Double HandedClub Certificate2025
AbeloneNOR 2146
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles41.9°41.9°39.8°39.2°39.1°39.3°39.3°40.3°43.2°
Beat VMG2.663.524.054.244.314.344.364.314.07
52°4.095.255.866.076.156.206.236.256.13
60°4.305.476.036.246.336.396.436.476.42
75°4.435.606.166.436.576.666.746.846.86
90°4.355.546.156.496.736.917.047.247.35
110°4.025.316.146.576.897.147.327.607.86
120°3.825.146.036.496.867.237.568.068.45
135°3.294.595.646.276.657.017.428.5310.25
150°2.693.884.965.826.366.747.108.039.78
Run VMG2.333.364.295.095.736.236.617.308.47
Gybe Angles145.6°145.6°150.7°155.4°164.6°173.6°178.6°178.1°148.5°
APH ToD:621.7CDL: 7.019APH ToT: 0.9651CertNo:4142
BOAT
ClassONE OFFDesignerBirgerBraadlandBuilderVaterland BåtbyggeriAge date01/1979Series date01/1979Offset fileHALFTONNER-NOR2146.OFFData file4142
HULL
Length Overall8.996 mMaximum Beam3.114 mDraft1.601 mDisplacement2,317 kgDLR5.7383IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.020%Age Allowance0.487%
PROPELLER
InstallationShaft exposedTypeFolding 2 bladesDiameter0.350m
CREW
Maximum weight170 kg(default)Minimum weight120 kg ✱ when appliedNon Manual PowerNoCrew Arm Extension
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail25.7326.42Headsail Luffed22.6322.63Headsail FlyingSymmetric43.1943.19Asymmetric
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail7.48Storm Jib5.18Heavy Weather Jib13.97
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails5Spinnakers4
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.
Double HandedClub Certificate2025
AbeloneNOR 2146
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1355.31023.8889.3848.5834.7829.3826.1835.2884.2
52°881.2685.3614.2593.4585.4580.7577.5576.3587.2
60°837.4658.3596.6576.6568.7563.3559.5556.3561.0
75°813.1642.3584.0560.2548.0540.3533.9526.2525.1
90°827.8649.8585.4554.4534.5520.8511.5497.3490.0
110°895.5677.4586.8548.3522.5504.0491.8473.8458.0
120°941.3700.3596.7554.7524.9498.2476.2446.9426.0
135°1095.6783.5638.8574.3541.0513.7485.5422.3351.2
150°1338.9927.5726.4619.1566.0534.0507.1448.5368.2
Run VMG1545.61071.0838.3707.8627.8578.0544.8492.8425.2
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1446.71047.4863.8778.1731.3703.6685.5664.0654.7
All purpose1088.9810.1688.5635.3607.1589.1575.6555.0542.1
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward756.20.7934
All purpose621.70.9651
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low749.30.8007
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium618.80.9696
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High571.21.0504
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low955.60.6279
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium751.00.7989
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High682.00.8798
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance672.50.8922
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low749.30.8007
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium618.80.9696
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High571.21.0504
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low955.60.6279
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium751.00.7989
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High682.00.8798
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1540.41049.7816.3708.2647.0610.5579.7527.9512.5
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.6900
Downwind "popa"0.8641
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.7344
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.8033
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low749.30.8007
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium618.80.9696
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High571.21.0504
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low955.60.6279
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium751.00.7989
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High682.00.8798
Predominantly Upwind673.20.8912
Predominantly Downwind620.60.9668
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low749.30.8007
Triple Number AP Medium618.90.9695
Triple Number AP High571.21.0504
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low996.50.6021
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium751.00.7989
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High682.00.8798
Single Number Predominant Upwind694.30.8642
Single Number Predominant Reaching611.20.9816
Single Number Predominant Downwind645.30.9298
Predominant Upwind - Low870.00.6896
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med710.80.8441
Predominant Upwind - Medium660.70.9081
Predominant Upwind - Med/High636.00.9434
Predominant Upwind - High626.40.9578
Predominant Downwind Low909.10.6600
Predominant Downwind Low/Med691.20.8681
Predominant Downwind Medium603.80.9936
Predominant Downwind Med/High547.01.0968
Predominant Downwind High505.71.1864
Predominant Reaching Low794.20.7555
Predominant Reaching Low/Med638.40.9398
Predominant Reaching Medium581.51.0317
Predominant Reaching Med/High544.71.1015
Predominant Reaching High518.01.1583
SA/DSPL Upwind27.54SA/DSPL Downwind39.25
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1102.30.5443
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med841.10.7134
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium741.60.8090
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High688.80.8711
5-Band Windward/Leeward High666.10.9007
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1096.40.5472
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med850.20.7057
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium761.30.7881
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High716.80.8370
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High701.30.8555
5-Band AP Low820.70.7311
5-Band AP Low/Med675.70.8880
5-Band AP Medium612.90.9789
5-Band AP Med/High577.01.0398
5-Band AP High556.31.0786
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low953.60.6292
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med806.80.7437
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium721.50.8316
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High676.20.8873
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High654.60.9166
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.8459
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.8755
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.9001
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6693
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6754
Harvest Moon Regatta540.91.1093
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance672.50.8922
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low749.30.8007
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium618.80.9696
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High571.21.0504
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low955.60.6279
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium751.00.7989
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High682.00.8798
