Non Spin/HSFClub Certificate2025
Memento MoriNOR 15523
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles44.8°44.8°42.8°41.3°40.0°39.0°38.6°39.3°40.4°
Beat VMG2.273.163.884.434.845.085.185.245.17
52°3.614.905.866.546.967.217.347.437.43
60°3.865.196.146.777.147.387.537.667.69
75°4.015.386.346.947.297.557.768.058.17
90°3.905.276.266.917.307.587.838.278.58
110°3.364.695.786.617.157.517.818.398.96
120°3.134.425.516.386.997.387.708.308.91
135°2.663.864.955.846.577.097.448.028.60
150°2.263.284.235.105.846.486.967.608.16
Run VMG1.932.843.724.585.366.056.657.448.00
Gybe Angles144.4°144.4°173.9°176.2°177.5°178.4°178.9°179.5°179.5°
APH ToD:605.5CDL: 8.945APH ToT: 0.9909CertNo:667060
BOAT
ClassHanse 350DesignerJudel/VrolijkBuilderHanse YachtsAge date01/2007Series date01/2007Offset fileCLHA350.OFFData file667060
HULL
Length Overall10.500 mMaximum Beam3.550 mDraft1.876 mDisplacement6,372 kgDLR7.0604IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.320%Age Allowance0.487%
PROPELLER
InstallationStrutTypeFolding 3 bladesDiameter0.380m
CREW
Maximum weight656 kg(default)Minimum weight526 kg ✱ when appliedNon Manual PowerNoCrew Arm Extension
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail35.8836.67Headsail Luffed30.1230.12Headsail FlyingSymmetricAsymmetric
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail10.20Storm Jib10.12Heavy Weather Jib27.32
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails5
✱ Zero set flying
Spinnakers0
✱ No spinnaker pole aboard
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.
Non Spin/HSFClub Certificate2025
Memento MoriNOR 15523
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1583.61138.0927.0813.1743.5708.7695.0687.2696.0
52°998.6734.9614.1550.8516.9499.4490.6484.7484.6
60°932.6693.0585.9532.1504.0487.7477.8470.0468.1
75°898.4669.4568.2519.0493.6476.7463.7447.3440.9
90°923.4683.4575.2520.8493.1475.0460.1435.5419.5
110°1070.4767.9623.3544.5503.4479.5460.9428.9401.7
120°1150.1814.9653.1564.4515.1487.6467.8433.8404.0
135°1353.6932.6727.5616.5547.9508.0483.9448.8418.5
150°1594.51098.1851.2705.7616.2555.7517.1473.5441.1
Run VMG1866.61268.0967.5785.5671.8594.8541.2484.0449.7
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1723.31203.0947.2799.3707.7651.7618.1585.6572.9
All purpose1282.3912.7734.8636.2578.0543.3522.0497.2483.1
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward748.50.8016
All purpose605.50.9909
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low823.70.7284
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium601.80.9970
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High518.01.1582
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1075.10.5581
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium744.20.8062
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High614.30.9767
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance664.20.9034
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low823.70.7284
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium601.80.9970
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High518.01.1582
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1075.10.5581
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium744.20.8062
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High614.30.9767
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1863.31209.5891.1719.9618.4564.9528.8477.5460.6
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.7352
Downwind "popa"0.7905
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.7510
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.7731
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low823.70.7284
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium601.80.9970
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High518.01.1582
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1075.10.5581
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium744.20.8062
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High614.30.9767
Predominantly Upwind640.50.9367
Predominantly Downwind635.70.9439
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low823.80.7284
Triple Number AP Medium601.90.9968
Triple Number AP High518.01.1582
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1125.30.5332
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium744.20.8062
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High614.30.9767
Single Number Predominant Upwind668.20.8979
Single Number Predominant Reaching606.40.9895
Single Number Predominant Downwind669.70.8959
Predominant Upwind - Low968.30.6196
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med719.90.8335
Predominant Upwind - Medium614.00.9771
Predominant Upwind - Med/High558.71.0740
Predominant Upwind - High540.01.1111
Predominant Downwind Low1053.00.5698
Predominant Downwind Low/Med745.30.8051
Predominant Downwind Medium605.90.9902
Predominant Downwind Med/High521.71.1501
Predominant Downwind High483.21.2417
Predominant Reaching Low890.30.6739
Predominant Reaching Low/Med657.20.9129
Predominant Reaching Medium557.71.0758
Predominant Reaching Med/High500.71.1984
Predominant Reaching High473.61.2668
SA/DSPL Upwind19.09SA/DSPL Downwind19.09
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1269.60.4726
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med897.40.6686
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium726.10.8264
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High625.80.9587
5-Band Windward/Leeward High589.01.0186
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1255.00.4781
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med896.10.6696
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium733.00.8186
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High640.70.9365
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High609.20.9849
5-Band AP Low927.20.6471
5-Band AP Low/Med703.10.8534
5-Band AP Medium590.31.0164
5-Band AP Med/High526.11.1404
5-Band AP High499.01.2023
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low1082.10.5545
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med855.60.7012
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium701.00.8560
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High613.30.9784
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High581.51.0318
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.8637
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.8651
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.8558
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6063
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6134
Harvest Moon Regatta523.51.1461
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance664.20.9034
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low823.70.7284
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium601.80.9970
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High518.01.1582
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1075.10.5581
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium744.20.8062
