Club Certificate2025
MentosNOR 8719
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles44.9°44.9°42.7°41.2°40.1°39.3°39.0°39.4°40.6°
Beat VMG2.253.123.804.294.654.854.934.944.85
52°3.574.835.746.346.706.917.027.087.07
60°3.825.116.016.566.897.107.227.327.33
75°3.965.296.206.737.057.287.467.697.78
90°4.035.466.487.047.387.627.788.008.17
110°4.035.506.567.127.497.838.158.709.04
120°3.855.306.397.017.407.758.108.829.61
135°3.334.685.816.647.127.487.818.539.52
150°2.743.935.005.926.627.057.367.948.57
Run VMG2.373.414.335.125.746.226.617.247.76
Gybe Angles143.5°143.5°147.6°148.5°151.9°157.9°162.9°177.5°177.3°
APH ToD:590.9CDL: 8.439APH ToT: 1.0154CertNo:5763
BOAT
ClassBAVARIA 35 HOLIDAYDesignerJakopin&JakopinBuilderBavaria YachtbauAge date01/1996Series date01/1996Offset fileBAV35H.OFFData file5763
HULL
Length Overall10.673 mMaximum Beam3.698 mDraft1.799 mDisplacement5,797 kgDLR7.1493IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.340%Age Allowance0.487%
PROPELLER
InstallationStrutTypeFolding 2 bladesDiameter0.400m
CREW
Maximum weight623 kg(default)Minimum weight493 kg ✱ when appliedNon Manual PowerNoCrew Arm Extension
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail34.0034.63Headsail Luffed27.6527.65Headsail FlyingSymmetricAsymmetric79.8079.80 (All asymmetric spinnakers with SHW/SFL > 85%)
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail9.69Storm Jib7.25Heavy Weather Jib19.57
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails5Spinnakers4
✱ Asymmetric SHALL NOT be tacked on the pole
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.
Club Certificate2025
MentosNOR 8719
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1599.91155.1946.7838.4774.6742.6730.8728.1742.9
52°1009.2746.1627.5568.3537.1520.8512.8508.2509.5
60°943.3703.9598.9548.8522.6507.4498.4492.0490.8
75°909.0680.0580.5534.5510.4494.5482.4468.0462.7
90°893.1659.4556.0511.2487.8472.2463.0450.2440.7
110°893.3654.7548.9505.4480.3459.6441.6413.8398.2
120°934.9679.2563.3513.3486.4464.5444.6408.3374.7
135°1082.5769.6619.7541.9505.4481.5460.8421.8378.0
150°1313.0914.9719.6608.6544.0510.6488.8453.3419.9
Run VMG1516.01056.5830.9702.8626.7579.2544.3497.3463.8
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1557.31105.8888.8770.6700.6660.9637.5612.7603.4
All purpose1169.1843.2690.5612.5568.8542.9526.6506.4494.2
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward735.10.8163
All purpose590.91.0154
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low766.90.7824
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium587.01.0221
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High523.11.1470
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low997.30.6016
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium729.70.8223
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High634.00.9463
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance645.30.9298
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low766.90.7824
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium587.01.0221
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High523.11.1470
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low997.30.6016
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium729.70.8223
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High634.00.9463
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1651.61100.8832.9692.1608.1563.7532.0483.0467.2
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.7099
Downwind "popa"0.8682
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.7510
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.8138
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low766.90.7824
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium587.01.0221
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High523.11.1470
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low997.30.6016
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium729.70.8223
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High634.00.9463
Predominantly Upwind642.00.9345
Predominantly Downwind599.21.0014
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low766.90.7824
Triple Number AP Medium587.11.0220
Triple Number AP High523.11.1470
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1041.50.5761
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium729.70.8223
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High634.00.9463
Single Number Predominant Upwind669.50.8962
Single Number Predominant Reaching584.31.0269
Single Number Predominant Downwind626.10.9583
Predominant Upwind - Low936.60.6406
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med710.70.8442
Predominant Upwind - Medium620.00.9678
Predominant Upwind - Med/High575.11.0433
Predominant Upwind - High561.01.0695
Predominant Downwind Low919.30.6527
Predominant Downwind Low/Med677.60.8854
Predominant Downwind Medium576.91.0401
Predominant Downwind Med/High517.91.1585
Predominant Downwind High485.11.2367
Predominant Reaching Low817.00.7344
Predominant Reaching Low/Med620.70.9667
Predominant Reaching Medium543.61.1038
Predominant Reaching Med/High501.31.1969
Predominant Reaching High479.31.2518
SA/DSPL Upwind18.99SA/DSPL Downwind35.06
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1164.60.5152
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med851.30.7048
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium716.10.8379
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High642.60.9337
5-Band Windward/Leeward High615.40.9750
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1174.50.5109
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med863.80.6946
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium731.00.8208
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High661.30.9074
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High638.50.9397
5-Band AP Low843.10.7116
5-Band AP Low/Med667.50.8988
5-Band AP Medium578.31.0374
5-Band AP Med/High529.51.1332
5-Band AP High507.81.1816
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low1004.20.5975
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med813.90.7372
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium690.20.8693
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High624.80.9603
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High600.40.9993
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.8662
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.8984
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.9238
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6519
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6567
Harvest Moon Regatta509.91.1767
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance645.30.9298
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low766.90.7824
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium587.01.0221
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High523.11.1470
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low997.30.6016
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium729.70.8223
