Non Spin/HSFClub Certificate2025
PANNOR 9584
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles45.0°45.0°43.3°41.9°40.1°38.3°37.9°37.8°39.0°
Beat VMG2.223.093.804.334.745.035.155.225.14
52°3.514.805.776.416.787.017.147.247.25
60°3.755.096.066.626.947.157.307.447.48
75°3.895.276.256.787.087.307.487.777.90
90°3.795.166.176.787.107.347.547.948.24
110°3.244.555.666.506.997.307.568.088.65
120°3.034.315.416.306.867.207.488.008.59
135°2.593.784.885.786.496.957.257.778.32
150°2.153.224.245.145.916.546.967.508.00
Run VMG1.872.793.684.485.215.886.467.187.66
Gybe Angles147.1°147.1°151.0°156.1°163.1°170.0°177.2°179.5°179.5°
APH ToD:616.9CDL: 8.571APH ToT: 0.9726CertNo:7243
BOAT
ClassBAVARIA 34DesignerJ&JDesignBuilderBavaria YachtbauAge dateSeries date01/1998Offset fileBAVA34.OFFData file7243
HULL
Length Overall10.370 mMaximum Beam3.514 mDraft1.847 mDisplacement5,589 kgDLR7.1168IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.400%Age Allowance0.487%
PROPELLER
InstallationStrutTypeFolding 2 bladesDiameter0.380m
CREW
Maximum weight614 kg(default)Minimum weight484 kg ✱ when appliedNon Manual PowerNoCrew Arm Extension
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail26.8427.27Headsail Luffed32.4832.48Headsail FlyingSymmetricAsymmetric
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail8.37Storm Jib6.70Heavy Weather Jib18.08
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails5
✱ Zero set flying
Spinnakers0
✱ Spinnaker pole aboard
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.
Non Spin/HSFClub Certificate2025
PANNOR 9584
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1623.51165.1948.0831.6759.3716.4698.8689.7700.8
52°1025.7750.2623.9561.6531.0513.8504.0497.2496.9
60°959.6707.1594.2543.4518.8503.5493.3483.8481.1
75°924.3682.7576.2530.9508.4493.2481.0463.5455.4
90°951.0698.0583.7531.3506.7490.6477.3453.7436.7
110°1112.4791.0636.3554.0515.2493.3476.2445.5416.0
120°1188.2836.1664.9571.7524.8499.8481.5449.8419.0
135°1389.7951.6738.0623.2554.4518.1496.4463.5432.8
150°1670.71119.2848.6700.6609.0550.5517.5480.2450.2
Run VMG1927.31292.4979.3803.6691.5612.5557.6501.7470.2
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1772.31228.7963.6817.6725.4664.5628.2595.7585.5
All purpose1322.7933.0745.8646.9589.3553.9532.8508.9495.3
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward764.40.7849
All purpose616.90.9726
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low839.40.7148
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium612.70.9793
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High529.11.1339
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1096.30.5473
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium760.70.7887
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High625.10.9599
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance676.30.8871
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low839.40.7148
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium612.70.9793
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High529.11.1339
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1096.30.5473
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium760.70.7887
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High625.10.9599
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1918.51235.1905.5733.5630.1575.1539.7491.3474.5
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.7230
Downwind "popa"0.7723
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.7371
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.7568
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low839.40.7148
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium612.70.9793
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High529.11.1339
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1096.30.5473
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium760.70.7887
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High625.10.9599
Predominantly Upwind653.80.9178
Predominantly Downwind648.70.9249
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low839.40.7148
Triple Number AP Medium612.80.9791
Triple Number AP High529.11.1339
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1149.50.5220
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium760.70.7887
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High625.10.9599
Single Number Predominant Upwind682.70.8788
Single Number Predominant Reaching620.40.9671
Single Number Predominant Downwind685.00.8759
Predominant Upwind - Low990.50.6058
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med734.40.8170
Predominant Upwind - Medium627.40.9563
Predominant Upwind - Med/High570.11.0524
Predominant Upwind - High551.01.0890
Predominant Downwind Low1076.50.5574
Predominant Downwind Low/Med758.60.7909
Predominant Downwind Medium619.10.9692
Predominant Downwind Med/High535.61.1201
Predominant Downwind High498.11.2046
Predominant Reaching Low910.20.6592
Predominant Reaching Low/Med669.20.8966
Predominant Reaching Medium570.01.0527
Predominant Reaching Med/High514.61.1659
Predominant Reaching High488.31.2287
SA/DSPL Upwind18.73SA/DSPL Downwind18.73
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1299.10.4618
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med916.00.6550
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium742.30.8083
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High637.00.9419
5-Band Windward/Leeward High599.51.0008
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1284.40.4672
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med915.00.6557
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium748.80.8013
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High650.70.9221
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High618.30.9704
5-Band AP Low948.80.6324
5-Band AP Low/Med715.40.8387
5-Band AP Medium601.30.9979
5-Band AP Med/High537.11.1171
5-Band AP High510.71.1748
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low1104.60.5432
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med871.80.6882
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium713.90.8405
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High622.40.9640
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High590.61.0159
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.8456
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.8466
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.8376
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.5923
Bayview-Mac Shore0.5993
Harvest Moon Regatta535.11.1212
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance676.30.8871
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low839.40.7148
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium612.70.9793
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High529.11.1339
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1096.30.5473
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium760.70.7887
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High625.10.9599