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1540.41049.7816.3708.2647.0610.5579.7527.9512.5
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance672.50.8922
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low749.30.8007
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium618.80.9696
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High571.21.0504
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low955.60.6279
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium751.00.7989
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High682.00.8798
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1540.41049.7816.3708.2647.0610.5579.7527.9512.5
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance672.5
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1540.41049.7816.3708.2647.0610.5579.7527.9512.5
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low749.30.8007
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium618.80.9696
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High571.21.0504
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low955.60.6279
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium751.00.7989
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High682.00.8798
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating672.50.8922
FinRating, kevyt tuuli1082.40.9238
FinRating, kova tuuli559.00.8944
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low749.30.8007
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium618.80.9696
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High571.21.0504
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low955.60.6279
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium751.00.7989
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High682.00.8798
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance0.8922
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8007
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.9696
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.0504
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6279
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.7989
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.8798
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1540.41049.7816.3708.2647.0610.5579.7527.9512.5
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)686.2
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance672.50.8922
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low749.30.8007
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium618.80.9696
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High571.21.0504
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low955.60.6279
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium751.00.7989
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High682.00.8798
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1540.41049.7816.3708.2647.0610.5579.7527.9512.5
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low749.30.8007
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium618.80.9696
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High571.21.0504
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low955.60.6279
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium751.00.7989
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High682.00.8798
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance672.50.8922
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low749.30.8007
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium618.80.9696
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High571.21.0504
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low955.60.6279
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium751.00.7989
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High682.00.8798
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1540.41049.7816.3708.2647.0610.5579.7527.9512.5
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance672.50.8922
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low749.30.8007
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium618.80.9696
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High571.21.0504
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low955.60.6279
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium751.00.7989
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High682.00.8798
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1540.41049.7816.3708.2647.0610.5579.7527.9512.5
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low749.3
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium618.8
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High571.2
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low955.6
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium751.0
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High682.0
Predominantly Upwind673.2
Predominantly Downwind620.6
Predominantly Reaching599.7
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance672.50.8922
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low749.30.8007
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium618.80.9696
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High571.21.0504
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low955.60.6279
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium751.00.7989
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High682.00.8798
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1540.41049.7816.3708.2647.0610.5579.7527.9512.5
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8007
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.9696
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.0504
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6279
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.7989
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.8798
Coastal/Long Distance0.8922
Predominantly Upwind0.8912
Predominantly Downwind0.9668
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)686.2
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Distanseseilas Singeltall  (APH)0.9651
Distanseseilas Trippeltall svak vind0.8007
Distanseseilas Trippeltall mellomvind0.9696
Distanseseilas Trippeltall sterk vind1.0504
Pølsebane Trippeltall svak vind0.6279
Pølsebane Trippeltall mellomvind0.7989
Pølsebane Trippeltall sterk vind0.8798
Motvind Singeltall0.8912
Medvind Singeltall0.9668
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low749.30.8007
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium618.80.9696
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High571.21.0504
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low955.60.6279
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium751.00.7989
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High682.00.8798
Coastal/Long Distance672.50.8922
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind673.20.8912
Predominantly Downwind620.60.9668
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore657.50.9125
