Club Certificate2025
DuppenNOR 10750
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles43.2°43.2°40.9°39.4°38.2°37.7°37.4°37.5°38.3°
Beat VMG2.343.223.904.384.664.794.854.884.82
52°3.644.895.766.286.556.686.756.806.81
60°3.855.135.996.446.706.856.937.007.03
75°3.965.286.136.576.837.037.187.347.42
90°3.825.166.116.646.937.107.297.617.80
110°3.725.116.156.707.047.347.607.968.20
120°3.554.915.966.606.977.287.598.198.63
135°3.124.385.446.256.737.077.398.078.90
150°2.573.734.795.686.366.777.097.718.42
Run VMG2.223.234.154.955.646.216.637.237.81
Gybe Angles146.6°146.6°151.0°154.6°161.0°168.2°177.2°178.6°178.1°
APH ToD:607.6CDL: 8.001APH ToT: 0.9875CertNo:8279
BOAT
ClassELAN 31DesignerRobHuphreyBuilderElan marineAge date01/2004Series date01/2003Offset fileELAN31.OFFData file8279
HULL
Length Overall9.150 mMaximum Beam3.302 mDraft1.911 mDisplacement4,332 kgDLR7.1424IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.340%Age Allowance0.487%
PROPELLER
InstallationStrutTypeFolding 2 bladesDiameter0.340m
CREW
Maximum weight543 kg(default)Minimum weight413 kg ✱ when appliedNon Manual PowerNoCrew Arm Extension
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail28.2328.76Headsail Luffed25.2125.21Headsail FlyingSymmetric55.9455.94Asymmetric
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail8.59Storm Jib6.83Heavy Weather Jib18.44
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails5Spinnakers4
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.
Club Certificate2025
DuppenNOR 10750
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1536.11117.7922.9822.3771.9752.3742.6738.0746.6
52°989.9736.3624.6573.3549.8538.5533.5529.0528.9
60°936.2701.5601.1558.7537.6525.8519.7514.0512.4
75°908.3682.4586.9547.8526.8512.1501.6490.7485.3
90°943.3697.9589.4542.0519.6507.2494.0473.0461.7
110°968.8704.4585.6537.5511.4490.6473.5452.4439.0
120°1015.1733.5604.1545.8516.8494.2474.0439.8416.9
135°1155.1822.2661.8575.7535.0509.5487.4446.1404.3
150°1402.4965.3751.2633.9566.4531.6507.9467.2427.6
Run VMG1620.11114.6866.8727.9637.9580.0543.1497.8460.9
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1576.11116.1894.9775.1704.9666.2642.8617.9603.8
All purpose1194.9861.5705.6627.2584.9561.4545.5524.5510.6
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward740.20.8106
All purpose607.60.9875
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low783.50.7658
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium603.20.9947
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High541.61.1078
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1005.50.5967
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium734.50.8169
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High639.30.9385
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance659.90.9092
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low783.50.7658
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium603.20.9947
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High541.61.1078
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1005.50.5967
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium734.50.8169
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High639.30.9385
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1678.11116.0843.2702.5622.3582.2551.9503.3488.2
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.7158
Downwind "popa"0.8454
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.7503
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.8018
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low783.50.7658
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium603.20.9947
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High541.61.1078
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1005.50.5967
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium734.50.8169
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High639.30.9385
Predominantly Upwind653.60.9180
Predominantly Downwind620.50.9670
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low783.50.7658
Triple Number AP Medium603.30.9946
Triple Number AP High541.61.1078
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1050.80.5710
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium734.50.8169
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High639.30.9385
Single Number Predominant Upwind680.20.8821
Single Number Predominant Reaching608.90.9854
Single Number Predominant Downwind649.50.9238
Predominant Upwind - Low937.30.6402
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med716.50.8374
Predominant Upwind - Medium632.10.9492
Predominant Upwind - Med/High592.51.0127
Predominant Upwind - High577.21.0395
Predominant Downwind Low960.10.6249
Predominant Downwind Low/Med704.50.8517
Predominant Downwind Medium597.31.0045
Predominant Downwind Med/High534.61.1223
Predominant Downwind High500.11.1998
Predominant Reaching Low847.60.7079
Predominant Reaching Low/Med645.30.9299
Predominant Reaching Medium567.31.0576
Predominant Reaching Med/High524.71.1436
Predominant Reaching High499.81.2006
SA/DSPL Upwind20.01SA/DSPL Downwind31.52
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1176.30.5101
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med857.20.7000
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium720.80.8324
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High647.80.9262
5-Band Windward/Leeward High619.80.9681
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1175.80.5103
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med864.50.6940
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium734.10.8174
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High667.40.8990
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High643.90.9319
5-Band AP Low870.50.6892
5-Band AP Low/Med683.10.8784
5-Band AP Medium594.81.0088
5-Band AP Med/High548.01.0950
5-Band AP High525.71.1412
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low1012.10.5928
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med820.30.7314
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium698.10.8595
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High635.10.9447
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High609.70.9841
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.8556
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.8761
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.8905
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6394
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6445
Harvest Moon Regatta532.71.1263
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance659.90.9092
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low783.50.7658
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium603.20.9947
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High541.61.1078
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1005.50.5967
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium734.50.8169
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High639.30.9385