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High614.30.9767
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1863.31209.5891.1719.9618.4564.9528.8477.5460.6
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance664.20.9034
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low823.70.7284
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium601.80.9970
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High518.01.1582
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1075.10.5581
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium744.20.8062
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High614.30.9767
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1863.31209.5891.1719.9618.4564.9528.8477.5460.6
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance664.2
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1863.31209.5891.1719.9618.4564.9528.8477.5460.6
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low823.70.7284
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium601.80.9970
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High518.01.1582
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1075.10.5581
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium744.20.8062
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High614.30.9767
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating664.20.9034
FinRating, kevyt tuuli1249.50.8003
FinRating, kova tuuli503.70.9927
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low823.70.7284
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium601.80.9970
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High518.01.1582
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1075.10.5581
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium744.20.8062
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High614.30.9767
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance0.9034
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7284
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.9970
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1582
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5581
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8062
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9767
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1863.31209.5891.1719.9618.4564.9528.8477.5460.6
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)688.7
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance664.20.9034
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low823.70.7284
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium601.80.9970
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High518.01.1582
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1075.10.5581
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium744.20.8062
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High614.30.9767
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1863.31209.5891.1719.9618.4564.9528.8477.5460.6
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low823.70.7284
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium601.80.9970
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High518.01.1582
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1075.10.5581
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium744.20.8062
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High614.30.9767
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance664.20.9034
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low823.70.7284
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium601.80.9970
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High518.01.1582
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1075.10.5581
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium744.20.8062
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High614.30.9767
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1863.31209.5891.1719.9618.4564.9528.8477.5460.6
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance664.20.9034
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low823.70.7284
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium601.80.9970
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High518.01.1582
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1075.10.5581
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium744.20.8062
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High614.30.9767
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1863.31209.5891.1719.9618.4564.9528.8477.5460.6
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low823.7
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium601.8
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High518.0
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1075.1
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium744.2
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High614.3
Predominantly Upwind640.5
Predominantly Downwind635.7
Predominantly Reaching598.0
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance664.20.9034
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low823.70.7284
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium601.80.9970
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High518.01.1582
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1075.10.5581
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium744.20.8062
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High614.30.9767
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1863.31209.5891.1719.9618.4564.9528.8477.5460.6
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7284
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.9970
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1582
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5581
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8062
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9767
Coastal/Long Distance0.9034
Predominantly Upwind0.9367
Predominantly Downwind0.9439
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)688.7
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Distanseseilas Singeltall  (APH)0.9909
Distanseseilas Trippeltall svak vind0.7284
Distanseseilas Trippeltall mellomvind0.9970
Distanseseilas Trippeltall sterk vind1.1582
Pølsebane Trippeltall svak vind0.5581
Pølsebane Trippeltall mellomvind0.8062
Pølsebane Trippeltall sterk vind0.9767
Motvind Singeltall0.9367
Medvind Singeltall0.9439
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low823.70.7284
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium601.80.9970
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High518.01.1582
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1075.10.5581
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium744.20.8062
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High614.30.9767
Coastal/Long Distance664.20.9034
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind640.50.9367
Predominantly Downwind635.70.9439
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore576.71.0404
