Double HandedClub Certificate2025
ChristinaNOR 4072
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles42.6°42.6°40.8°40.1°39.4°38.9°38.6°38.7°39.7°
Beat VMG2.423.303.954.374.604.714.764.784.69
52°3.724.975.836.326.566.676.736.796.78
60°3.925.216.056.506.736.856.927.007.01
75°4.065.366.196.636.887.067.187.327.41
90°3.965.276.146.656.947.157.347.607.77
110°3.745.126.156.737.087.367.617.898.08
120°3.574.935.976.637.037.347.648.178.48
135°3.144.385.426.296.797.167.498.128.82
150°2.553.704.765.676.396.847.187.838.50
Run VMG2.213.214.124.935.676.256.697.337.94
Gybe Angles147.1°147.1°151.9°153.9°160.6°167.8°176.3°178.3°178.1°
APH ToD:607.0CDL: 7.897APH ToT: 0.9885CertNo:4461
BOAT
ClassMIXER CRDesignerPellePettersonBuilderMaxi YachtsAge dateSeries date01/1981Offset fileS9308.BOFData file4461
HULL
Length Overall10.550 mMaximum Beam3.218 mDraft1.913 mDisplacement5,360 kgDLR8.9080IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.370%Age Allowance0.487%
PROPELLER
InstallationStrutTypeFolding 2 bladesDiameter0.380m
CREW
Maximum weight170 kg(default)Minimum weight120 kg ✱ when appliedNon Manual PowerNoCrew Arm Extension
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail34.5635.30Headsail Luffed33.0133.01Headsail FlyingSymmetric64.6964.69Asymmetric
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail10.01Storm Jib6.54Heavy Weather Jib17.64
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails5Spinnakers4
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.
Double HandedClub Certificate2025
ChristinaNOR 4072
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1486.21090.7911.0824.2782.6765.1756.8753.6767.0
52°968.1724.0617.8569.4548.6539.5534.7530.3531.1
60°918.7691.6595.4554.2535.2525.3520.3514.6513.4
75°887.3671.5581.5543.0523.1510.2501.4491.7486.0
90°910.2683.4586.0541.7518.4503.3490.8473.4463.4
110°962.4702.4585.4535.1508.5488.8472.9456.3445.3
120°1007.3730.5602.9542.8512.4490.2471.3440.6424.4
135°1145.7821.7664.0572.6529.8503.1480.9443.1408.4
150°1409.6972.1756.9635.2563.0526.3501.4460.0423.6
Run VMG1631.51122.5872.7730.6635.0576.2538.2490.8453.6
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1556.21106.6891.9777.4708.8670.7647.5622.2610.3
All purpose1175.9852.8702.6626.4584.9561.8546.4526.8515.6
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward742.60.8079
All purpose607.00.9885
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low777.70.7715
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium602.80.9954
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High542.91.1052
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low999.20.6005
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium737.40.8137
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High643.80.9319
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance660.00.9091
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low777.70.7715
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium602.80.9954
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High542.91.1052
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low999.20.6005
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium737.40.8137
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High643.80.9319
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1660.61108.2840.6703.2623.5582.9552.3503.9491.6
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.7138
Downwind "popa"0.8457
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.7488
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.8013
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low777.70.7715
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium602.80.9954
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High542.91.1052
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low999.20.6005
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium737.40.8137
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High643.80.9319
Predominantly Upwind653.60.9180
Predominantly Downwind618.70.9698
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low777.70.7715
Triple Number AP Medium602.80.9953
Triple Number AP High542.91.1052
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1043.70.5749
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium737.40.8137
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High643.80.9319
Single Number Predominant Upwind678.80.8839
Single Number Predominant Reaching605.70.9905
Single Number Predominant Downwind647.30.9269
Predominant Upwind - Low921.50.6511
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med712.30.8424
Predominant Upwind - Medium633.20.9476
Predominant Upwind - Med/High595.91.0070
Predominant Upwind - High582.11.0308
Predominant Downwind Low955.80.6277
Predominant Downwind Low/Med703.70.8527
Predominant Downwind Medium595.51.0076
Predominant Downwind Med/High531.91.1280
Predominant Downwind High498.61.2033
Predominant Reaching Low836.80.7170
Predominant Reaching Low/Med642.30.9341
Predominant Reaching Medium565.61.0609
Predominant Reaching Med/High523.01.1473
Predominant Reaching High500.21.1996
SA/DSPL Upwind21.94SA/DSPL Downwind32.22
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1166.00.5146
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med856.10.7008
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium724.00.8287
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High652.30.9198
5-Band Windward/Leeward High624.50.9607
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1161.70.5165
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med862.50.6957
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium738.30.8127
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High673.80.8905
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High650.90.9218
5-Band AP Low863.10.6952
5-Band AP Low/Med680.50.8817
5-Band AP Medium594.51.0092
5-Band AP Med/High548.91.0931
5-Band AP High528.31.1358
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low1002.90.5983
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med818.40.7331
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium700.90.8561
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High639.60.9382
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High615.10.9754
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.8584
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.8787
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.8929
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6447
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6504
Harvest Moon Regatta529.71.1327
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance660.00.9091
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low777.70.7715
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium602.80.9954
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High542.91.1052
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low999.20.6005
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium737.40.8137
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High643.80.9319