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1918.51235.1905.5733.5630.1575.1539.7491.3474.5
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance676.30.8871
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low839.40.7148
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium612.70.9793
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High529.11.1339
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1096.30.5473
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium760.70.7887
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High625.10.9599
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1918.51235.1905.5733.5630.1575.1539.7491.3474.5
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance676.3
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1918.51235.1905.5733.5630.1575.1539.7491.3474.5
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low839.40.7148
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium612.70.9793
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High529.11.1339
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1096.30.5473
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium760.70.7887
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High625.10.9599
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating676.30.8871
FinRating, kevyt tuuli1280.00.7812
FinRating, kova tuuli515.60.9697
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low839.40.7148
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium612.70.9793
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High529.11.1339
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1096.30.5473
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium760.70.7887
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High625.10.9599
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance0.8871
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7148
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.9793
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1339
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5473
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.7887
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9599
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1918.51235.1905.5733.5630.1575.1539.7491.3474.5
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)701.9
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance676.30.8871
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low839.40.7148
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium612.70.9793
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High529.11.1339
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1096.30.5473
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium760.70.7887
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High625.10.9599
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1918.51235.1905.5733.5630.1575.1539.7491.3474.5
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low839.40.7148
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium612.70.9793
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High529.11.1339
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1096.30.5473
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium760.70.7887
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High625.10.9599
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance676.30.8871
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low839.40.7148
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium612.70.9793
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High529.11.1339
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1096.30.5473
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium760.70.7887
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High625.10.9599
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1918.51235.1905.5733.5630.1575.1539.7491.3474.5
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance676.30.8871
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low839.40.7148
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium612.70.9793
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High529.11.1339
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1096.30.5473
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium760.70.7887
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High625.10.9599
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1918.51235.1905.5733.5630.1575.1539.7491.3474.5
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low839.4
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium612.7
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High529.1
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1096.3
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium760.7
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High625.1
Predominantly Upwind653.8
Predominantly Downwind648.7
Predominantly Reaching610.5
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance676.30.8871
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low839.40.7148
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium612.70.9793
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High529.11.1339
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1096.30.5473
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium760.70.7887
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High625.10.9599
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1918.51235.1905.5733.5630.1575.1539.7491.3474.5
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7148
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.9793
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1339
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5473
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.7887
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9599
Coastal/Long Distance0.8871
Predominantly Upwind0.9178
Predominantly Downwind0.9249
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)701.9
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Distanseseilas Singeltall  (APH)0.9726
Distanseseilas Trippeltall svak vind0.7148
Distanseseilas Trippeltall mellomvind0.9793
Distanseseilas Trippeltall sterk vind1.1339
Pølsebane Trippeltall svak vind0.5473
Pølsebane Trippeltall mellomvind0.7887
Pølsebane Trippeltall sterk vind0.9599
Motvind Singeltall0.9178
Medvind Singeltall0.9249
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low839.40.7148
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium612.70.9793
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High529.11.1339
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1096.30.5473
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium760.70.7887
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High625.10.9599
Coastal/Long Distance676.30.8871
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind653.80.9178
Predominantly Downwind648.70.9249
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore588.61.0194
