Club Certificate2025
HavbrisNOR 14132
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles46.0°46.0°44.1°42.8°41.4°40.7°40.4°40.7°42.0°
Beat VMG2.323.223.954.494.885.095.175.185.06
52°3.715.066.076.757.167.407.517.577.55
60°4.045.436.417.027.397.617.757.847.87
75°4.255.686.647.237.587.838.038.288.39
90°4.155.576.607.347.778.078.298.568.85
110°3.995.536.737.467.918.288.639.279.73
120°3.875.366.547.337.818.208.589.3410.21
135°3.394.775.956.877.487.908.279.049.96
150°2.774.025.146.086.857.407.778.419.06
Run VMG2.403.484.455.275.946.456.897.618.19
Gybe Angles143.1°143.1°147.1°148.7°150.3°154.3°159.7°174.8°175.2°
APH ToD:563.9CDL: 9.439APH ToT: 1.0641CertNo:21162
BOAT
ClassBavaria 38 CrDesignerJAKOPIN&JAKOPINBuilderBavaria YachtbauAge date01/2004Series date01/2002Offset fileba38jjsd.offData file21162
HULL
Length Overall11.990 mMaximum Beam3.898 mDraft1.714 mDisplacement7,551 kgDLR6.5556IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.370%Age Allowance0.487%
PROPELLER
InstallationStrutTypeFolding 2 bladesDiameter0.400m
CREW
Maximum weight736 kg(default)Minimum weight606 kg ✱ when appliedNon Manual PowerNoCrew Arm Extension
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail37.1837.76Headsail Luffed43.7243.72Headsail FlyingSymmetricAsymmetric86.9286.92 (All asymmetric spinnakers with SHW/SFL > 85%)
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail11.38Storm Jib10.42Heavy Weather Jib28.12
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails5
✱ One set on the forestay
Spinnakers4
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.
Club Certificate2025
HavbrisNOR 14132
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1552.91118.0912.4801.9737.6707.8696.1695.0711.7
52°971.3712.1593.4533.4502.7486.8479.5475.5477.1
60°891.2663.1562.0512.5487.2472.8464.5459.0457.7
75°846.2634.1541.9497.9474.7459.6448.3434.6429.0
90°867.6645.8545.4490.4463.2446.0434.1420.4406.8
110°902.7651.1535.1482.4455.4434.8417.0388.4370.0
120°931.3671.7550.5491.0461.0439.2419.8385.6352.7
135°1063.0754.0604.8523.8481.1455.8435.2398.4361.5
150°1297.5896.5700.4591.8525.4486.8463.2428.2397.2
Run VMG1498.11035.2808.8683.4606.5558.3522.7473.1439.6
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1524.51076.6860.6742.6672.1633.0609.4584.1575.7
All purpose1140.4818.9666.7586.2540.9515.0498.2478.3466.9
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward706.80.8489
All purpose563.91.0641
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low742.80.8078
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium560.01.0714
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High494.91.2123
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low968.50.6195
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium701.50.8553
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High605.80.9904
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance617.10.9722
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low742.80.8078
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium560.01.0714
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High494.91.2123
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low968.50.6195
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium701.50.8553
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High605.80.9904
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1618.81072.5806.4664.9579.6535.1502.9454.8438.8
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.7409
Downwind "popa"0.8959
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.7815
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.8430
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low742.80.8078
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium560.01.0714
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High494.91.2123
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low968.50.6195
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium701.50.8553
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High605.80.9904
Predominantly Upwind611.90.9805
Predominantly Downwind575.31.0430
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low742.80.8078
Triple Number AP Medium560.11.0713
Triple Number AP High494.91.2123
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1012.50.5926
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium701.50.8553
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High605.80.9904
Single Number Predominant Upwind638.80.9392
Single Number Predominant Reaching558.81.0738
Single Number Predominant Downwind602.00.9966
Predominant Upwind - Low906.50.6619
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med681.40.8805
Predominant Upwind - Medium589.11.0185
Predominant Upwind - Med/High543.91.1031
Predominant Upwind - High530.41.1313
Predominant Downwind Low897.80.6683
Predominant Downwind Low/Med655.90.9148
Predominant Downwind Medium552.41.0861
Predominant Downwind Med/High491.71.2203
Predominant Downwind High459.11.3070
Predominant Reaching Low795.30.7544
Predominant Reaching Low/Med598.71.0022
Predominant Reaching Medium517.61.1592
Predominant Reaching Med/High473.01.2685
Predominant Reaching High451.01.3304
SA/DSPL Upwind20.88SA/DSPL Downwind32.03
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1134.80.5287
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med823.00.7291
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium687.80.8723
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High614.40.9766
5-Band Windward/Leeward High587.01.0221
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1142.90.5250
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med834.00.7194
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium701.10.8557
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High631.80.9497
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High609.20.9849
5-Band AP Low818.50.7331
5-Band AP Low/Med642.20.9344
5-Band AP Medium551.01.0889
5-Band AP Med/High501.21.1970
5-Band AP High479.81.2506
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low976.30.6145
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med786.10.7633
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium661.60.9069
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High595.81.0070
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High571.91.0491
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9060
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9358
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.9585
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6722
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6772
Harvest Moon Regatta483.21.2417
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance617.10.9722
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low742.80.8078
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium560.01.0714
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High494.91.2123
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low968.50.6195
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium701.50.8553
