Non Spin/HSFClub Certificate2025
Hyggen IXNOR 11647
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles42.6°42.6°40.6°39.2°37.9°37.3°36.9°37.3°37.9°
Beat VMG2.623.624.414.975.305.455.545.635.61
52°4.085.506.507.137.457.617.707.807.83
60°4.335.786.757.317.637.807.908.038.07
75°4.515.976.927.457.788.028.208.418.53
90°4.375.856.867.457.818.098.358.769.02
110°3.785.196.297.137.637.998.328.979.59
120°3.434.825.996.897.477.868.208.879.60
135°2.904.195.346.297.037.547.908.569.27
150°2.383.534.625.586.407.077.558.218.86
Run VMG2.063.054.014.875.666.407.037.858.48
Gybe Angles145.6°145.6°151.0°156.8°174.4°175.7°177.7°178.9°178.9°
APH ToD:559.6CDL: 10.194APH ToT: 1.0722CertNo:8992
BOAT
ClassFIRST 40.7DesignerBruceFarrBuilderBeneteauAge date01/2006Series date01/1998Offset fileFIRST407.offData file8992
HULL
Length Overall11.924 mMaximum Beam3.770 mDraft2.431 mDisplacement7,436 kgDLR6.4627IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.270%Age Allowance0.487%
PROPELLER
InstallationStrutTypeFolding 2 bladesDiameter0.400m
CREW
Maximum weight750 kg(declared)Minimum weight620 kg ✱ when appliedNon Manual PowerNoCrew Arm Extension
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail47.4148.64Headsail Luffed37.0337.03Headsail FlyingSymmetricAsymmetric
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail13.66Storm Jib12.41Heavy Weather Jib33.50
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails6
✱ Zero set flying
Spinnakers0
✱ Spinnaker pole aboard
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.
Non Spin/HSFClub Certificate2025
Hyggen IXNOR 11647
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1373.1994.2816.4724.0679.2660.5649.7639.6641.9
52°882.3655.0553.7505.1483.1473.0467.6461.5459.9
60°830.8623.0533.3492.1472.1461.3455.6448.4445.9
75°798.6602.9520.2483.0462.6448.9439.1427.9421.9
90°824.4615.8525.0483.5461.2444.9431.1411.2399.0
110°952.6694.1572.3505.1471.6450.4432.5401.5375.5
120°1048.3746.4601.3522.8481.8457.9439.1405.7374.9
135°1242.8860.2673.8572.4511.7477.6455.9420.8388.3
150°1514.61021.1778.6645.1562.2508.9477.1438.5406.4
Run VMG1747.31179.1898.5739.4635.7562.3512.1458.6424.7
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1557.21086.6857.4731.7657.5611.4580.9549.1533.3
All purpose1155.5824.5666.7583.1536.4508.8490.4467.1451.8
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward691.50.8677
All purpose559.61.0722
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low745.60.8047
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium555.91.0793
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High486.31.2339
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low972.00.6173
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium687.40.8729
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High576.61.0406
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance612.40.9798
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low745.60.8047
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium555.91.0793
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High486.31.2339
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low972.00.6173
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium687.40.8729
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High576.61.0406
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1692.21095.9807.9659.0572.6528.2496.3449.4432.3
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.8134
Downwind "popa"0.8424
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.8219
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.8335
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low745.60.8047
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium555.91.0793
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High486.31.2339
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low972.00.6173
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium687.40.8729
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High576.61.0406
Predominantly Upwind589.51.0177
Predominantly Downwind591.51.0144
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low745.60.8047
Triple Number AP Medium556.01.0791
Triple Number AP High486.21.2339
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1018.30.5892
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium687.40.8729
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High576.61.0406
Single Number Predominant Upwind613.50.9780
Single Number Predominant Reaching561.41.0688
Single Number Predominant Downwind622.90.9632
Predominant Upwind - Low864.50.6940
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med652.00.9202
Predominant Upwind - Medium567.81.0568
Predominant Upwind - Med/High525.21.1424
Predominant Upwind - High507.71.1818
Predominant Downwind Low965.30.6216
Predominant Downwind Low/Med688.40.8716
Predominant Downwind Medium566.21.0597
Predominant Downwind Med/High491.51.2208
Predominant Downwind High455.11.3183
Predominant Reaching Low807.00.7435
Predominant Reaching Low/Med603.20.9946
Predominant Reaching Medium519.41.1552
Predominant Reaching Med/High471.01.2738
Predominant Reaching High446.21.3447
SA/DSPL Upwind22.02SA/DSPL Downwind22.02
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1147.70.5228
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med817.40.7341
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium672.40.8924
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High587.21.0219
5-Band Windward/Leeward High551.91.0872
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1127.10.5324
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med811.80.7391
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium676.40.8870
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High600.20.9997
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High569.81.0529
5-Band AP Low841.70.7128
5-Band AP Low/Med641.30.9357
5-Band AP Medium546.61.0978
5-Band AP Med/High493.41.2160
5-Band AP High468.51.2807
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low975.00.6154
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med776.40.7728
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium646.50.9281
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High573.81.0457
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High543.41.1042
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9459
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9395
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.9219
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6668
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6755
Harvest Moon Regatta487.01.2320
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance612.40.9798
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low745.60.8047
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium555.91.0793
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High486.31.2339
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low972.00.6173
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium687.40.8729
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High576.61.0406
