Club Certificate2025
HaffsårkesteretNOR 15449
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles44.3°44.3°42.0°39.9°38.4°38.0°37.8°38.5°39.8°
Beat VMG2.743.784.564.975.235.355.425.485.40
52°4.375.856.837.237.437.547.627.717.71
60°4.766.247.127.497.647.767.847.957.95
75°5.106.557.347.747.978.108.208.388.47
90°5.056.537.357.818.168.438.608.859.01
110°4.416.007.147.758.158.468.869.479.93
120°4.265.836.997.668.138.588.989.7510.79
135°3.735.226.457.317.848.318.799.9111.55
150°3.094.425.626.637.377.868.309.2310.53
Run VMG2.673.834.875.766.517.127.608.419.30
Gybe Angles144.4°144.4°148.7°152.5°158.5°165.7°171.4°172.7°165.6°
APH ToD:525.6CDL: 9.934APH ToT: 1.1415CertNo:666998
BOAT
ClassArcona 380DesignerStefanQuibergBuilderArcona YachtsAge date01/2016Series date01/2013Offset fileArcona380.offData file666998
HULL
Length Overall11.295 mMaximum Beam3.790 mDraft2.057 mDisplacement6,857 kgDLR6.3609IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.150%Age Allowance0.390%
PROPELLER
InstallationStrutTypeFolding 2 bladesDiameter0.380m
CREW
Maximum weight713 kg(default)Minimum weight583 kg ✱ when appliedNon Manual PowerNoCrew Arm Extension
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail49.3550.10Headsail Luffed36.7236.72Headsail Flying65.1065.10Symmetric123.34123.34Asymmetric
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail15.12Storm Jib13.00Heavy Weather Jib35.09
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails6Spinnakers5
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.
Club Certificate2025
HaffsårkesteretNOR 15449
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1315.2951.8788.7724.2688.9672.9663.8656.6667.0
52°824.0614.9526.9497.6484.8477.2472.3467.0466.9
60°756.4577.2505.7480.5471.2464.2459.0452.7452.6
75°706.4549.3490.2464.9451.7444.5439.0429.4425.0
90°712.4551.6489.6461.0441.4427.1418.5406.9399.5
110°816.4599.7504.0464.8441.7425.3406.3380.2362.5
120°845.4617.4514.9470.1442.8419.6400.8369.2333.7
135°965.2689.1558.4492.8459.1433.1409.6363.3311.8
150°1166.7813.8640.5542.7488.6458.2433.8390.1342.0
Run VMG1347.5939.7739.6625.1553.3505.7474.0427.9387.2
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1331.1945.8764.1674.6621.1589.3568.9542.2527.1
All purpose990.8721.5598.9542.3509.9490.0475.4453.6437.4
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward646.80.9276
All purpose525.61.1415
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low660.20.9088
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium523.11.1469
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High470.91.2742
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low854.90.7018
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium642.90.9332
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High564.01.0638
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance571.81.0493
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low660.20.9088
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium523.11.1469
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High470.91.2742
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low854.90.7018
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium642.90.9332
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High564.01.0638
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1417.7945.1718.8609.3544.2508.2480.0434.3416.1
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.8160
Downwind "popa"0.9847
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.8602
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.9272
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low660.20.9088
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium523.11.1469
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High470.91.2742
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low854.90.7018
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium642.90.9332
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High564.01.0638
Predominantly Upwind567.11.0581
Predominantly Downwind532.31.1273
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low660.20.9088
Triple Number AP Medium523.21.1468
Triple Number AP High470.91.2742
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low893.60.6714
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium642.90.9332
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High564.01.0638
Single Number Predominant Upwind588.41.0197
Single Number Predominant Reaching517.51.1594
Single Number Predominant Downwind554.51.0821
Predominant Upwind - Low785.50.7638
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med613.70.9776
Predominant Upwind - Medium552.51.0861
Predominant Upwind - Med/High520.41.1529
Predominant Upwind - High505.51.1870
Predominant Downwind Low801.50.7486
Predominant Downwind Low/Med599.71.0004
Predominant Downwind Medium515.31.1644
Predominant Downwind Med/High460.81.3022
Predominant Downwind High425.81.4090
Predominant Reaching Low697.70.8599
Predominant Reaching Low/Med546.51.0980
Predominant Reaching Medium487.91.2297
Predominant Reaching Med/High451.11.3301
Predominant Reaching High427.71.4029
SA/DSPL Upwind23.70SA/DSPL Downwind47.54
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low996.70.6020
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med738.20.8128
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium632.30.9490
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High572.21.0486
5-Band Windward/Leeward High544.21.1025
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low997.80.6013
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med745.60.8047
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium645.50.9295
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High591.01.0152
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High567.31.0576
5-Band AP Low725.60.8269
5-Band AP Low/Med583.91.0277
5-Band AP Medium516.51.1617
5-Band AP Med/High477.11.2576
5-Band AP High454.61.3200
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low858.60.6988
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med706.20.8496
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium611.70.9809
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High558.91.0735
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High532.51.1267
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9913
Chicago-Mac All Purpose1.0217
Chicago-Mac Downwind1.0435
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.7562
Bayview-Mac Shore0.7631
Harvest Moon Regatta455.41.3174
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance571.81.0493
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low660.20.9088
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium523.11.1469
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High470.91.2742
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low854.90.7018
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium642.90.9332
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High564.01.0638