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1660.61108.2840.6703.2623.5582.9552.3503.9491.6
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance660.00.9091
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low777.70.7715
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium602.80.9954
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High542.91.1052
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low999.20.6005
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium737.40.8137
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High643.80.9319
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1660.61108.2840.6703.2623.5582.9552.3503.9491.6
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance660.0
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1660.61108.2840.6703.2623.5582.9552.3503.9491.6
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low777.70.7715
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium602.80.9954
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High542.91.1052
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low999.20.6005
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium737.40.8137
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High643.80.9319
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating660.00.9091
FinRating, kevyt tuuli1147.10.8717
FinRating, kova tuuli531.90.9400
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low777.70.7715
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium602.80.9954
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High542.91.1052
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low999.20.6005
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium737.40.8137
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High643.80.9319
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance0.9091
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7715
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.9954
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1052
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6005
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8137
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9319
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1660.61108.2840.6703.2623.5582.9552.3503.9491.6
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)680.7
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance660.00.9091
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low777.70.7715
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium602.80.9954
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High542.91.1052
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low999.20.6005
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium737.40.8137
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High643.80.9319
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1660.61108.2840.6703.2623.5582.9552.3503.9491.6
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low777.70.7715
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium602.80.9954
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High542.91.1052
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low999.20.6005
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium737.40.8137
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High643.80.9319
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance660.00.9091
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low777.70.7715
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium602.80.9954
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High542.91.1052
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low999.20.6005
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium737.40.8137
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High643.80.9319
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1660.61108.2840.6703.2623.5582.9552.3503.9491.6
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance660.00.9091
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low777.70.7715
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium602.80.9954
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High542.91.1052
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low999.20.6005
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium737.40.8137
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High643.80.9319
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1660.61108.2840.6703.2623.5582.9552.3503.9491.6
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low777.7
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium602.8
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High542.9
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low999.2
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium737.4
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High643.8
Predominantly Upwind653.6
Predominantly Downwind618.7
Predominantly Reaching593.3
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance660.00.9091
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low777.70.7715
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium602.80.9954
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High542.91.1052
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low999.20.6005
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium737.40.8137
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High643.80.9319
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1660.61108.2840.6703.2623.5582.9552.3503.9491.6
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7715
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.9954
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1052
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6005
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8137
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9319
Coastal/Long Distance0.9091
Predominantly Upwind0.9180
Predominantly Downwind0.9698
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)680.7
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Distanseseilas Singeltall  (APH)0.9885
Distanseseilas Trippeltall svak vind0.7715
Distanseseilas Trippeltall mellomvind0.9954
Distanseseilas Trippeltall sterk vind1.1052
Pølsebane Trippeltall svak vind0.6005
Pølsebane Trippeltall mellomvind0.8137
Pølsebane Trippeltall sterk vind0.9319
Motvind Singeltall0.9180
Medvind Singeltall0.9698
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low777.70.7715
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium602.80.9954
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High542.91.1052
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low999.20.6005
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium737.40.8137
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High643.80.9319
Coastal/Long Distance660.00.9091
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind653.60.9180
Predominantly Downwind618.70.9698
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore613.90.9774
Cape Doctor Coastal519.01.1561