Cape Doctor Coastal499.41.2015
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low839.40.7148
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium612.70.9793
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High529.11.1339
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1096.30.5473
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium760.70.7887
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High625.10.9599
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7148
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.9793
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1339
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5473
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.7887
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9599
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7148
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.9793
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1339
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5473
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.7887
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9599
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance676.30.8871
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low839.40.7148
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium612.70.9793
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High529.11.1339
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1096.30.5473
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium760.70.7887
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High625.10.9599
Predominantly Upwind653.80.9178
Predominantly Downwind648.70.9249
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1918.51235.1905.5733.5630.1575.1539.7491.3474.5
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance676.30.8871
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low839.40.7148
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium612.70.9793
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High529.11.1339
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1096.30.5473
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium760.70.7887
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High625.10.9599
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1918.51235.1905.5733.5630.1575.1539.7491.3474.5
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low839.40.7148
Triple Number AP Medium612.80.9791
Triple Number AP High529.11.1339
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1149.50.5220
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium760.70.7887
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High625.10.9599
Single Number Predominant Upwind682.70.8788
Single Number Predominant Reaching620.40.9671
Single Number Predominant Downwind685.00.8759
Predominant Upwind - Low990.50.6058
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med734.40.8170
Predominant Upwind - Medium627.40.9563
Predominant Upwind - Med/High570.11.0524
Predominant Upwind - High551.01.0890
Predominant Downwind Low1076.50.5574
Predominant Downwind Low/Med758.60.7909
Predominant Downwind Medium619.10.9692
Predominant Downwind Med/High535.61.1201
Predominant Downwind High498.11.2046
Predominant Reaching Low910.20.6592
Predominant Reaching Low/Med669.20.8966
Predominant Reaching Medium570.01.0527
Predominant Reaching Med/High514.61.1659
Predominant Reaching High488.31.2287
SA/DSPL Upwind18.73SA/DSPL Downwind18.73
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1299.10.4618
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med916.00.6550
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium742.30.8083
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High637.00.9419
5-Band Windward/Leeward High599.51.0008
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1284.40.4672
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med915.00.6557
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium748.80.8013
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High650.70.9221
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High618.30.9704
5-Band AP Low948.80.6324
5-Band AP Low/Med715.40.8387
5-Band AP Medium601.30.9979
5-Band AP Med/High537.11.1171
5-Band AP High510.71.1748
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low1104.60.5432
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med871.80.6882
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium713.90.8405
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High622.40.9640
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High590.61.0159
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.8456
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.8466
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.8376
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.5923
Bayview-Mac Shore0.5993
Harvest Moon Regatta535.11.1212
Non Spin/HSFClub Certificate2025
PANNOR 9584
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassBAVARIA 34MeasurementHINPlan reviewHull constructionSolidCarbon rudderNoLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA10.370Max. Beam3.514Draft1.847Displacement5,589Wetted area24.68IMS L9.406LSM09.225Acc. length10.370Sink (kg/mm) 19.05
VCGD0.000VCGM-0.054RM Rated (kg·m) 145.0Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight614Declared crew weightN/A
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeFolding 2 blades
InstallationStrutTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRD0.380PBWPIPA0.0032
EDL2.090ST10.048ST20.170
ST30.170ST40.098ST50.300
RIG
Forestay tensionAftInner stayNone FittedMast materialAluminumSingle headsail furlerNoMainsail furlerArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunning backstays0CheckstaysSpreaders2Rotating mastNo
P11.250IG11.570ISP11.920MDT10.100MDL10.190MDT20.000MDL20.000TLNo TaperMW0.000GO0.000
E4.250J2.760BAS1.530FSDFoilSFJ0.000SPL2.880WPLTPS0.000BD0.000MWT0.00MCG0.000
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodVCG entered directlyVCG entered0.000Flotation Date01/01/2015
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible
Non Spin/HSFClub Certificate2025
PANNOR 9584
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateComment7243-2004012412000.130.001.342.453.4026.8401/01/1753306-2011050219340.120.001.142.453.4226.4702/05/2011
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateComment306-2011022513390.000.000.000.000.005.7611.08NoNo 32.4825/02/2011Sydd om for å unngå tillegg.306-2011050219510.000.000.000.000.005.2611.30NoNo 30.2502/05/2011
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length10.4 mTable area0.44 m²Headroom1.73 mMinimum number of berths4Personal gear stowage0.16 m³Fresh water capacity88 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit4Food stowage0.24 m³Fuel capacity58 lCabin soleStovesSinksGalley gear stowageToiletWash basinNavigation areaHanging locker
*This list is a summary of the requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for details.