Club Certificate2025
PsykeNOR 3106
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles42.1°42.1°40.2°39.8°39.7°39.5°39.3°39.3°41.1°
Beat VMG2.303.143.764.104.274.364.434.474.34
52°3.524.735.555.986.176.276.346.406.37
60°3.724.965.786.196.386.476.546.616.60
75°3.865.135.966.376.596.726.816.936.97
90°3.915.186.006.416.686.877.027.247.37
110°3.985.346.256.666.887.057.207.457.63
120°3.815.206.196.687.017.277.467.788.06
135°3.294.645.756.506.917.287.658.419.00
150°2.683.864.965.936.586.977.358.189.49
Run VMG2.313.354.305.145.876.386.777.478.31
Gybe Angles145.6°145.6°149.8°151.4°160.3°168.9°175.4°175.9°160.0°
APH ToD:622.9CDL: 7.167APH ToT: 0.9633CertNo:6846
BOAT
ClassAPHRODITE 101DesignerElvström/KjärulffBuilderBianca YachtsAge dateSeries date01/1976Offset fileE111.BOFData file6846
HULL
Length Overall9.950 mMaximum Beam2.444 mDraft1.744 mDisplacement3,171 kgDLR6.2253IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.220%Age Allowance0.487%
PROPELLER
InstallationShaft exposedTypeFolding 2 bladesDiameter0.380m
CREW
Maximum weight220 kg(declared)Minimum weight130 kg ✱ when appliedNon Manual PowerNoCrew Arm Extension
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail24.3824.66Headsail Luffed18.8518.85Headsail FlyingSymmetric69.4569.44Asymmetric
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail7.35Storm Jib6.05Heavy Weather Jib16.34
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails5Spinnakers4
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.
Club Certificate2025
PsykeNOR 3106
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1565.91145.0956.2877.5844.0825.3813.3805.4828.8
52°1022.5761.6648.5601.8583.3574.1567.9562.5565.6
60°969.0725.9622.5581.8564.6556.4550.6545.0545.5
75°933.8701.8603.9564.9546.5535.7528.6519.7516.8
90°921.0694.9600.5561.8538.9523.8512.6497.5488.4
110°903.5673.6575.9540.8523.6510.9500.3483.4472.1
120°945.1692.5581.5539.0513.6495.3482.9462.9446.9
135°1092.6776.2626.2553.7520.7494.2470.7428.1399.9
150°1345.3931.5725.7606.7547.1516.3489.9440.4379.5
Run VMG1557.11075.6838.0699.8612.9564.0531.8482.2433.3
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1559.91110.3897.1788.6728.4694.7672.5643.8631.0
All purpose1177.9855.3707.4638.5603.3582.8567.9546.5535.2
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward759.90.7896
All purpose622.90.9633
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low781.40.7679
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium618.60.9699
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High563.61.0646
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1003.70.5978
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium754.10.7956
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High667.30.8992
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance675.70.8880
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low781.40.7679
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium618.60.9699
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High563.61.0646
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1003.70.5978
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium754.10.7956
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High667.30.8992
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1651.71106.8844.2714.5642.8603.8572.9524.3509.9
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.6702
Downwind "popa"0.8742
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.7207
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.8011
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low781.40.7679
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium618.60.9699
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High563.61.0646
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1003.70.5978
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium754.10.7956
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High667.30.8992
Predominantly Upwind681.20.8808
Predominantly Downwind616.20.9737
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low781.30.7679
Triple Number AP Medium618.70.9698
Triple Number AP High563.61.0646
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1048.60.5722
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium754.10.7956
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High667.30.8992
Single Number Predominant Upwind707.70.8478
Single Number Predominant Reaching616.50.9733
Single Number Predominant Downwind644.00.9317
Predominant Upwind - Low946.50.6339
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med736.80.8143
Predominant Upwind - Medium663.10.9049
Predominant Upwind - Med/High626.80.9573
Predominant Upwind - High611.90.9805
Predominant Downwind Low935.00.6417
Predominant Downwind Low/Med693.80.8648
Predominant Downwind Medium595.41.0077
Predominant Downwind Med/High536.91.1176
Predominant Downwind High502.41.1942
Predominant Reaching Low836.40.7173
Predominant Reaching Low/Med648.30.9255
Predominant Reaching Medium578.51.0372
Predominant Reaching Med/High538.11.1150
Predominant Reaching High515.01.1651
SA/DSPL Upwind19.95SA/DSPL Downwind43.30
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1169.80.5129
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med865.40.6934
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium742.20.8084
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High676.10.8874
5-Band Windward/Leeward High646.60.9280
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1176.40.5100
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med880.20.6816
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium764.40.7850
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High704.20.8520
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High679.40.8831
5-Band AP Low859.90.6978
5-Band AP Low/Med689.50.8702
5-Band AP Medium611.40.9813
5-Band AP Med/High569.81.0530
5-Band AP High548.21.0944
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low1008.70.5948
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med829.80.7230
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium721.40.8317
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High664.10.9035
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High637.40.9413
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.8250
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.8634
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.8998
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6393
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6437
Harvest Moon Regatta540.81.1094
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance675.70.8880
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low781.40.7679
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium618.60.9699
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High563.61.0646
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1003.70.5978
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium754.10.7956
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High667.30.8992