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1417.7945.1718.8609.3544.2508.2480.0434.3416.1
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance571.81.0493
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low660.20.9088
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium523.11.1469
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High470.91.2742
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low854.90.7018
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium642.90.9332
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High564.01.0638
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1417.7945.1718.8609.3544.2508.2480.0434.3416.1
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance571.8
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1417.7945.1718.8609.3544.2508.2480.0434.3416.1
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low660.20.9088
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium523.11.1469
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High470.91.2742
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low854.90.7018
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium642.90.9332
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High564.01.0638
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating571.81.0493
FinRating, kevyt tuuli976.11.0245
FinRating, kova tuuli457.01.0941
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low660.20.9088
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium523.11.1469
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High470.91.2742
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low854.90.7018
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium642.90.9332
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High564.01.0638
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance1.0493
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.9088
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.1469
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2742
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.7018
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.9332
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0638
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1417.7945.1718.8609.3544.2508.2480.0434.3416.1
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)586.8
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance571.81.0493
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low660.20.9088
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium523.11.1469
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High470.91.2742
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low854.90.7018
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium642.90.9332
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High564.01.0638
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1417.7945.1718.8609.3544.2508.2480.0434.3416.1
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low660.20.9088
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium523.11.1469
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High470.91.2742
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low854.90.7018
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium642.90.9332
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High564.01.0638
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance571.81.0493
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low660.20.9088
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium523.11.1469
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High470.91.2742
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low854.90.7018
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium642.90.9332
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High564.01.0638
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1417.7945.1718.8609.3544.2508.2480.0434.3416.1
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance571.81.0493
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low660.20.9088
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium523.11.1469
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High470.91.2742
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low854.90.7018
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium642.90.9332
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High564.01.0638
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1417.7945.1718.8609.3544.2508.2480.0434.3416.1
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low660.2
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium523.1
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High470.9
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low854.9
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium642.9
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High564.0
Predominantly Upwind567.1
Predominantly Downwind532.3
Predominantly Reaching508.8
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance571.81.0493
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low660.20.9088
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium523.11.1469
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High470.91.2742
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low854.90.7018
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium642.90.9332
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High564.01.0638
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1417.7945.1718.8609.3544.2508.2480.0434.3416.1
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.9088
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.1469
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2742
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.7018
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.9332
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0638
Coastal/Long Distance1.0493
Predominantly Upwind1.0581
Predominantly Downwind1.1273
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)586.8
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Distanseseilas Singeltall  (APH)1.1415
Distanseseilas Trippeltall svak vind0.9088
Distanseseilas Trippeltall mellomvind1.1469
Distanseseilas Trippeltall sterk vind1.2742
Pølsebane Trippeltall svak vind0.7018
Pølsebane Trippeltall mellomvind0.9332
Pølsebane Trippeltall sterk vind1.0638
Motvind Singeltall1.0581
Medvind Singeltall1.1273
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low660.20.9088
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium523.11.1469
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High470.91.2742
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low854.90.7018
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium642.90.9332
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High564.01.0638
Coastal/Long Distance571.81.0493
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind567.11.0581
Predominantly Downwind532.31.1273
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore531.71.1285
Cape Doctor Coastal442.31.3566
