Non Spin/HSFClub Certificate2025
MiriaNOR 4753
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles42.7°42.7°41.1°39.9°38.9°38.7°38.6°38.7°39.9°
Beat VMG2.142.913.503.934.214.344.404.424.32
52°3.294.405.185.685.966.116.196.246.20
60°3.454.615.385.846.106.256.356.426.41
75°3.534.725.525.986.246.426.546.706.75
90°3.454.625.435.966.256.466.636.887.04
110°3.024.165.075.776.196.476.707.087.39
120°2.863.984.905.636.106.406.657.087.47
135°2.493.564.485.235.816.196.466.917.34
150°2.083.063.974.725.375.876.216.687.10
Run VMG1.802.653.454.154.785.355.826.416.83
Gybe Angles148.4°148.4°153.2°161.9°169.0°173.6°177.4°179.2°179.2°
APH ToD:689.0CDL: 6.711APH ToT: 0.8708CertNo:674550
BOAT
ClassUFO 31DesignerHOLMAN&PYEBuilderCOLVIC CRAFTAge date01/1979Series date01/1976Offset fileH044.bofData file674550
HULL
Length Overall9.400 mMaximum Beam3.056 mDraft1.724 mDisplacement3,966 kgDLR10.1220IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.640%Age Allowance0.487%
PROPELLER
InstallationShaft exposedTypeFolding 2 bladesDiameter0.340m
CREW
Maximum weight441 kg(default)Minimum weight311 kg ✱ when appliedNon Manual PowerNoCrew Arm Extension
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail17.0317.20Headsail Luffed28.8828.88Headsail FlyingSymmetricAsymmetric
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail5.18Storm Jib6.88Heavy Weather Jib18.58
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails5
✱ Zero set flying
Spinnakers0
✱ Spinnaker pole aboard
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.
Non Spin/HSFClub Certificate2025
MiriaNOR 4753
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1683.61235.21027.8915.3855.0829.2817.7814.2833.9
52°1094.3817.4695.0633.5604.0589.1581.6577.3580.6
60°1042.5781.6668.5615.9590.0575.6567.1561.0561.5
75°1019.7763.4652.6602.4577.0561.0550.1537.0533.2
90°1044.3779.9662.9604.4575.7557.0542.9523.3511.2
110°1192.2864.8709.6623.7581.2556.2537.2508.5487.3
120°1257.2904.6735.4639.9590.5562.5541.6508.4482.1
135°1443.11011.9802.9688.4619.2581.5557.4520.8490.3
150°1732.41177.3907.0762.7670.9613.1579.7538.6507.0
Run VMG2000.21359.51044.0867.0752.8672.5618.5562.0527.5
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1837.51297.41035.9891.1803.9750.9718.1688.1680.7
All purpose1391.91001.3816.2716.8660.6628.3608.3586.1576.2
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward844.20.7107
All purpose689.00.8708
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low908.80.6602
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium684.20.8769
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High605.00.9918
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1166.60.5143
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium839.00.7151
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High715.10.8391
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance750.60.7994
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low908.80.6602
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium684.20.8769
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High605.00.9918
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1166.60.5143
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium839.00.7151
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High715.10.8391
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1974.41303.6977.4806.0704.7652.1615.5563.5550.0
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.6467
Downwind "popa"0.7147
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.6657
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.6929
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low908.80.6602
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium684.20.8769
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High605.00.9918
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1166.60.5143
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium839.00.7151
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High715.10.8391
Predominantly Upwind732.30.8194
Predominantly Downwind716.50.8374
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low908.80.6602
Triple Number AP Medium684.30.8768
Triple Number AP High605.00.9918
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1219.70.4919
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium839.00.7151
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High715.10.8391
Single Number Predominant Upwind761.50.7879
Single Number Predominant Reaching691.40.8678
Single Number Predominant Downwind753.00.7968
Predominant Upwind - Low1060.80.5656
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med808.40.7422
Predominant Upwind - Medium705.90.8499
Predominant Upwind - Med/High655.40.9155
Predominant Upwind - High639.90.9376
Predominant Downwind Low1144.30.5243
Predominant Downwind Low/Med826.80.7257
Predominant Downwind Medium687.00.8734
Predominant Downwind Med/High603.70.9939
Predominant Downwind High566.31.0595
Predominant Reaching Low982.20.6109
Predominant Reaching Low/Med740.50.8102
Predominant Reaching Medium640.40.9369
Predominant Reaching Med/High585.21.0253
Predominant Reaching High560.31.0708
SA/DSPL Upwind18.24SA/DSPL Downwind18.24
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1368.10.4386
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med989.10.6066
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium821.70.7302
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High725.80.8267
5-Band Windward/Leeward High692.00.8671
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1353.60.4433
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med989.90.6061
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium831.80.7213
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High745.10.8053
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High717.20.8365
5-Band AP Low1020.20.5881
5-Band AP Low/Med785.50.7639
5-Band AP Medium673.10.8914
5-Band AP Med/High612.30.9799
5-Band AP High588.31.0200
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low1173.00.5115
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med944.80.6351
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium793.70.7559
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High711.20.8436
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High682.80.8787
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.7623
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.7675
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.7649
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.5529
Bayview-Mac Shore0.5589
Harvest Moon Regatta601.30.9978
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance750.60.7994
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low908.80.6602
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium684.20.8769
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High605.00.9918
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1166.60.5143
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium839.00.7151
