Non Spin/HSFClub Certificate2025
AmalieNOR 10967
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles43.3°43.3°41.2°40.0°39.1°38.7°38.6°38.6°39.7°
Beat VMG2.743.764.535.005.205.305.365.405.30
52°4.285.726.707.237.447.547.607.677.66
60°4.566.016.937.437.657.757.827.917.92
75°4.776.227.097.587.868.038.148.308.38
90°4.636.117.057.587.928.188.398.678.86
110°4.065.476.507.307.778.138.479.069.42
120°3.645.066.227.097.648.038.389.079.78
135°3.094.425.596.537.247.718.078.779.54
150°2.533.714.825.786.607.257.698.389.07
Run VMG2.193.214.175.035.816.527.147.948.59
Gybe Angles143.8°143.8°149.2°154.7°161.3°170.5°177.2°179.5°179.5°
APH ToD:552.3CDL: 10.039APH ToT: 1.0864CertNo:8736
BOAT
ClassDUFOUR 40 HRDesignerfelchiBuilderDufour YachtsAge date01/2004Series date01/2001Offset fileDUFOUR40FK.offData file8736
HULL
Length Overall12.150 mMaximum Beam3.890 mDraft2.092 mDisplacement7,630 kgDLR6.6132IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.110%Age Allowance0.487%
PROPELLER
InstallationStrutTypeFolding 2 bladesDiameter0.400m
CREW
Maximum weight737 kg(default)Minimum weight607 kg ✱ when appliedNon Manual PowerNoCrew Arm Extension
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail49.5450.99Headsail Luffed47.9747.97Headsail FlyingSymmetricAsymmetric
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail13.56Storm Jib11.74Heavy Weather Jib31.70
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails6
✱ Zero set flying
Spinnakers0
✱ Spinnaker pole aboard
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.
Non Spin/HSFClub Certificate2025
AmalieNOR 10967
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1315.2958.6795.5720.7692.5679.3671.8667.2679.4
52°841.5629.4537.7498.2483.9477.5473.6469.5470.2
60°789.2598.6519.2484.6470.4464.4460.3455.3454.6
75°755.5578.9507.6475.1458.2448.3442.5433.8429.6
90°776.9589.2510.8474.9454.6439.9428.9415.2406.2
110°886.7658.4553.5493.3463.1442.6425.0397.3382.0
120°990.4711.6578.8507.6471.2448.6429.6396.9368.1
135°1163.6814.4644.6551.5497.4467.1446.1410.3377.5
150°1424.2970.0746.8622.7545.3496.8467.9429.5396.8
Run VMG1642.61120.1862.4715.8620.1551.7504.5453.2419.1
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1476.41039.4828.9718.2656.3615.5588.1560.2549.2
All purpose1092.8788.1645.0571.5532.2508.2492.0471.6460.2
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward685.30.8755
All purpose552.31.0864
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low716.60.8373
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium548.71.0935
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High488.41.2286
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low934.10.6423
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium681.10.8809
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High584.51.0265
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance604.20.9931
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low716.60.8373
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium548.71.0935
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High488.41.2286
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low934.10.6423
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium681.10.8809
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High584.51.0265
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1600.01047.4780.9646.2569.2528.1497.3451.1436.4
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.8099
Downwind "popa"0.8700
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.8271
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.8511
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low716.60.8373
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium548.71.0935
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High488.41.2286
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low934.10.6423
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium681.10.8809
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High584.51.0265
Predominantly Upwind585.01.0257
Predominantly Downwind577.51.0390
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low716.60.8373
Triple Number AP Medium548.81.0934
Triple Number AP High488.41.2286
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low977.60.6138
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium681.10.8809
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High584.51.0265
Single Number Predominant Upwind607.40.9878
Single Number Predominant Reaching549.51.0920
Single Number Predominant Downwind606.40.9895
Predominant Upwind - Low828.40.7243
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med636.80.9422
Predominant Upwind - Medium566.31.0596
Predominant Upwind - Med/High531.91.1279
Predominant Upwind - High518.41.1574
Predominant Downwind Low917.30.6541
Predominant Downwind Low/Med664.90.9024
Predominant Downwind Medium555.01.0810
Predominant Downwind Med/High487.31.2312
Predominant Downwind High453.41.3234
Predominant Reaching Low769.00.7802
Predominant Reaching Low/Med585.31.0251
Predominant Reaching Medium511.61.1728
Predominant Reaching Med/High469.51.2780
Predominant Reaching High447.91.3397
SA/DSPL Upwind24.99SA/DSPL Downwind24.99
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1096.60.5471
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med795.40.7543
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium668.40.8977
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High593.81.0104
5-Band Windward/Leeward High563.11.0655
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1078.70.5562
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med791.90.7577
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium675.10.8888
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High609.90.9838
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High584.51.0265
5-Band AP Low802.50.7477
5-Band AP Low/Med623.50.9623
5-Band AP Medium540.71.1096
5-Band AP Med/High494.71.2130
5-Band AP High473.11.2682
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low934.70.6419
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med755.80.7939
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium642.90.9332
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High580.21.0342
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High554.01.0831
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9593
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9601
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.9496
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6937
Bayview-Mac Shore0.7025
Harvest Moon Regatta479.21.2521
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance604.20.9931
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low716.60.8373
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium548.71.0935
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High488.41.2286
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low934.10.6423
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium681.10.8809
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High584.51.0265