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low660.20.9088
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium523.11.1469
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High470.91.2742
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low854.90.7018
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium642.90.9332
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High564.01.0638
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.9088
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.1469
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2742
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.7018
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.9332
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0638
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.9088
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.1469
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2742
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.7018
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.9332
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0638
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance571.81.0493
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low660.20.9088
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium523.11.1469
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High470.91.2742
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low854.90.7018
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium642.90.9332
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High564.01.0638
Predominantly Upwind567.11.0581
Predominantly Downwind532.31.1273
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1417.7945.1718.8609.3544.2508.2480.0434.3416.1
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance571.81.0493
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low660.20.9088
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium523.11.1469
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High470.91.2742
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low854.90.7018
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium642.90.9332
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High564.01.0638
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1417.7945.1718.8609.3544.2508.2480.0434.3416.1
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low660.20.9088
Triple Number AP Medium523.21.1468
Triple Number AP High470.91.2742
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low893.60.6714
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium642.90.9332
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High564.01.0638
Single Number Predominant Upwind588.41.0197
Single Number Predominant Reaching517.51.1594
Single Number Predominant Downwind554.51.0821
Predominant Upwind - Low785.50.7638
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med613.70.9776
Predominant Upwind - Medium552.51.0861
Predominant Upwind - Med/High520.41.1529
Predominant Upwind - High505.51.1870
Predominant Downwind Low801.50.7486
Predominant Downwind Low/Med599.71.0004
Predominant Downwind Medium515.31.1644
Predominant Downwind Med/High460.81.3022
Predominant Downwind High425.81.4090
Predominant Reaching Low697.70.8599
Predominant Reaching Low/Med546.51.0980
Predominant Reaching Medium487.91.2297
Predominant Reaching Med/High451.11.3301
Predominant Reaching High427.71.4029
SA/DSPL Upwind23.70SA/DSPL Downwind47.54
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low996.70.6020
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med738.20.8128
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium632.30.9490
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High572.21.0486
5-Band Windward/Leeward High544.21.1025
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low997.80.6013
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med745.60.8047
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium645.50.9295
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High591.01.0152
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High567.31.0576
5-Band AP Low725.60.8269
5-Band AP Low/Med583.91.0277
5-Band AP Medium516.51.1617
5-Band AP Med/High477.11.2576
5-Band AP High454.61.3200
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low858.60.6988
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med706.20.8496
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium611.70.9809
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High558.91.0735
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High532.51.1267
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9913
Chicago-Mac All Purpose1.0217
Chicago-Mac Downwind1.0435
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.7562
Bayview-Mac Shore0.7631
Harvest Moon Regatta455.41.3174
Club Certificate2025
HaffsårkesteretNOR 15449
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassArcona 380MeasurementHINPlan reviewHull constructionCoredCarbon rudderNoLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA11.295Max. Beam3.790Draft2.057Displacement6,857Wetted area30.37IMS L10.471LSM010.253Acc. length11.295Sink (kg/mm) 23.73
VCGD0.154VCGM0.228RM Rated (kg·m) 193.9Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight713Declared crew weightN/A
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeFolding 2 blades
InstallationStrutTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRD0.380PBWPIPA0.0034
EDL2.840ST10.042ST20.180
ST30.180ST40.112ST50.270
RIG
Forestay tensionAftInner stayNone FittedMast materialAluminumSingle headsail furlerNoMainsail furlerNoArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunning backstays0CheckstaysSpreaders2Rotating mastNo
P16.000IG16.120ISP17.300MDT10.110MDL10.220MDT20.000MDL20.000TL1.250MW0.000GO0.000
E5.400J4.230BAS1.660FSDFoilSFJ0.000SPL4.417WPLTPS4.730BD0.000MWT167.00MCG4.200
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodVCG entered directlyVCG entered0.154Flotation Date01/01/2015
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible
Club Certificate2025
HaffsårkesteretNOR 15449
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateComment1-2018110709180.150.001.863.274.2649.3507/11/2018
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateComment1-2017081715110.101.052.033.955.577.2417.20NoYes065.1017/08/2017623-2022060909420.050.701.312.463.434.3315.75YesNo 36.7209/06/20222022330-2016051108460.070.711.262.263.264.4015.80NoNo 35.6011/05/2016
SYMMETRIC SPINNAKER
IdSLUSLESLSHWSFLAreaMeas.DateComment330-20160511084816.9016.9016.908.768.75123.3411/05/2016
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length11.3 mTable area0.55 m²Headroom1.78 mMinimum number of berths5Personal gear stowage0.20 m³Fresh water capacity133 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit5Food stowage0.30 m³Fuel capacity76 lCabin soleStovesSinksGalley gear stowageToiletWash basinNavigation areaHanging locker
*This list is a summary of the requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for details.