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1692.21095.9807.9659.0572.6528.2496.3449.4432.3
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance612.40.9798
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low745.60.8047
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium555.91.0793
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High486.31.2339
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low972.00.6173
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium687.40.8729
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High576.61.0406
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1692.21095.9807.9659.0572.6528.2496.3449.4432.3
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance612.4
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1692.21095.9807.9659.0572.6528.2496.3449.4432.3
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low745.60.8047
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium555.91.0793
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High486.31.2339
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low972.00.6173
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium687.40.8729
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High576.61.0406
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating612.40.9798
FinRating, kevyt tuuli1131.40.8838
FinRating, kova tuuli472.01.0592
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low745.60.8047
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium555.91.0793
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High486.31.2339
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low972.00.6173
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium687.40.8729
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High576.61.0406
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance0.9798
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8047
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0793
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2339
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6173
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8729
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0406
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1692.21095.9807.9659.0572.6528.2496.3449.4432.3
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)633.6
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance612.40.9798
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low745.60.8047
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium555.91.0793
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High486.31.2339
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low972.00.6173
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium687.40.8729
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High576.61.0406
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1692.21095.9807.9659.0572.6528.2496.3449.4432.3
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low745.60.8047
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium555.91.0793
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High486.31.2339
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low972.00.6173
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium687.40.8729
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High576.61.0406
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance612.40.9798
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low745.60.8047
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium555.91.0793
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High486.31.2339
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low972.00.6173
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium687.40.8729
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High576.61.0406
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1692.21095.9807.9659.0572.6528.2496.3449.4432.3
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance612.40.9798
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low745.60.8047
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium555.91.0793
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High486.31.2339
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low972.00.6173
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium687.40.8729
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High576.61.0406
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1692.21095.9807.9659.0572.6528.2496.3449.4432.3
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low745.6
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium555.9
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High486.3
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low972.0
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium687.4
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High576.6
Predominantly Upwind589.5
Predominantly Downwind591.5
Predominantly Reaching555.1
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance612.40.9798
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low745.60.8047
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium555.91.0793
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High486.31.2339
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low972.00.6173
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium687.40.8729
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High576.61.0406
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1692.21095.9807.9659.0572.6528.2496.3449.4432.3
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8047
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0793
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2339
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6173
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8729
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0406
Coastal/Long Distance0.9798
Predominantly Upwind1.0177
Predominantly Downwind1.0144
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)633.6
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Distanseseilas Singeltall  (APH)1.0722
Distanseseilas Trippeltall svak vind0.8047
Distanseseilas Trippeltall mellomvind1.0793
Distanseseilas Trippeltall sterk vind1.2339
Pølsebane Trippeltall svak vind0.6173
Pølsebane Trippeltall mellomvind0.8729
Pølsebane Trippeltall sterk vind1.0406
Motvind Singeltall1.0177
Medvind Singeltall1.0144
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low745.60.8047
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium555.91.0793
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High486.31.2339
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low972.00.6173
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium687.40.8729
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High576.61.0406
Coastal/Long Distance612.40.9798
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind589.51.0177
Predominantly Downwind591.51.0144
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore538.01.1151