Cape Doctor Coastal545.91.0990
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low749.30.8007
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium618.80.9696
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High571.21.0504
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low955.60.6279
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium751.00.7989
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High682.00.8798
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8007
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.9696
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.0504
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6279
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.7989
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.8798
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8007
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.9696
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.0504
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6279
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.7989
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.8798
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance672.50.8922
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low749.30.8007
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium618.80.9696
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High571.21.0504
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low955.60.6279
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium751.00.7989
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High682.00.8798
Predominantly Upwind673.20.8912
Predominantly Downwind620.60.9668
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1540.41049.7816.3708.2647.0610.5579.7527.9512.5
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance672.50.8922
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low749.30.8007
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium618.80.9696
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High571.21.0504
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low955.60.6279
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium751.00.7989
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High682.00.8798
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1540.41049.7816.3708.2647.0610.5579.7527.9512.5
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low749.30.8007
Triple Number AP Medium618.90.9695
Triple Number AP High571.21.0504
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low996.50.6021
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium751.00.7989
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High682.00.8798
Single Number Predominant Upwind694.30.8642
Single Number Predominant Reaching611.20.9816
Single Number Predominant Downwind645.30.9298
Predominant Upwind - Low870.00.6896
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med710.80.8441
Predominant Upwind - Medium660.70.9081
Predominant Upwind - Med/High636.00.9434
Predominant Upwind - High626.40.9578
Predominant Downwind Low909.10.6600
Predominant Downwind Low/Med691.20.8681
Predominant Downwind Medium603.80.9936
Predominant Downwind Med/High547.01.0968
Predominant Downwind High505.71.1864
Predominant Reaching Low794.20.7555
Predominant Reaching Low/Med638.40.9398
Predominant Reaching Medium581.51.0317
Predominant Reaching Med/High544.71.1015
Predominant Reaching High518.01.1583
SA/DSPL Upwind27.54SA/DSPL Downwind39.25
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1102.30.5443
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med841.10.7134
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium741.60.8090
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High688.80.8711
5-Band Windward/Leeward High666.10.9007
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1096.40.5472
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med850.20.7057
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium761.30.7881
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High716.80.8370
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High701.30.8555
5-Band AP Low820.70.7311
5-Band AP Low/Med675.70.8880
5-Band AP Medium612.90.9789
5-Band AP Med/High577.01.0398
5-Band AP High556.31.0786
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low953.60.6292
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med806.80.7437
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium721.50.8316
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High676.20.8873
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High654.60.9166
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.8459
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.8755
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.9001
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6693
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6754
Harvest Moon Regatta540.91.1093
Double HandedClub Certificate2025
AbeloneNOR 2146
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassONE OFFMeasurementHINPlan reviewHull constructionSolidCarbon rudderNoLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA8.996Max. Beam3.114Draft1.601Displacement2,317Wetted area14.50IMS L7.638LSM07.391Acc. length8.996Sink (kg/mm) 11.13
VCGD0.226VCGM0.134RM Rated (kg·m) 42.0Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight170Declared crew weightN/A
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeFolding 2 blades
InstallationShaft exposedTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRD0.350PBWPIPA0.0031
PSD0.020PHD0.060PHL0.120
PSA16.0°ESL0.730
ST10.020ST20.050ST30.050
ST40.040ST50.160
RIG
Forestay tensionAftInner stayNone FittedMast materialAluminumSingle headsail furlerNoMainsail furlerArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunning backstays2CheckstaysSpreaders2Rotating mastNo
P10.500IG10.170ISP10.670MDT10.090MDL10.140MDT20.000MDL20.000TLTaperMW0.000GO0.000
E4.070J2.990BAS1.310FSD0.000SFJ0.380SPL3.110WPLTPS0.000BD0.000MWT0.00MCG0.000
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodRM entered directlyRM entered42.0Flotation Date01/01/2015
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible
Double HandedClub Certificate2025
AbeloneNOR 2146
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateComment460-2021091500460.150.921.612.653.4125.7314/09/2021
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateComment460-2021091501053.000.551.082.183.274.489.56NoNo 22.6314/09/2021
SYMMETRIC SPINNAKER
IdSLUSLESLSHWSFLAreaMeas.DateComment4142-2004012412029.509.459.485.505.3543.1912/04/2023(460( Kjølberg: Remålt seil, 20230412
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length9.0 mTable area0.44 m²Headroom1.62 mMinimum number of berths4Personal gear stowage0.16 m³Fresh water capacity60 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit4Food stowage0.24 m³Fuel capacity30 lCabin soleStovesSinksGalley gear stowageToiletWash basinNavigation areaHanging locker
*This list is a summary of the requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for details.