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1678.11116.0843.2702.5622.3582.2551.9503.3488.2
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance659.90.9092
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low783.50.7658
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium603.20.9947
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High541.61.1078
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1005.50.5967
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium734.50.8169
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High639.30.9385
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1678.11116.0843.2702.5622.3582.2551.9503.3488.2
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance659.9
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1678.11116.0843.2702.5622.3582.2551.9503.3488.2
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low783.50.7658
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium603.20.9947
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High541.61.1078
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1005.50.5967
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium734.50.8169
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High639.30.9385
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating659.90.9092
FinRating, kevyt tuuli1157.70.8638
FinRating, kova tuuli529.40.9445
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low783.50.7658
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium603.20.9947
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High541.61.1078
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1005.50.5967
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium734.50.8169
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High639.30.9385
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance0.9092
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7658
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.9947
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1078
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5967
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8169
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9385
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1678.11116.0843.2702.5622.3582.2551.9503.3488.2
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)682.5
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance659.90.9092
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low783.50.7658
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium603.20.9947
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High541.61.1078
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1005.50.5967
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium734.50.8169
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High639.30.9385
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1678.11116.0843.2702.5622.3582.2551.9503.3488.2
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low783.50.7658
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium603.20.9947
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High541.61.1078
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1005.50.5967
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium734.50.8169
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High639.30.9385
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance659.90.9092
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low783.50.7658
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium603.20.9947
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High541.61.1078
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1005.50.5967
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium734.50.8169
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High639.30.9385
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1678.11116.0843.2702.5622.3582.2551.9503.3488.2
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance659.90.9092
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low783.50.7658
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium603.20.9947
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High541.61.1078
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1005.50.5967
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium734.50.8169
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High639.30.9385
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1678.11116.0843.2702.5622.3582.2551.9503.3488.2
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low783.5
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium603.2
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High541.6
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1005.5
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium734.5
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High639.3
Predominantly Upwind653.6
Predominantly Downwind620.5
Predominantly Reaching595.3
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance659.90.9092
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low783.50.7658
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium603.20.9947
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High541.61.1078
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1005.50.5967
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium734.50.8169
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High639.30.9385
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1678.11116.0843.2702.5622.3582.2551.9503.3488.2
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7658
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.9947
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1078
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5967
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8169
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9385
Coastal/Long Distance0.9092
Predominantly Upwind0.9180
Predominantly Downwind0.9670
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)682.5
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Distanseseilas Singeltall  (APH)0.9875
Distanseseilas Trippeltall svak vind0.7658
Distanseseilas Trippeltall mellomvind0.9947
Distanseseilas Trippeltall sterk vind1.1078
Pølsebane Trippeltall svak vind0.5967
Pølsebane Trippeltall mellomvind0.8169
Pølsebane Trippeltall sterk vind0.9385
Motvind Singeltall0.9180
Medvind Singeltall0.9670
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low783.50.7658
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium603.20.9947
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High541.61.1078
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1005.50.5967
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium734.50.8169
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High639.30.9385
Coastal/Long Distance659.90.9092
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind653.60.9180
Predominantly Downwind620.50.9670
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore608.00.9868
Cape Doctor Coastal514.81.1656