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1651.71106.8844.2714.5642.8603.8572.9524.3509.9
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance675.70.8880
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low781.40.7679
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium618.60.9699
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High563.61.0646
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1003.70.5978
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium754.10.7956
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High667.30.8992
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1651.71106.8844.2714.5642.8603.8572.9524.3509.9
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance675.7
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1651.71106.8844.2714.5642.8603.8572.9524.3509.9
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low781.40.7679
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium618.60.9699
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High563.61.0646
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1003.70.5978
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium754.10.7956
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High667.30.8992
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating675.70.8880
FinRating, kevyt tuuli1148.10.8710
FinRating, kova tuuli551.70.9063
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low781.40.7679
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium618.60.9699
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High563.61.0646
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1003.70.5978
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium754.10.7956
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High667.30.8992
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance0.8880
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7679
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.9699
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.0646
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5978
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.7956
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.8992
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1651.71106.8844.2714.5642.8603.8572.9524.3509.9
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)694.9
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance675.70.8880
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low781.40.7679
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium618.60.9699
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High563.61.0646
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1003.70.5978
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium754.10.7956
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High667.30.8992
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1651.71106.8844.2714.5642.8603.8572.9524.3509.9
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low781.40.7679
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium618.60.9699
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High563.61.0646
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1003.70.5978
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium754.10.7956
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High667.30.8992
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance675.70.8880
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low781.40.7679
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium618.60.9699
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High563.61.0646
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1003.70.5978
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium754.10.7956
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High667.30.8992
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1651.71106.8844.2714.5642.8603.8572.9524.3509.9
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance675.70.8880
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low781.40.7679
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium618.60.9699
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High563.61.0646
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1003.70.5978
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium754.10.7956
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High667.30.8992
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1651.71106.8844.2714.5642.8603.8572.9524.3509.9
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low781.4
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium618.6
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High563.6
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1003.7
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium754.1
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High667.3
Predominantly Upwind681.2
Predominantly Downwind616.2
Predominantly Reaching598.5
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance675.70.8880
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low781.40.7679
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium618.60.9699
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High563.61.0646
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1003.70.5978
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium754.10.7956
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High667.30.8992
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1651.71106.8844.2714.5642.8603.8572.9524.3509.9
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7679
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.9699
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.0646
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5978
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.7956
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.8992
Coastal/Long Distance0.8880
Predominantly Upwind0.8808
Predominantly Downwind0.9737
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)694.9
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Distanseseilas Singeltall  (APH)0.9633
Distanseseilas Trippeltall svak vind0.7679
Distanseseilas Trippeltall mellomvind0.9699
Distanseseilas Trippeltall sterk vind1.0646
Pølsebane Trippeltall svak vind0.5978
Pølsebane Trippeltall mellomvind0.7956
Pølsebane Trippeltall sterk vind0.8992
Motvind Singeltall0.8808
Medvind Singeltall0.9737
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low781.40.7679
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium618.60.9699
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High563.61.0646
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1003.70.5978
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium754.10.7956
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High667.30.8992
Coastal/Long Distance675.70.8880
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind681.20.8808
Predominantly Downwind616.20.9737
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore634.90.9451
Cape Doctor Coastal538.61.1140
