Non Spin/HSFClub Certificate2025
Yabadoo IVNOR 14550
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles44.3°44.3°42.3°41.0°40.3°39.7°39.3°39.1°39.7°
Beat VMG2.503.484.294.905.285.475.575.665.63
52°3.945.376.467.237.677.877.978.088.09
60°4.235.706.767.487.898.118.218.338.35
75°4.415.916.977.668.078.348.538.738.83
90°4.305.796.877.628.078.398.659.079.31
110°3.695.116.277.207.848.268.619.249.82
120°3.394.785.976.927.638.118.479.159.80
135°2.864.165.336.317.127.738.158.839.51
150°2.373.524.635.616.467.197.758.489.13
Run VMG2.053.054.014.905.726.477.158.108.75
Gybe Angles147.4°147.4°151.9°157.3°174.8°175.7°176.8°178.9°178.9°
APH ToD:554.1CDL: 10.795APH ToT: 1.0827CertNo:21351
BOAT
ClassHanse 430Designerjudel/vrolijkBuilderHanse YachtsAge date01/2011Series date01/2007Offset fileHANSE430.OFFData file21351
HULL
Length Overall13.150 mMaximum Beam4.226 mDraft2.167 mDisplacement11,253 kgDLR6.9194IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.310%Age Allowance0.487%
PROPELLER
InstallationStrutTypeFolding 3 bladesDiameter0.440m
CREW
Maximum weight867 kg(default)Minimum weight737 kg ✱ when appliedNon Manual PowerNoCrew Arm Extension
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail58.0058.64Headsail Luffed44.7244.72Headsail FlyingSymmetricAsymmetric
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail18.38Storm Jib16.20Heavy Weather Jib43.74
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails6
✱ Zero set flying
Spinnakers0
✱ Spinnaker pole aboard
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.
Non Spin/HSFClub Certificate2025
Yabadoo IVNOR 14550
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1441.31033.1838.5734.3681.5658.5646.4636.3639.5
52°913.5670.0557.5498.1469.6457.2451.6445.8444.7
60°851.9631.8532.5481.2456.0444.0438.4432.3431.1
75°816.0608.7516.6469.8445.9431.6422.2412.6407.7
90°837.2621.6524.2472.7446.0429.2416.1396.9386.5
110°976.3704.0573.9500.2459.4435.8418.3389.6366.6
120°1062.3752.5602.9520.1471.6444.0425.1393.6367.2
135°1256.7865.8675.0570.9505.8465.8441.6407.8378.6
150°1518.21022.0777.6641.9557.7500.9464.4424.3394.4
Run VMG1753.01180.1896.7734.8629.8556.2503.7444.3411.4
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1594.71106.6867.6734.6655.7607.4575.1540.3525.5
All purpose1182.5837.8671.5580.6528.7498.5478.9455.6442.0
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward691.70.8674
All purpose554.11.0827
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low754.70.7950
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium550.41.0902
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High475.11.2630
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low987.00.6079
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium687.50.8727
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High570.11.0524
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance608.20.9864
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low754.70.7950
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium550.41.0902
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High475.11.2630
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low987.00.6079
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium687.50.8727
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High570.11.0524
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1729.81113.9815.9658.9566.3518.3484.4436.4421.4
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.8033
Downwind "popa"0.8492
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.8165
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.8349
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low754.70.7950
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium550.41.0902
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High475.11.2630
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low987.00.6079
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium687.50.8727
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High570.11.0524
Predominantly Upwind586.31.0233
Predominantly Downwind586.11.0237
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low754.70.7950
Triple Number AP Medium550.41.0901
Triple Number AP High475.11.2630
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1034.80.5798
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium687.50.8727
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High570.11.0524
Single Number Predominant Upwind611.90.9806
Single Number Predominant Reaching555.41.0804
Single Number Predominant Downwind618.00.9708
Predominant Upwind - Low885.20.6778
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med656.20.9143
Predominant Upwind - Medium562.01.0676
Predominant Upwind - Med/High514.61.1659
Predominant Upwind - High496.81.2076
Predominant Downwind Low974.10.6160
Predominant Downwind Low/Med687.80.8723
Predominant Downwind Medium559.31.0727
Predominant Downwind Med/High480.11.2498
Predominant Downwind High442.61.3558
Predominant Reaching Low817.50.7340
Predominant Reaching Low/Med602.10.9965
Predominant Reaching Medium510.41.1756
Predominant Reaching Med/High458.01.3102
Predominant Reaching High433.21.3850
SA/DSPL Upwind20.29SA/DSPL Downwind20.29
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1169.50.5131
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med824.60.7276
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium671.70.8933
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High581.51.0319
5-Band Windward/Leeward High543.81.1034
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1152.90.5204
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med821.10.7307
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium676.60.8867
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High595.11.0082
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High562.71.0662
5-Band AP Low852.50.7038
5-Band AP Low/Med642.90.9333
5-Band AP Medium540.01.1110
5-Band AP Med/High482.51.2436
5-Band AP High457.31.3121
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low993.20.6041
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med783.90.7654
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium645.40.9296
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High567.21.0578
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High535.21.1210
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9449
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9420
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.9269
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6583
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6667
Harvest Moon Regatta475.91.2609
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance608.20.9864
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low754.70.7950
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium550.41.0902
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High475.11.2630
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low987.00.6079
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium687.50.8727
