Club Certificate2025
PutteNOR 15019
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles44.2°44.2°41.8°40.1°39.0°38.3°38.0°37.9°38.5°
Beat VMG2.523.534.354.975.385.585.685.775.74
52°3.985.426.507.257.707.928.038.148.16
60°4.265.746.797.497.918.158.278.408.44
75°4.435.957.007.678.088.388.618.869.00
90°4.345.977.197.928.318.528.749.289.61
110°4.396.067.358.108.609.079.479.9910.47
120°4.245.897.197.988.519.029.5410.5611.27
135°3.735.256.547.528.138.629.1310.2711.90
150°3.064.405.606.637.478.038.459.3110.30
Run VMG2.653.814.855.746.477.007.458.208.96
Gybe Angles142.0°142.0°146.0°148.7°150.7°153.9°159.2°161.5°158.3°
APH ToD:518.1CDL: 11.007APH ToT: 1.1580CertNo:667268
BOAT
ClassDehler 41 JV DKDesignerJudel&VroljiikBuilderHanse YachtsAge date01/2013Series date01/2011Offset fileDEHLER41-DK.offData file667268
HULL
Length Overall12.400 mMaximum Beam3.914 mDraft2.414 mDisplacement8,810 kgDLR5.2386IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.220%Age Allowance0.455%
PROPELLER
InstallationStrutTypeFolding 2 bladesDiameter0.400m
CREW
Maximum weight881 kg(default)Minimum weight749 kg ✱ when appliedNon Manual PowerRigCrew Arm Extension
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail52.5553.39Headsail Luffed39.3139.31Headsail FlyingSymmetricAsymmetric127.15127.15 (All asymmetric spinnakers with SHW/SFL > 85%)
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail16.06Storm Jib13.73Heavy Weather Jib37.05
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails6Spinnakers5
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.
Club Certificate2025
PutteNOR 15019
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1429.71021.2826.7724.0669.0645.6633.7624.3627.1
52°903.9663.7553.5496.6467.5454.4448.5442.5441.3
60°845.2627.5529.9480.8455.2441.9435.5428.6426.5
75°812.2605.5514.2469.3445.6429.6418.2406.2400.1
90°829.2603.4500.7454.5433.2422.4411.8387.8374.8
110°820.8593.7490.1444.6418.5396.9380.2360.2343.8
120°849.2611.0501.0450.9423.1399.1377.4341.0319.4
135°965.9685.3550.4479.0442.6417.5394.3350.4302.6
150°1177.6818.9642.8542.7482.2448.3425.9386.7349.3
Run VMG1359.7945.5742.3626.7556.4514.1483.2439.0401.6
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1394.3983.4784.5675.4612.7579.9558.5531.6514.4
All purpose1051.8753.0611.5537.8497.4474.6458.5435.8419.8
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward644.90.9304
All purpose518.11.1580
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low682.30.8794
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium514.71.1658
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High454.01.3215
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low883.90.6788
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium639.70.9379
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High553.81.0835
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance565.71.0607
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low682.30.8794
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium514.71.1658
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High454.01.3215
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low883.90.6788
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium639.70.9379
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High553.81.0835
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1478.8979.6736.3607.3531.6492.9463.3415.0399.2
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.8164
Downwind "popa"0.9751
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.8583
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.9214
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low682.30.8794
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium514.71.1658
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High454.01.3215
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low883.90.6788
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium639.70.9379
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High553.81.0835
Predominantly Upwind562.31.0670
Predominantly Downwind528.51.1352
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low682.20.8794
Triple Number AP Medium514.71.1656
Triple Number AP High454.01.3215
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low924.10.6493
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium639.70.9379
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High553.81.0835
Single Number Predominant Upwind587.11.0219
Single Number Predominant Reaching515.71.1635
Single Number Predominant Downwind552.51.0860
Predominant Upwind - Low835.00.7186
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med625.20.9597
Predominant Upwind - Medium541.71.1077
Predominant Upwind - Med/High501.01.1976
Predominant Upwind - High483.31.2414
Predominant Downwind Low822.50.7295
Predominant Downwind Low/Med601.40.9977
Predominant Downwind Medium508.21.1805
Predominant Downwind Med/High452.31.3265
Predominant Downwind High417.11.4385
Predominant Reaching Low734.20.8172
Predominant Reaching Low/Med550.91.0892
Predominant Reaching Medium478.61.2537
Predominant Reaching Med/High437.81.3704
Predominant Reaching High411.11.4594
SA/DSPL Upwind21.38SA/DSPL Downwind41.82
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1036.50.5789
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med749.90.8001
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium627.50.9562
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High562.11.0674
5-Band Windward/Leeward High533.31.1251
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1044.10.5746
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med759.10.7904
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium638.90.9391
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High577.11.0397
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High551.91.0871
5-Band AP Low754.90.7948
5-Band AP Low/Med589.51.0178
5-Band AP Medium506.61.1844
5-Band AP Med/High460.71.3025
5-Band AP High437.01.3731
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low891.20.6732
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med716.00.8379
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium603.40.9944
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High543.91.1031
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High516.81.1610
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9872
Chicago-Mac All Purpose1.0193
Chicago-Mac Downwind1.0446
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.7328
Bayview-Mac Shore0.7378
Harvest Moon Regatta445.91.3456
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance565.71.0607
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low682.30.8794
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium514.71.1658
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High454.01.3215
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low883.90.6788
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium639.70.9379
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High553.81.0835