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High605.80.9904
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1618.81072.5806.4664.9579.6535.1502.9454.8438.8
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance617.10.9722
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low742.80.8078
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium560.01.0714
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High494.91.2123
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low968.50.6195
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium701.50.8553
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High605.80.9904
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1618.81072.5806.4664.9579.6535.1502.9454.8438.8
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance617.1
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1618.81072.5806.4664.9579.6535.1502.9454.8438.8
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low742.80.8078
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium560.01.0714
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High494.91.2123
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low968.50.6195
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium701.50.8553
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High605.80.9904
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating617.10.9722
FinRating, kevyt tuuli1110.90.9001
FinRating, kova tuuli482.51.0362
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low742.80.8078
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium560.01.0714
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High494.91.2123
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low968.50.6195
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium701.50.8553
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High605.80.9904
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance0.9722
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8078
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0714
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2123
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6195
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8553
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9904
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1618.81072.5806.4664.9579.6535.1502.9454.8438.8
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)636.6
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance617.10.9722
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low742.80.8078
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium560.01.0714
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High494.91.2123
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low968.50.6195
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium701.50.8553
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High605.80.9904
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1618.81072.5806.4664.9579.6535.1502.9454.8438.8
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low742.80.8078
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium560.01.0714
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High494.91.2123
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low968.50.6195
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium701.50.8553
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High605.80.9904
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance617.10.9722
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low742.80.8078
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium560.01.0714
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High494.91.2123
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low968.50.6195
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium701.50.8553
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High605.80.9904
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1618.81072.5806.4664.9579.6535.1502.9454.8438.8
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance617.10.9722
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low742.80.8078
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium560.01.0714
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High494.91.2123
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low968.50.6195
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium701.50.8553
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High605.80.9904
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1618.81072.5806.4664.9579.6535.1502.9454.8438.8
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low742.8
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium560.0
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High494.9
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low968.5
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium701.5
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High605.8
Predominantly Upwind611.9
Predominantly Downwind575.3
Predominantly Reaching547.1
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance617.10.9722
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low742.80.8078
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium560.01.0714
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High494.91.2123
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low968.50.6195
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium701.50.8553
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High605.80.9904
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1618.81072.5806.4664.9579.6535.1502.9454.8438.8
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8078
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0714
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2123
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6195
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8553
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9904
Coastal/Long Distance0.9722
Predominantly Upwind0.9805
Predominantly Downwind1.0430
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)636.6
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Distanseseilas Singeltall  (APH)1.0641
Distanseseilas Trippeltall svak vind0.8078
Distanseseilas Trippeltall mellomvind1.0714
Distanseseilas Trippeltall sterk vind1.2123
Pølsebane Trippeltall svak vind0.6195
Pølsebane Trippeltall mellomvind0.8553
Pølsebane Trippeltall sterk vind0.9904
Motvind Singeltall0.9805
Medvind Singeltall1.0430
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low742.80.8078
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium560.01.0714
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High494.91.2123
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low968.50.6195
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium701.50.8553
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High605.80.9904
Coastal/Long Distance617.10.9722
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind611.90.9805
Predominantly Downwind575.31.0430
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore578.21.0377
