Club Certificate2025
FlyerNOR 14557
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles43.9°43.9°42.2°40.4°39.3°38.6°38.2°38.3°39.8°
Beat VMG2.543.484.204.674.894.995.055.095.04
52°4.025.376.276.756.957.047.087.167.17
60°4.335.686.506.917.137.227.277.367.39
75°4.565.906.667.057.307.467.547.687.77
90°4.435.816.647.077.347.577.758.008.18
110°3.915.376.447.037.397.707.998.629.15
120°3.745.166.256.937.327.647.978.719.63
135°3.264.595.706.557.077.437.768.559.64
150°2.673.895.005.936.657.117.448.119.00
Run VMG2.313.374.335.165.896.496.947.598.23
Gybe Angles145.8°145.8°150.5°154.3°160.1°167.3°176.8°178.6°177.2°
APH ToD:575.5CDL: 8.804APH ToT: 1.0426CertNo:21419
BOAT
ClassDehler 36 CWSDesignervanderStadtBuilderDehler SegelyachteAge date01/1989Series date01/1985Offset fileDEH36CWS.OFFData file21419
HULL
Length Overall10.900 mMaximum Beam3.544 mDraft1.866 mDisplacement5,844 kgDLR8.0997IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.290%Age Allowance0.487%
PROPELLER
InstallationShaft exposedTypeFolding 2 bladesDiameter0.380m
CREW
Maximum weight589 kg(declared)Minimum weight459 kg ✱ when appliedNon Manual PowerNoCrew Arm Extension
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail39.3440.14Headsail Luffed26.9426.94Headsail Flying51.8051.80Symmetric72.6072.60Asymmetric
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail11.82Storm Jib8.43Heavy Weather Jib22.75
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails5Spinnakers4
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.
Club Certificate2025
FlyerNOR 14557
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1415.61033.2856.9771.1736.6720.7712.3707.5714.5
52°896.6671.0574.1533.7518.0511.4508.2503.0502.0
60°831.8634.2553.9520.7505.2498.6495.1489.4487.3
75°790.2610.1540.2510.5493.4482.8477.2469.0463.3
90°811.8619.9542.2509.2490.3475.9464.4450.2439.9
110°920.7670.9558.7511.8487.0467.8450.8417.8393.2
120°963.2697.7575.6519.4491.5471.1451.7413.3374.0
135°1103.0784.2631.0549.8509.2484.8464.2421.0373.4
150°1348.3926.4719.9606.9541.4506.4483.7443.9399.9
Run VMG1556.31069.7830.9697.1611.5555.0518.4474.6437.4
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1483.81051.4843.9734.1674.1637.9615.4591.0575.9
All purpose1107.6803.4662.2592.3555.9534.5520.1498.7481.4
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward704.70.8515
All purpose575.51.0426
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low732.80.8188
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium571.51.0498
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High515.61.1636
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low947.70.6331
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium699.20.8581
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High611.90.9806
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance626.40.9579
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low732.80.8188
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium571.51.0498
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High515.61.1636
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low947.70.6331
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium699.20.8581
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High611.90.9806
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1588.01053.3794.7664.5592.4554.7525.9478.3458.5
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.7583
Downwind "popa"0.8829
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.7918
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.8414
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low732.80.8188
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium571.51.0498
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High515.61.1636
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low947.70.6331
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium699.20.8581
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High611.90.9806
Predominantly Upwind616.80.9727
Predominantly Downwind589.11.0186
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low732.80.8188
Triple Number AP Medium571.61.0497
Triple Number AP High515.71.1636
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low990.50.6057
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium699.20.8581
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High611.90.9806
Single Number Predominant Upwind640.20.9372
Single Number Predominant Reaching572.41.0482
Single Number Predominant Downwind616.00.9741
Predominant Upwind - Low864.80.6938
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med669.40.8963
Predominant Upwind - Medium598.31.0029
Predominant Upwind - Med/High564.71.0625
Predominant Upwind - High550.21.0904
Predominant Downwind Low904.20.6636
Predominant Downwind Low/Med667.20.8992
Predominant Downwind Medium568.11.0561
Predominant Downwind Med/High508.91.1791
Predominant Downwind High474.91.2634
Predominant Reaching Low781.50.7678
Predominant Reaching Low/Med604.60.9924
Predominant Reaching Medium536.71.1180
Predominant Reaching Med/High497.81.2052
Predominant Reaching High474.51.2645
SA/DSPL Upwind20.31SA/DSPL Downwind34.30
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1108.20.5414
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med810.70.7401
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium687.20.8731
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High620.00.9677
5-Band Windward/Leeward High592.61.0124
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1103.50.5437
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med815.50.7357
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium699.30.8580
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High639.00.9390
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High616.00.9740
5-Band AP Low811.40.7395
5-Band AP Low/Med642.70.9336
5-Band AP Medium564.21.0634
5-Band AP Med/High521.91.1496
5-Band AP High499.41.2015
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low951.80.6304
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med774.70.7745
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium664.90.9024
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High607.40.9877
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High582.11.0308
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9110
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9291
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.9392
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6820
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6887
Harvest Moon Regatta504.01.1905
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance626.40.9579
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low732.80.8188
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium571.51.0498
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High515.61.1636
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low947.70.6331
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium699.20.8581
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High611.90.9806