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low777.70.7715
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium602.80.9954
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High542.91.1052
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low999.20.6005
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium737.40.8137
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High643.80.9319
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7715
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.9954
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1052
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6005
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8137
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9319
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7715
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.9954
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1052
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6005
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8137
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9319
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance660.00.9091
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low777.70.7715
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium602.80.9954
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High542.91.1052
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low999.20.6005
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium737.40.8137
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High643.80.9319
Predominantly Upwind653.60.9180
Predominantly Downwind618.70.9698
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1660.61108.2840.6703.2623.5582.9552.3503.9491.6
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance660.00.9091
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low777.70.7715
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium602.80.9954
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High542.91.1052
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low999.20.6005
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium737.40.8137
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High643.80.9319
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1660.61108.2840.6703.2623.5582.9552.3503.9491.6
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low777.70.7715
Triple Number AP Medium602.80.9953
Triple Number AP High542.91.1052
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1043.70.5749
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium737.40.8137
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High643.80.9319
Single Number Predominant Upwind678.80.8839
Single Number Predominant Reaching605.70.9905
Single Number Predominant Downwind647.30.9269
Predominant Upwind - Low921.50.6511
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med712.30.8424
Predominant Upwind - Medium633.20.9476
Predominant Upwind - Med/High595.91.0070
Predominant Upwind - High582.11.0308
Predominant Downwind Low955.80.6277
Predominant Downwind Low/Med703.70.8527
Predominant Downwind Medium595.51.0076
Predominant Downwind Med/High531.91.1280
Predominant Downwind High498.61.2033
Predominant Reaching Low836.80.7170
Predominant Reaching Low/Med642.30.9341
Predominant Reaching Medium565.61.0609
Predominant Reaching Med/High523.01.1473
Predominant Reaching High500.21.1996
SA/DSPL Upwind21.94SA/DSPL Downwind32.22
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1166.00.5146
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med856.10.7008
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium724.00.8287
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High652.30.9198
5-Band Windward/Leeward High624.50.9607
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1161.70.5165
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med862.50.6957
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium738.30.8127
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High673.80.8905
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High650.90.9218
5-Band AP Low863.10.6952
5-Band AP Low/Med680.50.8817
5-Band AP Medium594.51.0092
5-Band AP Med/High548.91.0931
5-Band AP High528.31.1358
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low1002.90.5983
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med818.40.7331
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium700.90.8561
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High639.60.9382
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High615.10.9754
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.8584
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.8787
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.8929
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6447
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6504
Harvest Moon Regatta529.71.1327
Double HandedClub Certificate2025
ChristinaNOR 4072
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassMIXER CRMeasurementHINPlan reviewHull constructionSolidCarbon rudderNoLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA10.550Max. Beam3.218Draft1.913Displacement5,360Wetted area23.31IMS L8.512LSM08.442Acc. length10.262Sink (kg/mm) 15.58
VCGD-0.290VCGM-0.195RM Rated (kg·m) 99.1Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight170Declared crew weightN/A
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeFolding 2 blades
InstallationStrutTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRD0.380PBWPIPA0.0033
EDL2.850ST10.050ST20.170
ST30.170ST40.170ST50.260
RIG
Forestay tensionAftInner stayNone FittedMast materialSingle headsail furlerNoMainsail furlerArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunning backstays0CheckstaysSpreaders2Rotating mastNo
P13.000IG11.400ISP11.400MDT10.120MDL10.180MDT20.090MDL20.120TL1.700MW0.180GO0.190
E4.400J3.750BAS1.160FSDFoilSFJ0.000SPL3.830WPLTPS0.000BD0.000MWT0.00MCG0.000
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodVCG entered directlyVCG entered-0.290Flotation Date01/01/2015
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible
Double HandedClub Certificate2025
ChristinaNOR 4072
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateComment397-2011070521060.160.001.702.873.7034.5605/07/20114461-2004012412000.160.001.652.793.7934.4701/01/1753
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateComment397-2011070521090.000.000.000.000.005.6211.54NoNo 33.0105/07/20114461-2004012412010.000.000.000.000.005.5511.61NoNo 32.8001/01/1753
SYMMETRIC SPINNAKER
IdSLUSLESLSHWSFLAreaMeas.DateComment4461-20040124120211.2611.2611.260.000.0064.6901/01/1753
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length10.3 mTable area0.44 m²Headroom1.72 mMinimum number of berths4Personal gear stowage0.16 m³Fresh water capacity86 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit4Food stowage0.24 m³Fuel capacity56 lCabin soleStovesSinksGalley gear stowageToiletWash basinNavigation areaHanging locker
*This list is a summary of the requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for details.