Club Certificate2025
J-walkNOR 11623
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles43.4°43.4°41.4°39.7°37.8°36.9°36.5°36.2°36.4°
Beat VMG2.753.834.715.365.745.926.036.146.17
52°4.335.887.027.708.028.198.288.408.45
60°4.656.227.307.898.208.398.508.648.71
75°4.886.467.488.038.378.638.839.079.21
90°4.676.327.508.128.408.719.009.469.79
110°4.686.417.698.368.829.229.5210.0710.63
120°4.536.277.588.308.829.319.8010.7011.72
135°4.045.677.017.918.489.019.5710.9513.43
150°3.344.776.027.097.888.388.839.8011.46
Run VMG2.904.135.216.146.857.337.738.519.93
Gybe Angles142.3°142.3°145.8°149.5°152.3°155.2°159.0°156.5°140.9°
APH ToD:492.0CDL: 11.743APH ToT: 1.2195CertNo:9186
BOAT
ClassJ/133DesignerJohnstoneBuilderJ/CompositeAge date01/2005Series date01/2004Offset fileJ133.OFFData file9186
HULL
Length Overall13.140 mMaximum Beam3.874 mDraft2.285 mDisplacement8,824 kgDLR5.2387IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.130%Age Allowance0.487%
PROPELLER
InstallationStrutTypeFolding 3 bladesDiameter0.440m
CREW
Maximum weight882 kg(default)Minimum weight750 kg ✱ when appliedNon Manual PowerNoCrew Arm Extension
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail55.7556.88Headsail Luffed49.0549.05Headsail FlyingSymmetricAsymmetric157.25157.25 (1 asymmetric(s) with SHW/SFL < 85%)
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail16.34Storm Jib15.25Heavy Weather Jib41.16
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails7
✱ One set on the forestay
Spinnakers5
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.
Club Certificate2025
J-walkNOR 11623
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1309.3939.4763.6671.4626.7607.8596.9586.1583.8
52°832.1611.9512.8467.7448.7439.7434.6428.8426.1
60°774.9578.4493.2456.3439.0429.1423.4416.7413.3
75°737.4557.1481.4448.6430.1417.3407.9397.1391.0
90°771.7569.3479.9443.6428.4413.5400.2380.5367.8
110°769.9561.4468.4430.7408.0390.4378.2357.4338.7
120°794.5574.2474.7434.0408.2386.6367.4336.6307.1
135°892.0634.6513.2454.8424.5399.3376.3328.8268.1
150°1076.4755.4598.0507.9457.1429.6407.7367.4314.1
Run VMG1243.2872.2690.5586.5525.8491.3465.4422.8362.7
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1276.0905.8727.1628.9576.2549.5531.2504.5473.2
All purpose967.2697.2570.9507.8474.8455.2440.8418.5395.3
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward604.90.9919
All purpose492.01.2195
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low634.00.9463
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium488.91.2272
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High436.01.3760
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low816.40.7349
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium599.71.0005
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High525.81.1412
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance535.01.1215
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low634.00.9463
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium488.91.2272
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High436.01.3760
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low816.40.7349
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium599.71.0005
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High525.81.1412
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1350.6902.4684.0569.3505.4472.2445.3402.0379.7
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.8765
Downwind "popa"1.0359
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.9189
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.9823
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low634.00.9463
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium488.91.2272
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High436.01.3760
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low816.40.7349
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium599.71.0005
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High525.81.1412
Predominantly Upwind531.51.1288
Predominantly Downwind500.91.1978
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low634.10.9463
Triple Number AP Medium489.01.2271
Triple Number AP High436.11.3760
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low852.60.7037
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium599.71.0005
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High525.81.1412
Single Number Predominant Upwind553.51.0840
Single Number Predominant Reaching490.81.2226
Single Number Predominant Downwind521.81.1499
Predominant Upwind - Low771.20.7780
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med584.61.0264
Predominant Upwind - Medium514.11.1671
Predominant Upwind - Med/High479.01.2527
Predominant Upwind - High460.81.3022
Predominant Downwind Low760.90.7886
Predominant Downwind Low/Med564.21.0635
Predominant Downwind Medium483.91.2400
Predominant Downwind Med/High433.71.3836
Predominant Downwind High396.81.5120
Predominant Reaching Low682.50.8792
Predominant Reaching Low/Med520.71.1523
Predominant Reaching Medium459.61.3055
Predominant Reaching Med/High421.71.4229
Predominant Reaching High394.31.5215
SA/DSPL Upwind24.37SA/DSPL Downwind49.52
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low953.70.6291
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med696.50.8614
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium589.41.0180
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High533.51.1245
5-Band Windward/Leeward High503.71.1912
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low960.60.6246
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med704.60.8516
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium599.51.0009
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High546.71.0974
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High520.51.1528
5-Band AP Low699.60.8576
5-Band AP Low/Med553.01.0849
5-Band AP Medium482.21.2444
5-Band AP Med/High442.41.3564
5-Band AP High418.31.4343
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low822.40.7296
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med665.80.9012
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium567.51.0573
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High516.11.1627
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High487.61.2306
Chicago-Mac Upwind1.0504
Chicago-Mac All Purpose1.0820
Chicago-Mac Downwind1.1086
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.7904
Bayview-Mac Shore0.7953
Harvest Moon Regatta429.51.3968
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance535.01.1215
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low634.00.9463
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium488.91.2272
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High436.01.3760
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low816.40.7349
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium599.71.0005
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High525.81.1412