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High715.10.8391
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1974.41303.6977.4806.0704.7652.1615.5563.5550.0
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance750.60.7994
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low908.80.6602
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium684.20.8769
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High605.00.9918
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1166.60.5143
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium839.00.7151
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High715.10.8391
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1974.41303.6977.4806.0704.7652.1615.5563.5550.0
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance750.6
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1974.41303.6977.4806.0704.7652.1615.5563.5550.0
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low908.80.6602
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium684.20.8769
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High605.00.9918
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1166.60.5143
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium839.00.7151
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High715.10.8391
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating750.60.7994
FinRating, kevyt tuuli1349.60.7410
FinRating, kova tuuli593.80.8420
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low908.80.6602
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium684.20.8769
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High605.00.9918
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1166.60.5143
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium839.00.7151
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High715.10.8391
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance0.7994
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.6602
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.8769
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High0.9918
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5143
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.7151
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.8391
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1974.41303.6977.4806.0704.7652.1615.5563.5550.0
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)778.1
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance750.60.7994
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low908.80.6602
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium684.20.8769
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High605.00.9918
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1166.60.5143
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium839.00.7151
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High715.10.8391
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1974.41303.6977.4806.0704.7652.1615.5563.5550.0
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low908.80.6602
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium684.20.8769
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High605.00.9918
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1166.60.5143
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium839.00.7151
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High715.10.8391
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance750.60.7994
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low908.80.6602
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium684.20.8769
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High605.00.9918
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1166.60.5143
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium839.00.7151
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High715.10.8391
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1974.41303.6977.4806.0704.7652.1615.5563.5550.0
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance750.60.7994
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low908.80.6602
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium684.20.8769
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High605.00.9918
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1166.60.5143
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium839.00.7151
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High715.10.8391
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1974.41303.6977.4806.0704.7652.1615.5563.5550.0
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low908.8
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium684.2
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High605.0
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1166.6
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium839.0
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High715.1
Predominantly Upwind732.3
Predominantly Downwind716.5
Predominantly Reaching680.0
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance750.60.7994
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low908.80.6602
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium684.20.8769
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High605.00.9918
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1166.60.5143
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium839.00.7151
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High715.10.8391
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1974.41303.6977.4806.0704.7652.1615.5563.5550.0
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.6602
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.8769
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High0.9918
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5143
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.7151
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.8391
Coastal/Long Distance0.7994
Predominantly Upwind0.8194
Predominantly Downwind0.8374
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)778.1
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Distanseseilas Singeltall  (APH)0.8708
Distanseseilas Trippeltall svak vind0.6602
Distanseseilas Trippeltall mellomvind0.8769
Distanseseilas Trippeltall sterk vind0.9918
Pølsebane Trippeltall svak vind0.5143
Pølsebane Trippeltall mellomvind0.7151
Pølsebane Trippeltall sterk vind0.8391
Motvind Singeltall0.8194
Medvind Singeltall0.8374
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low908.80.6602
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium684.20.8769
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High605.00.9918
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1166.60.5143
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium839.00.7151
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High715.10.8391
Coastal/Long Distance750.60.7994
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind732.30.8194
Predominantly Downwind716.50.8374