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1588.01053.3794.7664.5592.4554.7525.9478.3458.5
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance626.40.9579
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low732.80.8188
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium571.51.0498
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High515.61.1636
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low947.70.6331
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium699.20.8581
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High611.90.9806
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1588.01053.3794.7664.5592.4554.7525.9478.3458.5
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance626.4
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1588.01053.3794.7664.5592.4554.7525.9478.3458.5
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low732.80.8188
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium571.51.0498
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High515.61.1636
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low947.70.6331
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium699.20.8581
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High611.90.9806
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating626.40.9579
FinRating, kevyt tuuli1088.00.9191
FinRating, kova tuuli502.10.9957
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low732.80.8188
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium571.51.0498
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High515.61.1636
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low947.70.6331
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium699.20.8581
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High611.90.9806
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance0.9579
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8188
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0498
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1636
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6331
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8581
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9806
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1588.01053.3794.7664.5592.4554.7525.9478.3458.5
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)644.4
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance626.40.9579
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low732.80.8188
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium571.51.0498
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High515.61.1636
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low947.70.6331
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium699.20.8581
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High611.90.9806
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1588.01053.3794.7664.5592.4554.7525.9478.3458.5
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low732.80.8188
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium571.51.0498
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High515.61.1636
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low947.70.6331
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium699.20.8581
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High611.90.9806
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance626.40.9579
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low732.80.8188
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium571.51.0498
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High515.61.1636
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low947.70.6331
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium699.20.8581
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High611.90.9806
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1588.01053.3794.7664.5592.4554.7525.9478.3458.5
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance626.40.9579
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low732.80.8188
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium571.51.0498
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High515.61.1636
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low947.70.6331
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium699.20.8581
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High611.90.9806
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1588.01053.3794.7664.5592.4554.7525.9478.3458.5
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low732.8
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium571.5
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High515.6
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low947.7
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium699.2
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High611.9
Predominantly Upwind616.8
Predominantly Downwind589.1
Predominantly Reaching562.8
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance626.40.9579
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low732.80.8188
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium571.51.0498
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High515.61.1636
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low947.70.6331
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium699.20.8581
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High611.90.9806
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1588.01053.3794.7664.5592.4554.7525.9478.3458.5
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8188
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0498
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1636
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6331
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8581
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9806
Coastal/Long Distance0.9579
Predominantly Upwind0.9727
Predominantly Downwind1.0186
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)644.4
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Distanseseilas Singeltall  (APH)1.0426
Distanseseilas Trippeltall svak vind0.8188
Distanseseilas Trippeltall mellomvind1.0498
Distanseseilas Trippeltall sterk vind1.1636
Pølsebane Trippeltall svak vind0.6331
Pølsebane Trippeltall mellomvind0.8581
Pølsebane Trippeltall sterk vind0.9806
Motvind Singeltall0.9727
Medvind Singeltall1.0186
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low732.80.8188
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium571.51.0498
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High515.61.1636
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low947.70.6331
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium699.20.8581
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High611.90.9806
Coastal/Long Distance626.40.9579
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind616.80.9727
Predominantly Downwind589.11.0186
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore580.51.0336
Cape Doctor Coastal486.61.2332