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1600.01047.4780.9646.2569.2528.1497.3451.1436.4
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance604.20.9931
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low716.60.8373
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium548.71.0935
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High488.41.2286
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low934.10.6423
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium681.10.8809
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High584.51.0265
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1600.01047.4780.9646.2569.2528.1497.3451.1436.4
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance604.2
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1600.01047.4780.9646.2569.2528.1497.3451.1436.4
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low716.60.8373
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium548.71.0935
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High488.41.2286
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low934.10.6423
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium681.10.8809
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High584.51.0265
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating604.20.9931
FinRating, kevyt tuuli1079.10.9267
FinRating, kova tuuli476.31.0497
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low716.60.8373
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium548.71.0935
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High488.41.2286
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low934.10.6423
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium681.10.8809
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High584.51.0265
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance0.9931
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8373
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0935
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2286
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6423
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8809
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0265
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1600.01047.4780.9646.2569.2528.1497.3451.1436.4
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)621.3
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance604.20.9931
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low716.60.8373
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium548.71.0935
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High488.41.2286
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low934.10.6423
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium681.10.8809
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High584.51.0265
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1600.01047.4780.9646.2569.2528.1497.3451.1436.4
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low716.60.8373
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium548.71.0935
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High488.41.2286
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low934.10.6423
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium681.10.8809
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High584.51.0265
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance604.20.9931
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low716.60.8373
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium548.71.0935
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High488.41.2286
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low934.10.6423
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium681.10.8809
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High584.51.0265
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1600.01047.4780.9646.2569.2528.1497.3451.1436.4
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance604.20.9931
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low716.60.8373
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium548.71.0935
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High488.41.2286
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low934.10.6423
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium681.10.8809
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High584.51.0265
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1600.01047.4780.9646.2569.2528.1497.3451.1436.4
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low716.6
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium548.7
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High488.4
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low934.1
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium681.1
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High584.5
Predominantly Upwind585.0
Predominantly Downwind577.5
Predominantly Reaching543.3
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance604.20.9931
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low716.60.8373
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium548.71.0935
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High488.41.2286
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low934.10.6423
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium681.10.8809
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High584.51.0265
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1600.01047.4780.9646.2569.2528.1497.3451.1436.4
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8373
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0935
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2286
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6423
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8809
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0265
Coastal/Long Distance0.9931
Predominantly Upwind1.0257
Predominantly Downwind1.0390
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)621.3
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Distanseseilas Singeltall  (APH)1.0864
Distanseseilas Trippeltall svak vind0.8373
Distanseseilas Trippeltall mellomvind1.0935
Distanseseilas Trippeltall sterk vind1.2286
Pølsebane Trippeltall svak vind0.6423
Pølsebane Trippeltall mellomvind0.8809
Pølsebane Trippeltall sterk vind1.0265
Motvind Singeltall1.0257
Medvind Singeltall1.0390
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low716.60.8373
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium548.71.0935
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High488.41.2286
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low934.10.6423
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium681.10.8809
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High584.51.0265
Coastal/Long Distance604.20.9931
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind585.01.0257
Predominantly Downwind577.51.0390
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore552.51.0860