Cape Doctor Coastal487.31.2313
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low823.70.7284
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium601.80.9970
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High518.01.1582
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1075.10.5581
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium744.20.8062
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High614.30.9767
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7284
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.9970
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1582
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5581
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8062
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9767
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7284
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.9970
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1582
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5581
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8062
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9767
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance664.20.9034
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low823.70.7284
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium601.80.9970
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High518.01.1582
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1075.10.5581
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium744.20.8062
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High614.30.9767
Predominantly Upwind640.50.9367
Predominantly Downwind635.70.9439
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1863.31209.5891.1719.9618.4564.9528.8477.5460.6
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance664.20.9034
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low823.70.7284
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium601.80.9970
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High518.01.1582
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1075.10.5581
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium744.20.8062
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High614.30.9767
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1863.31209.5891.1719.9618.4564.9528.8477.5460.6
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low823.80.7284
Triple Number AP Medium601.90.9968
Triple Number AP High518.01.1582
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1125.30.5332
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium744.20.8062
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High614.30.9767
Single Number Predominant Upwind668.20.8979
Single Number Predominant Reaching606.40.9895
Single Number Predominant Downwind669.70.8959
Predominant Upwind - Low968.30.6196
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med719.90.8335
Predominant Upwind - Medium614.00.9771
Predominant Upwind - Med/High558.71.0740
Predominant Upwind - High540.01.1111
Predominant Downwind Low1053.00.5698
Predominant Downwind Low/Med745.30.8051
Predominant Downwind Medium605.90.9902
Predominant Downwind Med/High521.71.1501
Predominant Downwind High483.21.2417
Predominant Reaching Low890.30.6739
Predominant Reaching Low/Med657.20.9129
Predominant Reaching Medium557.71.0758
Predominant Reaching Med/High500.71.1984
Predominant Reaching High473.61.2668
SA/DSPL Upwind19.09SA/DSPL Downwind19.09
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1269.60.4726
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med897.40.6686
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium726.10.8264
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High625.80.9587
5-Band Windward/Leeward High589.01.0186
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1255.00.4781
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med896.10.6696
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium733.00.8186
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High640.70.9365
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High609.20.9849
5-Band AP Low927.20.6471
5-Band AP Low/Med703.10.8534
5-Band AP Medium590.31.0164
5-Band AP Med/High526.11.1404
5-Band AP High499.01.2023
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low1082.10.5545
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med855.60.7012
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium701.00.8560
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High613.30.9784
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High581.51.0318
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.8637
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.8651
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.8558
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6063
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6134
Harvest Moon Regatta523.51.1461
Non Spin/HSFClub Certificate2025
Memento MoriNOR 15523
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassHanse 350MeasurementHINPlan reviewHull constructionCoredCarbon rudderNoLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA10.500Max. Beam3.550Draft1.876Displacement6,372Wetted area27.00IMS L9.823LSM09.663Acc. length10.500Sink (kg/mm) 20.09
VCGD-0.100VCGM-0.125RM Rated (kg·m) 158.8Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight656Declared crew weightN/A
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeFolding 3 blades
InstallationStrutTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRD0.380PBWPIPA0.0039
EDL1.900ST10.065ST20.180
ST30.180ST40.110ST50.290
RIG
Forestay tensionAftInner stayNone FittedMast materialAluminumSingle headsail furlerNoMainsail furlerArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunning backstays0CheckstaysSpreaders2Rotating mastNo
P13.175IG14.107ISP14.487MDT10.120MDL10.180MDT20.120MDL20.180TL1.455MW0.180GO0.215
E4.420J4.230BAS1.677FSDFoilSFJ0.000SPL0.000WPLTPS4.850BD0.000MWT0.00MCG0.000
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodVCG entered directlyVCG entered-0.100Flotation Date01/01/2015
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible
Non Spin/HSFClub Certificate2025
Memento MoriNOR 15523
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateComment626-2019050313380.130.961.762.993.8635.8803/05/2019367-2016100916370.130.781.452.633.6032.7709/10/2016
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateComment626-2022050613420.040.621.202.303.304.3513.44YesNo 30.1206/05/2022367-2016100916390.090.430.801.662.623.6913.58NoNo 23.7809/10/2016
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length10.5 mTable area0.44 m²Headroom1.73 mMinimum number of berths4Personal gear stowage0.16 m³Fresh water capacity90 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit4Food stowage0.24 m³Fuel capacity60 lCabin soleStovesSinksGalley gear stowageToiletWash basinNavigation areaHanging locker
*This list is a summary of the requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for details.