Non Spin/HSFClub Certificate2025
TurangalilaNOR 10005
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles42.4°42.4°40.5°39.5°38.9°38.5°38.4°38.5°39.8°
Beat VMG2.633.624.394.875.085.205.275.335.20
52°4.075.486.487.067.307.417.497.567.49
60°4.315.766.747.297.537.647.727.797.77
75°4.495.966.927.467.767.938.038.168.22
90°4.385.856.867.467.838.098.308.578.72
110°3.785.206.327.167.678.038.368.949.26
120°3.454.846.016.927.527.928.268.949.61
135°2.904.195.366.317.077.597.968.659.39
150°2.383.534.635.606.437.127.608.298.98
Run VMG2.063.064.024.895.706.457.097.938.59
Gybe Angles146.0°146.0°151.2°157.0°179.8°179.8°179.9°180.0°180.0°
APH ToD:564.8CDL: 9.953APH ToT: 1.0622CertNo:7469
BOAT
ClassGRAND SOLEIL 40 RDesignerPAPERINIMASSIMOBuilderCantiere del PardoAge date01/2001Series date01/2001Offset fileGrs40cro.offData file7469
HULL
Length Overall12.016 mMaximum Beam3.786 mDraft2.443 mDisplacement7,814 kgDLR5.8396IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.270%Age Allowance0.487%
PROPELLER
InstallationStrutTypeFolding 2 bladesDiameter0.400m
CREW
Maximum weight450 kg(declared)Minimum weight320 kg ✱ when appliedNon Manual PowerNoCrew Arm Extension
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail49.1950.47Headsail Luffed34.7934.79Headsail FlyingSymmetricAsymmetric
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail14.12Storm Jib12.61Heavy Weather Jib34.03
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails6
✱ Zero set flying
Spinnakers0
✱ Spinnaker pole aboard
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.
Non Spin/HSFClub Certificate2025
TurangalilaNOR 10005
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1370.4993.3819.5739.9708.3692.6682.7675.2691.8
52°885.0656.7555.6510.2493.4485.6480.6475.9480.5
60°834.7625.2534.5494.0478.1471.1466.6461.9463.4
75°801.2604.4520.6482.4464.2454.1448.5440.9438.0
90°822.4615.2524.9482.3459.9444.9434.0420.2413.0
110°953.1692.4569.5502.7469.1448.1430.6402.5388.8
120°1044.8743.5598.6520.1478.7454.7435.9402.9374.7
135°1242.6859.0672.0570.4509.1474.4452.2416.0383.4
150°1513.61019.6776.8642.8559.7506.0473.7434.2400.7
Run VMG1746.91177.3896.2736.5631.6558.3507.9454.2419.1
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1555.51085.3857.8738.2670.0625.4595.3564.7555.4
All purpose1154.9823.9666.6585.9542.7516.4498.8477.4467.6
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward701.50.8553
All purpose564.81.0622
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low745.20.8051
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium560.81.0699
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High495.11.2118
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low971.50.6176
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium697.30.8605
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High591.41.0146
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance618.40.9703
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low745.20.8051
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium560.81.0699
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High495.11.2118
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low971.50.6176
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium697.30.8605
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High591.41.0146
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1690.11094.5808.0663.4580.7536.5504.0456.6443.3
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.7907
Downwind "popa"0.8464
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.8067
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.8289
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low745.20.8051
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium560.81.0699
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High495.11.2118
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low971.50.6176
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium697.30.8605
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High591.41.0146
Predominantly Upwind598.91.0019
Predominantly Downwind591.91.0137
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low745.20.8051
Triple Number AP Medium560.91.0697
Triple Number AP High495.11.2118
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1018.30.5892
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium697.30.8605
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High591.41.0146
Single Number Predominant Upwind623.20.9628
Single Number Predominant Reaching564.11.0637
Single Number Predominant Downwind623.80.9618
Predominant Upwind - Low864.70.6939
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med656.40.9141
Predominant Upwind - Medium578.41.0374
Predominant Upwind - Med/High539.91.1114
Predominant Upwind - High525.41.1420
Predominant Downwind Low964.50.6221
Predominant Downwind Low/Med688.10.8720
Predominant Downwind Medium567.11.0580
Predominant Downwind Med/High493.41.2160
Predominant Downwind High458.11.3098
Predominant Reaching Low806.60.7439
Predominant Reaching Low/Med603.90.9936
Predominant Reaching Medium521.81.1498
Predominant Reaching Med/High475.81.2610
Predominant Reaching High453.71.3226
SA/DSPL Upwind21.18SA/DSPL Downwind21.18
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1146.80.5232
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med821.40.7304
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium683.20.8782
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High601.50.9974
5-Band Windward/Leeward High568.41.0556
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1126.20.5327
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med817.30.7342
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium690.20.8693
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High618.30.9704
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High590.61.0159
5-Band AP Low841.40.7131
5-Band AP Low/Med643.00.9331
5-Band AP Medium552.11.0868
5-Band AP Med/High501.81.1956
5-Band AP High479.41.2516
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low974.10.6159
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med780.60.7687
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium657.60.9124
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High588.41.0197
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High560.11.0712
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9336
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9332
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.9211
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6648
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6735
Harvest Moon Regatta487.21.2315
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance618.40.9703
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low745.20.8051
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium560.81.0699
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High495.11.2118
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low971.50.6176
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium697.30.8605