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High634.00.9463
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1651.61100.8832.9692.1608.1563.7532.0483.0467.2
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance645.30.9298
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low766.90.7824
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium587.01.0221
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High523.11.1470
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low997.30.6016
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium729.70.8223
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High634.00.9463
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1651.61100.8832.9692.1608.1563.7532.0483.0467.2
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance645.3
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1651.61100.8832.9692.1608.1563.7532.0483.0467.2
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low766.90.7824
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium587.01.0221
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High523.11.1470
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low997.30.6016
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium729.70.8223
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High634.00.9463
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating645.30.9298
FinRating, kevyt tuuli1139.40.8777
FinRating, kova tuuli511.00.9784
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low766.90.7824
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium587.01.0221
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High523.11.1470
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low997.30.6016
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium729.70.8223
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High634.00.9463
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance0.9298
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7824
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0221
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1470
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6016
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8223
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9463
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1651.61100.8832.9692.1608.1563.7532.0483.0467.2
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)664.8
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance645.30.9298
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low766.90.7824
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium587.01.0221
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High523.11.1470
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low997.30.6016
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium729.70.8223
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High634.00.9463
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1651.61100.8832.9692.1608.1563.7532.0483.0467.2
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low766.90.7824
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium587.01.0221
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High523.11.1470
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low997.30.6016
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium729.70.8223
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High634.00.9463
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance645.30.9298
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low766.90.7824
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium587.01.0221
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High523.11.1470
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low997.30.6016
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium729.70.8223
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High634.00.9463
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1651.61100.8832.9692.1608.1563.7532.0483.0467.2
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance645.30.9298
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low766.90.7824
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium587.01.0221
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High523.11.1470
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low997.30.6016
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium729.70.8223
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High634.00.9463
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1651.61100.8832.9692.1608.1563.7532.0483.0467.2
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low766.9
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium587.0
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High523.1
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low997.3
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium729.7
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High634.0
Predominantly Upwind642.0
Predominantly Downwind599.2
Predominantly Reaching571.1
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance645.30.9298
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low766.90.7824
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium587.01.0221
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High523.11.1470
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low997.30.6016
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium729.70.8223
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High634.00.9463
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1651.61100.8832.9692.1608.1563.7532.0483.0467.2
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7824
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0221
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1470
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6016
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8223
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9463
Coastal/Long Distance0.9298
Predominantly Upwind0.9345
Predominantly Downwind1.0014
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)664.8
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Distanseseilas Singeltall  (APH)1.0154
Distanseseilas Trippeltall svak vind0.7824
Distanseseilas Trippeltall mellomvind1.0221
Distanseseilas Trippeltall sterk vind1.1470
Pølsebane Trippeltall svak vind0.6016
Pølsebane Trippeltall mellomvind0.8223
Pølsebane Trippeltall sterk vind0.9463
Motvind Singeltall0.9345
Medvind Singeltall1.0014
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low766.90.7824
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium587.01.0221
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High523.11.1470
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low997.30.6016
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium729.70.8223
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High634.00.9463
Coastal/Long Distance645.30.9298
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind642.00.9345
Predominantly Downwind599.21.0014