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1478.8979.6736.3607.3531.6492.9463.3415.0399.2
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance565.71.0607
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low682.30.8794
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium514.71.1658
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High454.01.3215
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low883.90.6788
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium639.70.9379
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High553.81.0835
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1478.8979.6736.3607.3531.6492.9463.3415.0399.2
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance565.7
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1478.8979.6736.3607.3531.6492.9463.3415.0399.2
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low682.30.8794
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium514.71.1658
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High454.01.3215
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low883.90.6788
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium639.70.9379
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High553.81.0835
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating565.71.0607
FinRating, kevyt tuuli1016.80.9835
FinRating, kova tuuli439.21.1385
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low682.30.8794
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium514.71.1658
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High454.01.3215
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low883.90.6788
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium639.70.9379
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High553.81.0835
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance1.0607
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8794
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.1658
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.3215
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6788
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.9379
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0835
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1478.8979.6736.3607.3531.6492.9463.3415.0399.2
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)585.0
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance565.71.0607
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low682.30.8794
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium514.71.1658
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High454.01.3215
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low883.90.6788
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium639.70.9379
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High553.81.0835
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1478.8979.6736.3607.3531.6492.9463.3415.0399.2
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low682.30.8794
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium514.71.1658
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High454.01.3215
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low883.90.6788
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium639.70.9379
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High553.81.0835
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance565.71.0607
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low682.30.8794
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium514.71.1658
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High454.01.3215
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low883.90.6788
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium639.70.9379
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High553.81.0835
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1478.8979.6736.3607.3531.6492.9463.3415.0399.2
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance565.71.0607
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low682.30.8794
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium514.71.1658
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High454.01.3215
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low883.90.6788
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium639.70.9379
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High553.81.0835
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1478.8979.6736.3607.3531.6492.9463.3415.0399.2
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low682.3
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium514.7
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High454.0
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low883.9
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium639.7
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High553.8
Predominantly Upwind562.3
Predominantly Downwind528.5
Predominantly Reaching504.1
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance565.71.0607
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low682.30.8794
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium514.71.1658
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High454.01.3215
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low883.90.6788
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium639.70.9379
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High553.81.0835
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1478.8979.6736.3607.3531.6492.9463.3415.0399.2
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8794
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.1658
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.3215
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6788
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.9379
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0835
Coastal/Long Distance1.0607
Predominantly Upwind1.0670
Predominantly Downwind1.1352
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)585.0
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Distanseseilas Singeltall  (APH)1.1580
Distanseseilas Trippeltall svak vind0.8794
Distanseseilas Trippeltall mellomvind1.1658
Distanseseilas Trippeltall sterk vind1.3215
Pølsebane Trippeltall svak vind0.6788
Pølsebane Trippeltall mellomvind0.9379
Pølsebane Trippeltall sterk vind1.0835
Motvind Singeltall1.0670
Medvind Singeltall1.1352
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low682.30.8794
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium514.71.1658
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High454.01.3215
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low883.90.6788
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium639.70.9379
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High553.81.0835
Coastal/Long Distance565.71.0607
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind562.31.0670
Predominantly Downwind528.51.1352
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore519.51.1549