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1350.6902.4684.0569.3505.4472.2445.3402.0379.7
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance535.01.1215
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low634.00.9463
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium488.91.2272
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High436.01.3760
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low816.40.7349
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium599.71.0005
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High525.81.1412
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1350.6902.4684.0569.3505.4472.2445.3402.0379.7
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance535.0
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1350.6902.4684.0569.3505.4472.2445.3402.0379.7
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low634.00.9463
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium488.91.2272
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High436.01.3760
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low816.40.7349
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium599.71.0005
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High525.81.1412
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating535.01.1215
FinRating, kevyt tuuli936.11.0682
FinRating, kova tuuli419.51.1920
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low634.00.9463
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium488.91.2272
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High436.01.3760
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low816.40.7349
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium599.71.0005
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High525.81.1412
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance1.1215
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.9463
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.2272
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.3760
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.7349
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium1.0005
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.1412
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1350.6902.4684.0569.3505.4472.2445.3402.0379.7
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)552.6
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance535.01.1215
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low634.00.9463
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium488.91.2272
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High436.01.3760
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low816.40.7349
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium599.71.0005
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High525.81.1412
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1350.6902.4684.0569.3505.4472.2445.3402.0379.7
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low634.00.9463
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium488.91.2272
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High436.01.3760
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low816.40.7349
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium599.71.0005
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High525.81.1412
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance535.01.1215
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low634.00.9463
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium488.91.2272
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High436.01.3760
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low816.40.7349
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium599.71.0005
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High525.81.1412
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1350.6902.4684.0569.3505.4472.2445.3402.0379.7
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance535.01.1215
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low634.00.9463
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium488.91.2272
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High436.01.3760
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low816.40.7349
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium599.71.0005
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High525.81.1412
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1350.6902.4684.0569.3505.4472.2445.3402.0379.7
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low634.0
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium488.9
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High436.0
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low816.4
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium599.7
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High525.8
Predominantly Upwind531.5
Predominantly Downwind500.9
Predominantly Reaching480.5
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance535.01.1215
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low634.00.9463
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium488.91.2272
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High436.01.3760
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low816.40.7349
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium599.71.0005
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High525.81.1412
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1350.6902.4684.0569.3505.4472.2445.3402.0379.7
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.9463
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.2272
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.3760
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.7349
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium1.0005
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.1412
Coastal/Long Distance1.1215
Predominantly Upwind1.1288
Predominantly Downwind1.1978
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)552.6
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Distanseseilas Singeltall  (APH)1.2195
Distanseseilas Trippeltall svak vind0.9463
Distanseseilas Trippeltall mellomvind1.2272
Distanseseilas Trippeltall sterk vind1.3760
Pølsebane Trippeltall svak vind0.7349
Pølsebane Trippeltall mellomvind1.0005
Pølsebane Trippeltall sterk vind1.1412
Motvind Singeltall1.1288
Medvind Singeltall1.1978
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low634.00.9463
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium488.91.2272
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High436.01.3760
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low816.40.7349
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium599.71.0005
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High525.81.1412
Coastal/Long Distance535.01.1215
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind531.51.1288
Predominantly Downwind500.91.1978
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore482.61.2433