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low783.50.7658
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium603.20.9947
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High541.61.1078
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1005.50.5967
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium734.50.8169
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High639.30.9385
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7658
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.9947
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1078
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5967
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8169
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9385
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7658
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.9947
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1078
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5967
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8169
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9385
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance659.90.9092
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low783.50.7658
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium603.20.9947
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High541.61.1078
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1005.50.5967
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium734.50.8169
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High639.30.9385
Predominantly Upwind653.60.9180
Predominantly Downwind620.50.9670
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1678.11116.0843.2702.5622.3582.2551.9503.3488.2
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance659.90.9092
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low783.50.7658
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium603.20.9947
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High541.61.1078
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1005.50.5967
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium734.50.8169
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High639.30.9385
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1678.11116.0843.2702.5622.3582.2551.9503.3488.2
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low783.50.7658
Triple Number AP Medium603.30.9946
Triple Number AP High541.61.1078
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1050.80.5710
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium734.50.8169
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High639.30.9385
Single Number Predominant Upwind680.20.8821
Single Number Predominant Reaching608.90.9854
Single Number Predominant Downwind649.50.9238
Predominant Upwind - Low937.30.6402
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med716.50.8374
Predominant Upwind - Medium632.10.9492
Predominant Upwind - Med/High592.51.0127
Predominant Upwind - High577.21.0395
Predominant Downwind Low960.10.6249
Predominant Downwind Low/Med704.50.8517
Predominant Downwind Medium597.31.0045
Predominant Downwind Med/High534.61.1223
Predominant Downwind High500.11.1998
Predominant Reaching Low847.60.7079
Predominant Reaching Low/Med645.30.9299
Predominant Reaching Medium567.31.0576
Predominant Reaching Med/High524.71.1436
Predominant Reaching High499.81.2006
SA/DSPL Upwind20.01SA/DSPL Downwind31.52
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1176.30.5101
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med857.20.7000
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium720.80.8324
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High647.80.9262
5-Band Windward/Leeward High619.80.9681
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1175.80.5103
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med864.50.6940
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium734.10.8174
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High667.40.8990
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High643.90.9319
5-Band AP Low870.50.6892
5-Band AP Low/Med683.10.8784
5-Band AP Medium594.81.0088
5-Band AP Med/High548.01.0950
5-Band AP High525.71.1412
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low1012.10.5928
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med820.30.7314
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium698.10.8595
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High635.10.9447
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High609.70.9841
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.8556
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.8761
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.8905
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6394
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6445
Harvest Moon Regatta532.71.1263
Club Certificate2025
DuppenNOR 10750
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassELAN 31MeasurementHINPlan reviewHull constructionCoredCarbon rudderNoLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA9.150Max. Beam3.302Draft1.911Displacement4,332Wetted area19.99IMS L8.517LSM08.464Acc. length9.470Sink (kg/mm) 15.07
VCGD0.137VCGM0.076RM Rated (kg·m) 71.4Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight543Declared crew weightN/A
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeFolding 2 blades
InstallationStrutTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRD0.340PBWPIPA0.0033
EDL1.980ST10.045ST20.170
ST30.170ST40.170ST50.280
RIG
Forestay tensionAftInner stayNone FittedMast materialAluminumSingle headsail furlerNoMainsail furlerArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunning backstays0CheckstaysSpreaders2Rotating mastNo
P11.460IG11.685ISP11.750MDT10.090MDL10.160MDT20.087MDL20.110TL0.000MW0.160GO0.160
E4.280J3.280BAS1.507FSDFoilSFJ0.000SPL3.350WPLTPS0.000BD0.000MWT111.20MCG3.870
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodVCG entered directlyVCG entered0.137Flotation Date01/01/2015
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible
Club Certificate2025
DuppenNOR 10750
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateComment267-2016060214050.140.861.532.633.4728.2302/06/2016
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateComment626-2019102109340.040.551.082.273.544.8310.78NoNo 25.2121/10/2019999-2005042913510.000.000.000.000.004.4610.87NoNo 24.6829/04/2005417-2019091211180.040.541.022.083.214.4010.82NoNo 23.1612/09/2019
SYMMETRIC SPINNAKER
IdSLUSLESLSHWSFLAreaMeas.DateComment235-20050423120211.4211.4211.425.840.0055.9423/04/2005
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length9.5 mTable area0.44 m²Headroom1.67 mMinimum number of berths4Personal gear stowage0.16 m³Fresh water capacity70 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit4Food stowage0.24 m³Fuel capacity40 lCabin soleStovesSinksGalley gear stowageToiletWash basinNavigation areaHanging locker
*This list is a summary of the requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for details.