Cape Doctor Coastal424.61.4131
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low682.30.8794
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium514.71.1658
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High454.01.3215
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low883.90.6788
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium639.70.9379
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High553.81.0835
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8794
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.1658
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.3215
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6788
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.9379
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0835
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8794
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.1658
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.3215
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6788
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.9379
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0835
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance565.71.0607
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low682.30.8794
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium514.71.1658
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High454.01.3215
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low883.90.6788
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium639.70.9379
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High553.81.0835
Predominantly Upwind562.31.0670
Predominantly Downwind528.51.1352
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1478.8979.6736.3607.3531.6492.9463.3415.0399.2
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance565.71.0607
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low682.30.8794
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium514.71.1658
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High454.01.3215
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low883.90.6788
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium639.70.9379
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High553.81.0835
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1478.8979.6736.3607.3531.6492.9463.3415.0399.2
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low682.20.8794
Triple Number AP Medium514.71.1656
Triple Number AP High454.01.3215
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low924.10.6493
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium639.70.9379
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High553.81.0835
Single Number Predominant Upwind587.11.0219
Single Number Predominant Reaching515.71.1635
Single Number Predominant Downwind552.51.0860
Predominant Upwind - Low835.00.7186
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med625.20.9597
Predominant Upwind - Medium541.71.1077
Predominant Upwind - Med/High501.01.1976
Predominant Upwind - High483.31.2414
Predominant Downwind Low822.50.7295
Predominant Downwind Low/Med601.40.9977
Predominant Downwind Medium508.21.1805
Predominant Downwind Med/High452.31.3265
Predominant Downwind High417.11.4385
Predominant Reaching Low734.20.8172
Predominant Reaching Low/Med550.91.0892
Predominant Reaching Medium478.61.2537
Predominant Reaching Med/High437.81.3704
Predominant Reaching High411.11.4594
SA/DSPL Upwind21.38SA/DSPL Downwind41.82
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1036.50.5789
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med749.90.8001
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium627.50.9562
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High562.11.0674
5-Band Windward/Leeward High533.31.1251
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1044.10.5746
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med759.10.7904
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium638.90.9391
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High577.11.0397
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High551.91.0871
5-Band AP Low754.90.7948
5-Band AP Low/Med589.51.0178
5-Band AP Medium506.61.1844
5-Band AP Med/High460.71.3025
5-Band AP High437.01.3731
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low891.20.6732
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med716.00.8379
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium603.40.9944
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High543.91.1031
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High516.81.1610
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9872
Chicago-Mac All Purpose1.0193
Chicago-Mac Downwind1.0446
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.7328
Bayview-Mac Shore0.7378
Harvest Moon Regatta445.91.3456
Club Certificate2025
PutteNOR 15019
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassDehler 41 JV DKMeasurementHINPlan reviewHull constructionCoredCarbon rudderNoLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA12.400Max. Beam3.914Draft2.414Displacement8,810Wetted area36.23IMS L12.050LSM011.891Acc. length12.400Sink (kg/mm) 28.32
VCGD0.100VCGM0.096RM Rated (kg·m) 256.3Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight881Declared crew weightN/A
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeFolding 2 blades
InstallationStrutTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRD0.400PBWPIPA0.0042
EDL2.690ST10.065ST20.180
ST30.180ST40.110ST50.332
RIG
Forestay tensionForwardInner stayNone FittedMast materialAluminumSingle headsail furlerNoMainsail furlerArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunning backstays0CheckstaysSpreaders2Rotating mastNo
P16.100IG16.530ISP16.820MDT10.140MDL10.250MDT20.140MDL20.180TL1.600MW0.240GO0.250
E5.700J4.650BAS1.755FSD0.035SFJ0.300SPL0.000WPLTPS5.320BD0.000MWT0.00MCG0.000
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodVCG entered directlyVCG entered0.100Flotation Date01/01/2015
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible
Club Certificate2025
PutteNOR 15019
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateComment394-2024051509160.151.081.973.494.6652.5515/05/2024
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateComment394-2024051613240.070.741.372.513.634.8315.82YesNo 39.3116/05/2024625-2022041310540.000.000.000.000.004.2415.88YesNo 34.2713/04/2022
ASYMMETRIC SPINNAKER
IdSLUSLESLSHWSFLRatioAreaMeas.DateComment454-20180613194517.9516.2017.089.128.20111%127.1513/06/2018
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length12.4 mTable area0.55 m²Headroom1.83 mMinimum number of berths5Personal gear stowage0.20 m³Fresh water capacity160 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit5Food stowage0.30 m³Fuel capacity98 lCabin soleStovesSinksGalley gear stowageToiletWash basinNavigation areaHanging locker
*This list is a summary of the requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for details.