSFLRatioAreaMeas.DateComment397-20070612231118.9115.8317.379.687.46130%133.6912/06/2007
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length12.0 mTable area0.55 m²Headroom1.81 mMinimum number of berths5Personal gear stowage0.20 m³Fresh water capacity150 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit5Food stowage0.30 m³Fuel capacity90 lCabin soleStovesSinksGalley gear stowageToiletWash basinNavigation areaHanging locker
*This list is a summary of the requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for details.