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore606.20.9898
Cape Doctor Coastal497.91.2051
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low766.90.7824
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium587.01.0221
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High523.11.1470
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low997.30.6016
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium729.70.8223
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High634.00.9463
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7824
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0221
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1470
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6016
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8223
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9463
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7824
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0221
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1470
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6016
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8223
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9463
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance645.30.9298
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low766.90.7824
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium587.01.0221
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High523.11.1470
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low997.30.6016
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium729.70.8223
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High634.00.9463
Predominantly Upwind642.00.9345
Predominantly Downwind599.21.0014
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1651.61100.8832.9692.1608.1563.7532.0483.0467.2
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance645.30.9298
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low766.90.7824
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium587.01.0221
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High523.11.1470
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low997.30.6016
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium729.70.8223
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High634.00.9463
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1651.61100.8832.9692.1608.1563.7532.0483.0467.2
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low766.90.7824
Triple Number AP Medium587.11.0220
Triple Number AP High523.11.1470
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1041.50.5761
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium729.70.8223
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High634.00.9463
Single Number Predominant Upwind669.50.8962
Single Number Predominant Reaching584.31.0269
Single Number Predominant Downwind626.10.9583
Predominant Upwind - Low936.60.6406
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med710.70.8442
Predominant Upwind - Medium620.00.9678
Predominant Upwind - Med/High575.11.0433
Predominant Upwind - High561.01.0695
Predominant Downwind Low919.30.6527
Predominant Downwind Low/Med677.60.8854
Predominant Downwind Medium576.91.0401
Predominant Downwind Med/High517.91.1585
Predominant Downwind High485.11.2367
Predominant Reaching Low817.00.7344
Predominant Reaching Low/Med620.70.9667
Predominant Reaching Medium543.61.1038
Predominant Reaching Med/High501.31.1969
Predominant Reaching High479.31.2518
SA/DSPL Upwind18.99SA/DSPL Downwind35.06
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1164.60.5152
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med851.30.7048
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium716.10.8379
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High642.60.9337
5-Band Windward/Leeward High615.40.9750
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1174.50.5109
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med863.80.6946
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium731.00.8208
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High661.30.9074
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High638.50.9397
5-Band AP Low843.10.7116
5-Band AP Low/Med667.50.8988
5-Band AP Medium578.31.0374
5-Band AP Med/High529.51.1332
5-Band AP High507.81.1816
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low1004.20.5975
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med813.90.7372
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium690.20.8693
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High624.80.9603
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High600.40.9993
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.8662
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.8984
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.9238
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6519
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6567
Harvest Moon Regatta509.91.1767
Club Certificate2025
MentosNOR 8719
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassBAVARIA 35 HOLIDAYMeasurementHINPlan reviewHull constructionSolidCarbon rudderNoLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA10.673Max. Beam3.698Draft1.799Displacement5,797Wetted area25.82IMS L9.445LSM09.324Acc. length10.673Sink (kg/mm) 19.64
VCGD0.105VCGM0.134RM Rated (kg·m) 132.8Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight623Declared crew weightN/A
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeFolding 2 blades
InstallationStrutTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRD0.400PBWPIPA0.0006
EDL0.000ST10.000ST20.000
ST30.000ST40.000ST50.000
RIG
Forestay tensionAftInner stayNone FittedMast materialAluminumSingle headsail furlerNoMainsail furlerArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunning backstays0CheckstaysSpreaders2Rotating mastNo
P13.500IG12.040ISP12.250MDT10.105MDL10.210MDT20.000MDL20.000TLNo TaperMW0.000GO0.000
E4.100J3.550BAS1.630FSDFoilSFJ0.000SPL3.580WPLTPS3.600BD0.000MWT0.00MCG0.000
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodRM estimatedFlotation Date01/01/2015
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible
Club Certificate2025
MentosNOR 8719
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateComment369-2004033100000.130.001.642.733.5234.0031/03/2004Registrert for #315
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateComment394-2025012710020.060.521.032.163.434.7912.17NoNo 27.6527/01/2025
ASYMMETRIC SPINNAKER
IdSLUSLESLSHWSFLRatioAreaMeas.DateComment5763-20040124120313.0011.0612.038.007.80103%79.8001/01/1753
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length10.7 mTable area0.55 m²Headroom1.75 mMinimum number of berths5Personal gear stowage0.20 m³Fresh water capacity117 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit5Food stowage0.30 m³Fuel capacity64 lCabin soleStovesSinksGalley gear stowageToiletWash basinNavigation areaHanging locker
*This list is a summary of the requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for details.