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High570.11.0524
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1729.81113.9815.9658.9566.3518.3484.4436.4421.4
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance608.20.9864
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low754.70.7950
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium550.41.0902
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High475.11.2630
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low987.00.6079
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium687.50.8727
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High570.11.0524
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1729.81113.9815.9658.9566.3518.3484.4436.4421.4
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance608.2
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1729.81113.9815.9658.9566.3518.3484.4436.4421.4
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low754.70.7950
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium550.41.0902
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High475.11.2630
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low987.00.6079
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium687.50.8727
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High570.11.0524
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating608.20.9865
FinRating, kevyt tuuli1151.90.8681
FinRating, kova tuuli460.81.0850
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low754.70.7950
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium550.41.0902
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High475.11.2630
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low987.00.6079
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium687.50.8727
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High570.11.0524
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance0.9864
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7950
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0902
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2630
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6079
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8727
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0524
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1729.81113.9815.9658.9566.3518.3484.4436.4421.4
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)630.5
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance608.20.9864
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low754.70.7950
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium550.41.0902
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High475.11.2630
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low987.00.6079
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium687.50.8727
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High570.11.0524
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1729.81113.9815.9658.9566.3518.3484.4436.4421.4
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low754.70.7950
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium550.41.0902
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High475.11.2630
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low987.00.6079
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium687.50.8727
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High570.11.0524
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance608.20.9864
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low754.70.7950
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium550.41.0902
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High475.11.2630
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low987.00.6079
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium687.50.8727
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High570.11.0524
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1729.81113.9815.9658.9566.3518.3484.4436.4421.4
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance608.20.9864
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low754.70.7950
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium550.41.0902
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High475.11.2630
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low987.00.6079
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium687.50.8727
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High570.11.0524
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1729.81113.9815.9658.9566.3518.3484.4436.4421.4
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low754.7
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium550.4
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High475.1
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low987.0
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium687.5
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High570.1
Predominantly Upwind586.3
Predominantly Downwind586.1
Predominantly Reaching548.8
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance608.20.9864
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low754.70.7950
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium550.41.0902
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High475.11.2630
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low987.00.6079
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium687.50.8727
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High570.11.0524
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1729.81113.9815.9658.9566.3518.3484.4436.4421.4
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7950
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0902
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2630
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6079
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8727
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0524
Coastal/Long Distance0.9864
Predominantly Upwind1.0233
Predominantly Downwind1.0237
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)630.5
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Distanseseilas Singeltall  (APH)1.0827
Distanseseilas Trippeltall svak vind0.7950
Distanseseilas Trippeltall mellomvind1.0902
Distanseseilas Trippeltall sterk vind1.2630
Pølsebane Trippeltall svak vind0.6079
Pølsebane Trippeltall mellomvind0.8727
Pølsebane Trippeltall sterk vind1.0524
Motvind Singeltall1.0233
Medvind Singeltall1.0237
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low754.70.7950
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium550.41.0902
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High475.11.2630
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low987.00.6079
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium687.50.8727
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High570.11.0524
Coastal/Long Distance608.20.9864
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind586.31.0233
Predominantly Downwind586.11.0237
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore529.91.1322