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High591.41.0146
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1690.11094.5808.0663.4580.7536.5504.0456.6443.3
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance618.40.9703
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low745.20.8051
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium560.81.0699
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High495.11.2118
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low971.50.6176
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium697.30.8605
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High591.41.0146
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1690.11094.5808.0663.4580.7536.5504.0456.6443.3
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance618.4
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1690.11094.5808.0663.4580.7536.5504.0456.6443.3
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low745.20.8051
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium560.81.0699
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High495.11.2118
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low971.50.6176
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium697.30.8605
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High591.41.0146
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating618.40.9703
FinRating, kevyt tuuli1130.50.8845
FinRating, kova tuuli482.81.0356
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low745.20.8051
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium560.81.0699
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High495.11.2118
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low971.50.6176
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium697.30.8605
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High591.41.0146
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance0.9703
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8051
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0699
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2118
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6176
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8605
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0146
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1690.11094.5808.0663.4580.7536.5504.0456.6443.3
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)638.0
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance618.40.9703
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low745.20.8051
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium560.81.0699
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High495.11.2118
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low971.50.6176
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium697.30.8605
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High591.41.0146
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1690.11094.5808.0663.4580.7536.5504.0456.6443.3
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low745.20.8051
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium560.81.0699
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High495.11.2118
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low971.50.6176
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium697.30.8605
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High591.41.0146
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance618.40.9703
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low745.20.8051
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium560.81.0699
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High495.11.2118
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low971.50.6176
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium697.30.8605
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High591.41.0146
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1690.11094.5808.0663.4580.7536.5504.0456.6443.3
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance618.40.9703
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low745.20.8051
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium560.81.0699
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High495.11.2118
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low971.50.6176
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium697.30.8605
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High591.41.0146
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1690.11094.5808.0663.4580.7536.5504.0456.6443.3
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low745.2
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium560.8
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High495.1
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low971.5
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium697.3
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High591.4
Predominantly Upwind598.9
Predominantly Downwind591.9
Predominantly Reaching556.3
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance618.40.9703
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low745.20.8051
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium560.81.0699
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High495.11.2118
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low971.50.6176
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium697.30.8605
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High591.41.0146
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1690.11094.5808.0663.4580.7536.5504.0456.6443.3
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8051
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0699
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2118
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6176
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8605
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0146
Coastal/Long Distance0.9703
Predominantly Upwind1.0019
Predominantly Downwind1.0137
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)638.0
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Distanseseilas Singeltall  (APH)1.0622
Distanseseilas Trippeltall svak vind0.8051
Distanseseilas Trippeltall mellomvind1.0699
Distanseseilas Trippeltall sterk vind1.2118
Pølsebane Trippeltall svak vind0.6176
Pølsebane Trippeltall mellomvind0.8605
Pølsebane Trippeltall sterk vind1.0146
Motvind Singeltall1.0019
Medvind Singeltall1.0137
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low745.20.8051
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium560.81.0699
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High495.11.2118
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low971.50.6176
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium697.30.8605
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High591.41.0146
Coastal/Long Distance618.40.9703
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind598.91.0019
Predominantly Downwind591.91.0137
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore558.21.0749