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low781.40.7679
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium618.60.9699
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High563.61.0646
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1003.70.5978
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium754.10.7956
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High667.30.8992
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7679
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.9699
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.0646
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5978
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.7956
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.8992
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7679
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.9699
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.0646
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5978
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.7956
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.8992
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance675.70.8880
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low781.40.7679
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium618.60.9699
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High563.61.0646
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1003.70.5978
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium754.10.7956
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High667.30.8992
Predominantly Upwind681.20.8808
Predominantly Downwind616.20.9737
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1651.71106.8844.2714.5642.8603.8572.9524.3509.9
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance675.70.8880
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low781.40.7679
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium618.60.9699
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High563.61.0646
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1003.70.5978
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium754.10.7956
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High667.30.8992
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1651.71106.8844.2714.5642.8603.8572.9524.3509.9
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low781.30.7679
Triple Number AP Medium618.70.9698
Triple Number AP High563.61.0646
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1048.60.5722
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium754.10.7956
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High667.30.8992
Single Number Predominant Upwind707.70.8478
Single Number Predominant Reaching616.50.9733
Single Number Predominant Downwind644.00.9317
Predominant Upwind - Low946.50.6339
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med736.80.8143
Predominant Upwind - Medium663.10.9049
Predominant Upwind - Med/High626.80.9573
Predominant Upwind - High611.90.9805
Predominant Downwind Low935.00.6417
Predominant Downwind Low/Med693.80.8648
Predominant Downwind Medium595.41.0077
Predominant Downwind Med/High536.91.1176
Predominant Downwind High502.41.1942
Predominant Reaching Low836.40.7173
Predominant Reaching Low/Med648.30.9255
Predominant Reaching Medium578.51.0372
Predominant Reaching Med/High538.11.1150
Predominant Reaching High515.01.1651
SA/DSPL Upwind19.95SA/DSPL Downwind43.30
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1169.80.5129
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med865.40.6934
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium742.20.8084
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High676.10.8874
5-Band Windward/Leeward High646.60.9280
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1176.40.5100
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med880.20.6816
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium764.40.7850
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High704.20.8520
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High679.40.8831
5-Band AP Low859.90.6978
5-Band AP Low/Med689.50.8702
5-Band AP Medium611.40.9813
5-Band AP Med/High569.81.0530
5-Band AP High548.21.0944
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low1008.70.5948
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med829.80.7230
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium721.40.8317
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High664.10.9035
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High637.40.9413
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.8250
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.8634
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.8998
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6393
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6437
Harvest Moon Regatta540.81.1094
Club Certificate2025
PsykeNOR 3106
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassAPHRODITE 101MeasurementHINPlan reviewHull constructionSolidCarbon rudderNoLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA9.950Max. Beam2.444Draft1.744Displacement3,171Wetted area15.93IMS L8.073LSM07.986Acc. length7.943Sink (kg/mm) 10.67
VCGD-0.184VCGM-0.207RM Rated (kg·m) 38.3Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight499Declared crew weight220
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeFolding 2 blades
InstallationShaft exposedTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRD0.380PBWPIPA0.0116
PSD0.025PHD0.078PHL0.150
PSA22.0°ESL3.140
ST10.025ST20.000ST30.103
ST40.103ST50.103
RIG
Forestay tensionAftInner stayNone FittedMast materialAluminumSingle headsail furlerNoMainsail furlerArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunning backstays0CheckstaysSpreaders1Rotating mastNo
P12.000IG11.000ISP11.000MDT10.090MDL10.139MDT20.090MDL20.110TL1.700MW0.139GO0.139
E3.500J3.600BAS1.100FSD0.000SFJ0.750SPL3.660WPLTPS0.000BD0.000MWT0.00MCG0.000
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodVCG entered directlyVCG entered-0.184Flotation Date01/01/2015
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible
Club Certificate2025
PsykeNOR 3106
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateComment306-2025052306080.120.691.242.172.9024.3823/05/2025
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateComment306-2025052306070.060.480.941.802.493.1611.12YesNo 18.8523/05/2025
SYMMETRIC SPINNAKER
IdSLUSLESLSHWSFLAreaMeas.DateComment306-20250523062610.7510.7510.758.086.4469.4523/05/2025306-20250523062810.6110.6110.615.874.9150.2023/05/2025
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length7.9 mTable area0.22 m²Headroom1.40 mMinimum number of berths2Personal gear stowage0.08 m³Fresh water capacity19 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit2Food stowage0.12 m³Fuel capacity20 lCabin soleStovesSinksGalley gear stowageToiletWash basinNavigation areaHanging locker
*This list is a summary of the requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for details.