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore682.90.8786
Cape Doctor Coastal579.21.0360
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low908.80.6602
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium684.20.8769
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High605.00.9918
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1166.60.5143
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium839.00.7151
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High715.10.8391
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.6602
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.8769
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High0.9918
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5143
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.7151
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.8391
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.6602
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.8769
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High0.9918
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5143
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.7151
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.8391
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance750.60.7994
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low908.80.6602
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium684.20.8769
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High605.00.9918
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1166.60.5143
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium839.00.7151
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High715.10.8391
Predominantly Upwind732.30.8194
Predominantly Downwind716.50.8374
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1974.41303.6977.4806.0704.7652.1615.5563.5550.0
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance750.60.7994
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low908.80.6602
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium684.20.8769
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High605.00.9918
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1166.60.5143
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium839.00.7151
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High715.10.8391
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1974.41303.6977.4806.0704.7652.1615.5563.5550.0
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low908.80.6602
Triple Number AP Medium684.30.8768
Triple Number AP High605.00.9918
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1219.70.4919
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium839.00.7151
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High715.10.8391
Single Number Predominant Upwind761.50.7879
Single Number Predominant Reaching691.40.8678
Single Number Predominant Downwind753.00.7968
Predominant Upwind - Low1060.80.5656
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med808.40.7422
Predominant Upwind - Medium705.90.8499
Predominant Upwind - Med/High655.40.9155
Predominant Upwind - High639.90.9376
Predominant Downwind Low1144.30.5243
Predominant Downwind Low/Med826.80.7257
Predominant Downwind Medium687.00.8734
Predominant Downwind Med/High603.70.9939
Predominant Downwind High566.31.0595
Predominant Reaching Low982.20.6109
Predominant Reaching Low/Med740.50.8102
Predominant Reaching Medium640.40.9369
Predominant Reaching Med/High585.21.0253
Predominant Reaching High560.31.0708
SA/DSPL Upwind18.24SA/DSPL Downwind18.24
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1368.10.4386
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med989.10.6066
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium821.70.7302
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High725.80.8267
5-Band Windward/Leeward High692.00.8671
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1353.60.4433
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med989.90.6061
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium831.80.7213
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High745.10.8053
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High717.20.8365
5-Band AP Low1020.20.5881
5-Band AP Low/Med785.50.7639
5-Band AP Medium673.10.8914
5-Band AP Med/High612.30.9799
5-Band AP High588.31.0200
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low1173.00.5115
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med944.80.6351
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium793.70.7559
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High711.20.8436
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High682.80.8787
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.7623
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.7675
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.7649
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.5529
Bayview-Mac Shore0.5589
Harvest Moon Regatta601.30.9978
Non Spin/HSFClub Certificate2025
MiriaNOR 4753
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassUFO 31MeasurementHINPlan reviewHull constructionSolidCarbon rudderNoLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA9.400Max. Beam3.056Draft1.724Displacement3,966Wetted area17.47IMS L7.320LSM07.317Acc. length9.181Sink (kg/mm) 11.85
VCGD-0.070VCGM-0.025RM Rated (kg·m) 54.5Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight441Declared crew weightN/A
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeFolding 2 blades
InstallationShaft exposedTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRD0.340PBWPIPA0.0056
PSD0.025PHD0.070PHL0.210
PSA25.0°ESL0.630
ST10.015ST20.080ST30.080
ST40.060ST50.150
RIG
Forestay tensionAftInner stayNone FittedMast materialSingle headsail furlerNoMainsail furlerArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunning backstays0CheckstaysSpreaders1Rotating mastNo
P10.330IG11.730ISP11.730MDT10.130MDL10.180MDT20.000MDL20.000TL0.000MW0.000GO0.000
E2.860J3.780BAS0.970FSDFoilSFJ0.000SPL3.860WPLTPS0.000BD0.000MWT0.00MCG0.000
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodVCG entered directlyVCG entered-0.070Flotation Date01/01/2015
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible
Non Spin/HSFClub Certificate2025
MiriaNOR 4753
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateComment330-2019060414480.130.561.001.742.3617.0304/06/2019
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateComment306-2019120914110.080.641.232.483.815.2011.35NoNo 28.8809/12/2019330-2019060414510.100.551.052.193.464.8211.27NoNo 25.9104/06/2019
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length9.2 mTable area0.44 m²Headroom1.64 mMinimum number of berths4Personal gear stowage0.16 m³Fresh water capacity64 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit4Food stowage0.24 m³Fuel capacity34 lCabin soleStovesSinksGalley gear stowageToiletWash basinNavigation areaHanging locker
*This list is a summary of the requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for details.