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low732.80.8188
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium571.51.0498
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High515.61.1636
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low947.70.6331
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium699.20.8581
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High611.90.9806
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8188
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0498
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1636
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6331
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8581
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9806
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8188
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0498
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1636
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6331
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8581
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9806
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance626.40.9579
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low732.80.8188
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium571.51.0498
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High515.61.1636
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low947.70.6331
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium699.20.8581
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High611.90.9806
Predominantly Upwind616.80.9727
Predominantly Downwind589.11.0186
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1588.01053.3794.7664.5592.4554.7525.9478.3458.5
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance626.40.9579
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low732.80.8188
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium571.51.0498
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High515.61.1636
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low947.70.6331
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium699.20.8581
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High611.90.9806
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1588.01053.3794.7664.5592.4554.7525.9478.3458.5
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low732.80.8188
Triple Number AP Medium571.61.0497
Triple Number AP High515.71.1636
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low990.50.6057
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium699.20.8581
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High611.90.9806
Single Number Predominant Upwind640.20.9372
Single Number Predominant Reaching572.41.0482
Single Number Predominant Downwind616.00.9741
Predominant Upwind - Low864.80.6938
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med669.40.8963
Predominant Upwind - Medium598.31.0029
Predominant Upwind - Med/High564.71.0625
Predominant Upwind - High550.21.0904
Predominant Downwind Low904.20.6636
Predominant Downwind Low/Med667.20.8992
Predominant Downwind Medium568.11.0561
Predominant Downwind Med/High508.91.1791
Predominant Downwind High474.91.2634
Predominant Reaching Low781.50.7678
Predominant Reaching Low/Med604.60.9924
Predominant Reaching Medium536.71.1180
Predominant Reaching Med/High497.81.2052
Predominant Reaching High474.51.2645
SA/DSPL Upwind20.31SA/DSPL Downwind34.30
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1108.20.5414
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med810.70.7401
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium687.20.8731
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High620.00.9677
5-Band Windward/Leeward High592.61.0124
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1103.50.5437
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med815.50.7357
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium699.30.8580
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High639.00.9390
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High616.00.9740
5-Band AP Low811.40.7395
5-Band AP Low/Med642.70.9336
5-Band AP Medium564.21.0634
5-Band AP Med/High521.91.1496
5-Band AP High499.41.2015
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low951.80.6304
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med774.70.7745
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium664.90.9024
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High607.40.9877
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High582.11.0308
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9110
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9291
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.9392
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6820
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6887
Harvest Moon Regatta504.01.1905
Club Certificate2025
FlyerNOR 14557
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassDehler 36 CWSMeasurementHINPlan reviewHull constructionCoredCarbon rudderNoLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA10.900Max. Beam3.544Draft1.866Displacement5,844Wetted area25.74IMS L9.387LSM08.968Acc. length10.874Sink (kg/mm) 19.27
VCGD-0.070VCGM0.073RM Rated (kg·m) 140.0Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight589Declared crew weight589
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeFolding 2 blades
InstallationShaft exposedTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRD0.380PBWPIPA0.0077
PSD0.030PHD0.080PHL0.170
PSA18.0°ESL1.030
ST10.040ST20.130ST30.130
ST40.130ST50.130
RIG
Forestay tensionAftInner stayNone FittedMast materialAluminumSingle headsail furlerNoMainsail furlerArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunning backstays0CheckstaysSpreaders2Rotating mastNo
P13.500IG12.980ISP13.360MDT10.120MDL10.190MDT20.120MDL20.190TL0.000MW0.190GO0.190
E5.000J3.870BAS1.710FSDFoilSFJ0.000SPL4.050WPLTPS4.460BD0.000MWT0.00MCG0.000
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodVCG entered directlyVCG entered-0.070Flotation Date01/01/2015
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible
Club Certificate2025
FlyerNOR 14557
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateComment437-2017081112240.181.051.853.104.1039.3411/08/2017
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateComment437-2018061815110.100.961.853.695.567.3414.00NoYes051.8018/06/2018437-2017081112230.060.541.082.403.003.9612.80YesNo 26.9411/08/2017
SYMMETRIC SPINNAKER
IdSLUSLESLSHWSFLAreaMeas.DateComment415-20160606200112.6012.6012.607.006.5772.6006/06/2016
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length10.9 mTable area0.55 m²Headroom1.76 mMinimum number of berths5Personal gear stowage0.20 m³Fresh water capacity123 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit5Food stowage0.30 m³Fuel capacity68 lCabin soleStovesSinksGalley gear stowageToiletWash basinNavigation areaHanging locker
*This list is a summary of the requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for details.