Cape Doctor Coastal402.21.4916
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low634.00.9463
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium488.91.2272
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High436.01.3760
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low816.40.7349
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium599.71.0005
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High525.81.1412
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.9463
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.2272
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.3760
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.7349
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium1.0005
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.1412
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.9463
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.2272
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.3760
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.7349
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium1.0005
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.1412
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance535.01.1215
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low634.00.9463
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium488.91.2272
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High436.01.3760
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low816.40.7349
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium599.71.0005
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High525.81.1412
Predominantly Upwind531.51.1288
Predominantly Downwind500.91.1978
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1350.6902.4684.0569.3505.4472.2445.3402.0379.7
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance535.01.1215
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low634.00.9463
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium488.91.2272
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High436.01.3760
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low816.40.7349
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium599.71.0005
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High525.81.1412
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1350.6902.4684.0569.3505.4472.2445.3402.0379.7
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low634.10.9463
Triple Number AP Medium489.01.2271
Triple Number AP High436.11.3760
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low852.60.7037
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium599.71.0005
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High525.81.1412
Single Number Predominant Upwind553.51.0840
Single Number Predominant Reaching490.81.2226
Single Number Predominant Downwind521.81.1499
Predominant Upwind - Low771.20.7780
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med584.61.0264
Predominant Upwind - Medium514.11.1671
Predominant Upwind - Med/High479.01.2527
Predominant Upwind - High460.81.3022
Predominant Downwind Low760.90.7886
Predominant Downwind Low/Med564.21.0635
Predominant Downwind Medium483.91.2400
Predominant Downwind Med/High433.71.3836
Predominant Downwind High396.81.5120
Predominant Reaching Low682.50.8792
Predominant Reaching Low/Med520.71.1523
Predominant Reaching Medium459.61.3055
Predominant Reaching Med/High421.71.4229
Predominant Reaching High394.31.5215
SA/DSPL Upwind24.37SA/DSPL Downwind49.52
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low953.70.6291
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med696.50.8614
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium589.41.0180
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High533.51.1245
5-Band Windward/Leeward High503.71.1912
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low960.60.6246
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med704.60.8516
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium599.51.0009
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High546.71.0974
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High520.51.1528
5-Band AP Low699.60.8576
5-Band AP Low/Med553.01.0849
5-Band AP Medium482.21.2444
5-Band AP Med/High442.41.3564
5-Band AP High418.31.4343
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low822.40.7296
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med665.80.9012
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium567.51.0573
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High516.11.1627
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High487.61.2306
Chicago-Mac Upwind1.0504
Chicago-Mac All Purpose1.0820
Chicago-Mac Downwind1.1086
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.7904
Bayview-Mac Shore0.7953
Harvest Moon Regatta429.51.3968
Club Certificate2025
J-walkNOR 11623
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassJ/133MeasurementHINPlan reviewHull constructionCoredCarbon rudderNoLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA13.140Max. Beam3.874Draft2.285Displacement8,824Wetted area35.69IMS L12.132LSM011.897Acc. length12.591Sink (kg/mm) 26.33
VCGD-0.280VCGM-0.329RM Rated (kg·m) 262.9Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight882Declared crew weightN/A
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeFolding 3 blades
InstallationStrutTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRD0.440PBWPIPA0.0041
EDL1.530ST10.070ST20.180
ST30.180ST40.110ST50.260
RIG
Forestay tensionAftInner stayNone FittedMast materialCarbonSingle headsail furlerYesMainsail furlerArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunning backstays0CheckstaysSpreaders2Rotating mastNo
P16.460IG17.360ISP17.880MDT10.130MDL10.220MDT20.090MDL20.130TL1.220MW0.190GO0.220
E5.670J5.230BAS1.800FSDFoilSFJ0.000SPL0.000WPLTPS7.300BD0.000MWT208.00MCG6.090
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodVCG entered directlyVCG entered-0.280Flotation Date01/01/2015
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible
Club Certificate2025
J-walkNOR 11623
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateComment469-2019041708460.171.212.183.674.7655.7517/04/2019
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateComment469-2025043008520.050.621.222.584.066.8517.00NoNo 49.0530/04/2025Ullman sails CC Black
ASYMMETRIC SPINNAKER
IdSLUSLESLSHWSFLRatioAreaMeas.DateComment336-20120925145220.1516.0018.0810.0512.0084%157.2525/09/2012D-206 A-1329-20060531181820.1016.2018.1510.0611.4088%156.2131/05/2006
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length12.6 mTable area0.55 m²Headroom1.84 mMinimum number of berths5Personal gear stowage0.20 m³Fresh water capacity165 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit5Food stowage0.30 m³Fuel capacity102 lCabin soleStovesSinksGalley gear stowageToiletWash basinNavigation areaHanging locker
*This list is a summary of the requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for details.