Cape Doctor Coastal463.61.2943
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low716.60.8373
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium548.71.0935
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High488.41.2286
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low934.10.6423
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium681.10.8809
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High584.51.0265
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8373
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0935
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2286
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6423
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8809
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0265
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8373
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0935
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2286
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6423
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8809
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0265
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance604.20.9931
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low716.60.8373
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium548.71.0935
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High488.41.2286
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low934.10.6423
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium681.10.8809
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High584.51.0265
Predominantly Upwind585.01.0257
Predominantly Downwind577.51.0390
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1600.01047.4780.9646.2569.2528.1497.3451.1436.4
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance604.20.9931
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low716.60.8373
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium548.71.0935
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High488.41.2286
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low934.10.6423
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium681.10.8809
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High584.51.0265
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1600.01047.4780.9646.2569.2528.1497.3451.1436.4
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low716.60.8373
Triple Number AP Medium548.81.0934
Triple Number AP High488.41.2286
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low977.60.6138
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium681.10.8809
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High584.51.0265
Single Number Predominant Upwind607.40.9878
Single Number Predominant Reaching549.51.0920
Single Number Predominant Downwind606.40.9895
Predominant Upwind - Low828.40.7243
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med636.80.9422
Predominant Upwind - Medium566.31.0596
Predominant Upwind - Med/High531.91.1279
Predominant Upwind - High518.41.1574
Predominant Downwind Low917.30.6541
Predominant Downwind Low/Med664.90.9024
Predominant Downwind Medium555.01.0810
Predominant Downwind Med/High487.31.2312
Predominant Downwind High453.41.3234
Predominant Reaching Low769.00.7802
Predominant Reaching Low/Med585.31.0251
Predominant Reaching Medium511.61.1728
Predominant Reaching Med/High469.51.2780
Predominant Reaching High447.91.3397
SA/DSPL Upwind24.99SA/DSPL Downwind24.99
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1096.60.5471
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med795.40.7543
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium668.40.8977
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High593.81.0104
5-Band Windward/Leeward High563.11.0655
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1078.70.5562
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med791.90.7577
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium675.10.8888
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High609.90.9838
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High584.51.0265
5-Band AP Low802.50.7477
5-Band AP Low/Med623.50.9623
5-Band AP Medium540.71.1096
5-Band AP Med/High494.71.2130
5-Band AP High473.11.2682
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low934.70.6419
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med755.80.7939
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium642.90.9332
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High580.21.0342
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High554.01.0831
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9593
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9601
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.9496
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6937
Bayview-Mac Shore0.7025
Harvest Moon Regatta479.21.2521
Non Spin/HSFClub Certificate2025
AmalieNOR 10967
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassDUFOUR 40 HRMeasurementHINPlan reviewHull constructionCoredCarbon rudderNoLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA12.150Max. Beam3.890Draft2.092Displacement7,630Wetted area30.47IMS L10.778LSM010.487Acc. length12.150Sink (kg/mm) 23.25
VCGD0.180VCGM0.187RM Rated (kg·m) 172.7Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight737Declared crew weightN/A
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeFolding 2 blades
InstallationStrutTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRD0.400PBWPIPA0.0040
EDL2.700ST10.070ST20.180
ST30.180ST40.180ST50.300
RIG
Forestay tensionForwardInner stayNone FittedMast materialAluminumSingle headsail furlerNoMainsail furlerArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunning backstays0CheckstaysSpreaders2Rotating mastNo
P14.750IG15.250ISP15.250MDT10.140MDL10.230MDT20.120MDL20.220TL0.000MW0.230GO0.250
E5.250J4.190BAS1.820FSDFoilSFJ0.000SPL4.264WPLTPS0.000BD0.000MWT0.00MCG0.000
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodVCG entered directlyVCG entered0.180Flotation Date01/01/2015
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible
Non Spin/HSFClub Certificate2025
AmalieNOR 10967
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateComment388-2007051611530.190.002.183.724.7549.5416/05/2007
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateComment388-2007053121250.000.000.000.000.006.1815.25NoNo 47.9716/05/2007388-2007053121100.000.000.000.000.006.0015.55NoNo 47.4931/05/2007388-2007053121070.000.000.000.000.006.0015.30NoNo 46.7331/05/2007Dette seilet er justert for kortere LP til 5,995
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length12.2 mTable area0.55 m²Headroom1.82 mMinimum number of berths5Personal gear stowage0.20 m³Fresh water capacity155 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit5Food stowage0.30 m³Fuel capacity94 lCabin soleStovesSinksGalley gear stowageToiletWash basinNavigation areaHanging locker
*This list is a summary of the requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for details.