Cape Doctor Coastal470.31.2758
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low742.80.8078
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium560.01.0714
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High494.91.2123
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low968.50.6195
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium701.50.8553
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High605.80.9904
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8078
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0714
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2123
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6195
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8553
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9904
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8078
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0714
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2123
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6195
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8553
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9904
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance617.10.9722
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low742.80.8078
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium560.01.0714
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High494.91.2123
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low968.50.6195
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium701.50.8553
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High605.80.9904
Predominantly Upwind611.90.9805
Predominantly Downwind575.31.0430
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1618.81072.5806.4664.9579.6535.1502.9454.8438.8
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance617.10.9722
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low742.80.8078
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium560.01.0714
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High494.91.2123
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low968.50.6195
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium701.50.8553
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High605.80.9904
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1618.81072.5806.4664.9579.6535.1502.9454.8438.8
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low742.80.8078
Triple Number AP Medium560.11.0713
Triple Number AP High494.91.2123
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1012.50.5926
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium701.50.8553
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High605.80.9904
Single Number Predominant Upwind638.80.9392
Single Number Predominant Reaching558.81.0738
Single Number Predominant Downwind602.00.9966
Predominant Upwind - Low906.50.6619
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med681.40.8805
Predominant Upwind - Medium589.11.0185
Predominant Upwind - Med/High543.91.1031
Predominant Upwind - High530.41.1313
Predominant Downwind Low897.80.6683
Predominant Downwind Low/Med655.90.9148
Predominant Downwind Medium552.41.0861
Predominant Downwind Med/High491.71.2203
Predominant Downwind High459.11.3070
Predominant Reaching Low795.30.7544
Predominant Reaching Low/Med598.71.0022
Predominant Reaching Medium517.61.1592
Predominant Reaching Med/High473.01.2685
Predominant Reaching High451.01.3304
SA/DSPL Upwind20.88SA/DSPL Downwind32.03
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1134.80.5287
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med823.00.7291
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium687.80.8723
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High614.40.9766
5-Band Windward/Leeward High587.01.0221
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1142.90.5250
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med834.00.7194
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium701.10.8557
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High631.80.9497
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High609.20.9849
5-Band AP Low818.50.7331
5-Band AP Low/Med642.20.9344
5-Band AP Medium551.01.0889
5-Band AP Med/High501.21.1970
5-Band AP High479.81.2506
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low976.30.6145
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med786.10.7633
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium661.60.9069
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High595.81.0070
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High571.91.0491
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9060
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9358
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.9585
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6722
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6772
Harvest Moon Regatta483.21.2417
Club Certificate2025
HavbrisNOR 14132
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassBavaria 38 CrMeasurementHINPlan reviewHull constructionSolidCarbon rudderNoLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA11.990Max. Beam3.898Draft1.714Displacement7,551Wetted area30.36IMS L10.681LSM010.481Acc. length11.990Sink (kg/mm) 23.42
VCGD0.000VCGM-0.013RM Rated (kg·m) 200.2Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight736Declared crew weightN/A
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeFolding 2 blades
InstallationStrutTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRD0.400PBWPIPA0.0034
EDL2.050ST10.042ST20.170
ST30.170ST40.170ST50.245
RIG
Forestay tensionAftInner stayNone FittedMast materialAluminumSingle headsail furlerYesMainsail furlerIn mastArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunning backstays0CheckstaysSpreaders2Rotating mastNo
P13.690IG14.430ISP14.550MDT10.110MDL10.220MDT20.000MDL20.000TL0.000MW0.000GO0.000
E4.750J4.110BAS1.800FSDFoilSFJ0.000SPL0.000WPLTPS4.600BD0.000MWT0.00MCG0.000
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodVCG entered directlyVCG entered0.000Flotation Date01/01/2015
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible
Club Certificate2025
HavbrisNOR 14132
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateComment466-2014052220390.060.901.672.903.8737.1822/05/2014Rullestorseil med stående spiler i CL duk
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateComment441-2012051512170.000.000.000.000.006.4213.38NoNo 43.7215/05/2012
ASYMMETRIC SPINNAKER
IdSLUSLESLSHWSFLRatioAreaMeas.DateComment441-20100708110715.6014.1014.856.857.7289%86.9208/07/2010
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length12.0 mTable area0.55 m²Headroom1.81 mMinimum number of berths5Personal gear stowage0.20 m³Fresh water capacity150 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit5Food stowage0.30 m³Fuel capacity90 lCabin soleStovesSinksGalley gear stowageToiletWash basinNavigation areaHanging locker
*This list is a summary of the requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for details.