Cape Doctor Coastal456.41.3147
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low745.60.8047
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium555.91.0793
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High486.31.2339
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low972.00.6173
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium687.40.8729
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High576.61.0406
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8047
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0793
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2339
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6173
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8729
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0406
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8047
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0793
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2339
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6173
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8729
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0406
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance612.40.9798
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low745.60.8047
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium555.91.0793
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High486.31.2339
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low972.00.6173
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium687.40.8729
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High576.61.0406
Predominantly Upwind589.51.0177
Predominantly Downwind591.51.0144
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1692.21095.9807.9659.0572.6528.2496.3449.4432.3
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance612.40.9798
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low745.60.8047
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium555.91.0793
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High486.31.2339
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low972.00.6173
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium687.40.8729
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High576.61.0406
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1692.21095.9807.9659.0572.6528.2496.3449.4432.3
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low745.60.8047
Triple Number AP Medium556.01.0791
Triple Number AP High486.21.2339
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1018.30.5892
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium687.40.8729
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High576.61.0406
Single Number Predominant Upwind613.50.9780
Single Number Predominant Reaching561.41.0688
Single Number Predominant Downwind622.90.9632
Predominant Upwind - Low864.50.6940
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med652.00.9202
Predominant Upwind - Medium567.81.0568
Predominant Upwind - Med/High525.21.1424
Predominant Upwind - High507.71.1818
Predominant Downwind Low965.30.6216
Predominant Downwind Low/Med688.40.8716
Predominant Downwind Medium566.21.0597
Predominant Downwind Med/High491.51.2208
Predominant Downwind High455.11.3183
Predominant Reaching Low807.00.7435
Predominant Reaching Low/Med603.20.9946
Predominant Reaching Medium519.41.1552
Predominant Reaching Med/High471.01.2738
Predominant Reaching High446.21.3447
SA/DSPL Upwind22.02SA/DSPL Downwind22.02
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1147.70.5228
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med817.40.7341
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium672.40.8924
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High587.21.0219
5-Band Windward/Leeward High551.91.0872
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1127.10.5324
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med811.80.7391
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium676.40.8870
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High600.20.9997
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High569.81.0529
5-Band AP Low841.70.7128
5-Band AP Low/Med641.30.9357
5-Band AP Medium546.61.0978
5-Band AP Med/High493.41.2160
5-Band AP High468.51.2807
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low975.00.6154
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med776.40.7728
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium646.50.9281
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High573.81.0457
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High543.41.1042
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9459
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9395
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.9219
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6668
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6755
Harvest Moon Regatta487.01.2320
Non Spin/HSFClub Certificate2025
Hyggen IXNOR 11647
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassFIRST 40.7MeasurementHINPlan reviewHull constructionSolidCarbon rudderNoLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA11.924Max. Beam3.770Draft2.431Displacement7,436Wetted area30.45IMS L10.721LSM010.478Acc. length11.924Sink (kg/mm) 22.65
VCGD-0.082VCGM-0.053RM Rated (kg·m) 189.5Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight736Declared crew weight750
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeFolding 2 blades
InstallationStrutTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRD0.400PBWPIPA0.0035
EDL2.250ST10.042ST20.180
ST30.180ST40.112ST50.300
RIG
Forestay tensionAftInner stayNone FittedMast materialAluminumSingle headsail furlerNoMainsail furlerArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunning backstays0CheckstaysSpreaders3Rotating mastNo
P14.450IG15.680ISP16.450MDT10.180MDL10.220MDT20.120MDL20.180TL0.690MW0.220GO0.240
E5.400J4.400BAS1.710FSD0.035SFJ0.000SPL4.345WPLTPS0.000BD0.000MWT0.00MCG0.000
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodRM entered directlyRM entered189.0Flotation Date01/01/2015
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible
Non Spin/HSFClub Certificate2025
Hyggen IXNOR 11647
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateComment394-2024053109260.361.312.163.534.5347.4131/05/2024Storseil fathead Mai 2024
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateComment1-2024061712150.080.681.292.373.494.4615.81YesNo 37.0317/06/2024416-2010051211160.000.000.002.380.004.4815.74NoNo 36.2312/05/2010398-2007050815000.000.000.000.000.003.7413.40NoNo 25.5108/05/2007
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length11.9 mTable area0.55 m²Headroom1.81 mMinimum number of berths5Personal gear stowage0.20 m³Fresh water capacity148 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit5Food stowage0.30 m³Fuel capacity88 lCabin soleStovesSinksGalley gear stowageToiletWash basinNavigation areaHanging locker
*This list is a summary of the requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for details.