Cape Doctor Coastal470.61.2751
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low745.20.8051
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium560.81.0699
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High495.11.2118
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low971.50.6176
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium697.30.8605
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High591.41.0146
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8051
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0699
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2118
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6176
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8605
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0146
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8051
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0699
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2118
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6176
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8605
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0146
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance618.40.9703
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low745.20.8051
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium560.81.0699
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High495.11.2118
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low971.50.6176
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium697.30.8605
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High591.41.0146
Predominantly Upwind598.91.0019
Predominantly Downwind591.91.0137
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1690.11094.5808.0663.4580.7536.5504.0456.6443.3
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance618.40.9703
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low745.20.8051
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium560.81.0699
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High495.11.2118
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low971.50.6176
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium697.30.8605
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High591.41.0146
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1690.11094.5808.0663.4580.7536.5504.0456.6443.3
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low745.20.8051
Triple Number AP Medium560.91.0697
Triple Number AP High495.11.2118
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1018.30.5892
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium697.30.8605
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High591.41.0146
Single Number Predominant Upwind623.20.9628
Single Number Predominant Reaching564.11.0637
Single Number Predominant Downwind623.80.9618
Predominant Upwind - Low864.70.6939
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med656.40.9141
Predominant Upwind - Medium578.41.0374
Predominant Upwind - Med/High539.91.1114
Predominant Upwind - High525.41.1420
Predominant Downwind Low964.50.6221
Predominant Downwind Low/Med688.10.8720
Predominant Downwind Medium567.11.0580
Predominant Downwind Med/High493.41.2160
Predominant Downwind High458.11.3098
Predominant Reaching Low806.60.7439
Predominant Reaching Low/Med603.90.9936
Predominant Reaching Medium521.81.1498
Predominant Reaching Med/High475.81.2610
Predominant Reaching High453.71.3226
SA/DSPL Upwind21.18SA/DSPL Downwind21.18
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1146.80.5232
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med821.40.7304
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium683.20.8782
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High601.50.9974
5-Band Windward/Leeward High568.41.0556
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1126.20.5327
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med817.30.7342
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium690.20.8693
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High618.30.9704
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High590.61.0159
5-Band AP Low841.40.7131
5-Band AP Low/Med643.00.9331
5-Band AP Medium552.11.0868
5-Band AP Med/High501.81.1956
5-Band AP High479.41.2516
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low974.10.6159
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med780.60.7687
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium657.60.9124
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High588.41.0197
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High560.11.0712
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9336
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9332
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.9211
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6648
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6735
Harvest Moon Regatta487.21.2315
Non Spin/HSFClub Certificate2025
TurangalilaNOR 10005
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassGRAND SOLEIL 40 RMeasurementHINPlan reviewHull constructionSolidCarbon rudderNoLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA12.016Max. Beam3.786Draft2.443Displacement7,814Wetted area31.36IMS L11.018LSM011.018Acc. length12.016Sink (kg/mm) 23.56
VCGD0.360VCGM0.206RM Rated (kg·m) 165.6Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight790Declared crew weight450
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeFolding 2 blades
InstallationStrutTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRD0.400PBWPIPA0.0034
EDL2.830ST10.040ST20.180
ST30.180ST40.180ST50.250
RIG
Forestay tensionAftInner stayNone FittedMast materialCarbonSingle headsail furlerNoMainsail furlerArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunning backstays0CheckstaysSpreaders2Rotating mastNo
P14.800IG15.840ISP15.920MDT10.120MDL10.240MDT20.120MDL20.220TL0.900MW0.240GO0.250
E5.450J4.570BAS1.780FSD0.035SFJ0.000SPL4.661WPLTPS4.990BD0.000MWT180.00MCG4.740
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodVCG entered directlyVCG entered0.360Flotation Date01/01/2015
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible
Non Spin/HSFClub Certificate2025
TurangalilaNOR 10005
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateComment466-2014032708340.200.002.133.604.6449.1925/03/20147469-2004012412000.190.002.053.504.6248.5101/01/1753
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateComment466-2014032509590.090.601.152.263.364.4615.42NoNo 34.7925/03/2014Code 3394-2024112610070.080.490.921.852.793.7812.93YesNo 24.2226/11/2024
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length12.0 mTable area0.55 m²Headroom1.81 mMinimum number of berths5Personal gear stowage0.20 m³Fresh water capacity150 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit5Food stowage0.30 m³Fuel capacity90 lCabin soleStovesSinksGalley gear stowageToiletWash basinNavigation areaHanging locker
*This list is a summary of the requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for details.