Cape Doctor Coastal446.11.3450
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low754.70.7950
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium550.41.0902
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High475.11.2630
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low987.00.6079
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium687.50.8727
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High570.11.0524
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7950
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0902
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2630
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6079
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8727
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0524
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7950
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0902
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2630
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6079
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8727
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0524
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance608.20.9864
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low754.70.7950
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium550.41.0902
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High475.11.2630
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low987.00.6079
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium687.50.8727
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High570.11.0524
Predominantly Upwind586.31.0233
Predominantly Downwind586.11.0237
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1729.81113.9815.9658.9566.3518.3484.4436.4421.4
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance608.20.9864
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low754.70.7950
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium550.41.0902
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High475.11.2630
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low987.00.6079
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium687.50.8727
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High570.11.0524
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1729.81113.9815.9658.9566.3518.3484.4436.4421.4
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low754.70.7950
Triple Number AP Medium550.41.0901
Triple Number AP High475.11.2630
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1034.80.5798
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium687.50.8727
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High570.11.0524
Single Number Predominant Upwind611.90.9806
Single Number Predominant Reaching555.41.0804
Single Number Predominant Downwind618.00.9708
Predominant Upwind - Low885.20.6778
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med656.20.9143
Predominant Upwind - Medium562.01.0676
Predominant Upwind - Med/High514.61.1659
Predominant Upwind - High496.81.2076
Predominant Downwind Low974.10.6160
Predominant Downwind Low/Med687.80.8723
Predominant Downwind Medium559.31.0727
Predominant Downwind Med/High480.11.2498
Predominant Downwind High442.61.3558
Predominant Reaching Low817.50.7340
Predominant Reaching Low/Med602.10.9965
Predominant Reaching Medium510.41.1756
Predominant Reaching Med/High458.01.3102
Predominant Reaching High433.21.3850
SA/DSPL Upwind20.29SA/DSPL Downwind20.29
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1169.50.5131
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med824.60.7276
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium671.70.8933
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High581.51.0319
5-Band Windward/Leeward High543.81.1034
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1152.90.5204
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med821.10.7307
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium676.60.8867
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High595.11.0082
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High562.71.0662
5-Band AP Low852.50.7038
5-Band AP Low/Med642.90.9333
5-Band AP Medium540.01.1110
5-Band AP Med/High482.51.2436
5-Band AP High457.31.3121
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low993.20.6041
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med783.90.7654
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium645.40.9296
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High567.21.0578
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High535.21.1210
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9449
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9420
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.9269
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6583
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6667
Harvest Moon Regatta475.91.2609
Non Spin/HSFClub Certificate2025
Yabadoo IVNOR 14550
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassHanse 430MeasurementHINPlan reviewHull constructionCoredCarbon rudderNoLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA13.150Max. Beam4.226Draft2.167Displacement11,253Wetted area39.74IMS L11.988LSM011.759Acc. length13.150Sink (kg/mm) 30.02
VCGD0.170VCGM0.252RM Rated (kg·m) 288.9Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight867Declared crew weightN/A
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeFolding 3 blades
InstallationStrutTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRD0.440PBWPIPA0.0043
EDL2.400ST10.070ST20.180
ST30.180ST40.110ST50.300
RIG
Forestay tensionAftInner stayNone FittedMast materialAluminumSingle headsail furlerNoMainsail furlerArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunning backstays0CheckstaysSpreaders2Rotating mastNo
P17.650IG18.000ISP18.000MDT10.140MDL10.250MDT20.000MDL20.000TL1.350MW0.000GO0.000
E5.950J4.800BAS1.800FSDFoilSFJ0.300SPL4.315WPLTPS5.000BD0.000MWT0.00MCG0.000
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodVCG entered directlyVCG entered0.170Flotation Date01/01/2015
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible
Non Spin/HSFClub Certificate2025
Yabadoo IVNOR 14550
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateComment455-2013050323500.101.051.923.464.7258.0009/05/2011lagt til 7/8
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateComment455-2023080722290.040.681.322.583.835.0417.45YesNo 44.7212/07/2023455-2012021619270.000.000.000.000.004.8917.28NoNo 43.0116/02/2012455-2011050116580.000.000.000.000.004.2417.02NoNo 36.7301/05/2011
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length13.2 mTable area0.66 m²Headroom1.86 mMinimum number of berths6Personal gear stowage0.24 m³Fresh water capacity216 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit6Food stowage0.36 m³Fuel capacity114 lCabin soleStovesSinksGalley gear stowageToiletWash basinNavigation areaHanging locker
*This list is a summary of the requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for details.