Double HandedClub Certificate2025
NNNOR 15566
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles43.9°43.9°41.9°40.9°40.4°40.3°40.4°41.0°43.0°
Beat VMG2.423.364.104.604.864.975.014.984.76
52°3.805.146.136.797.137.267.327.357.17
60°4.055.436.407.047.387.537.607.647.57
75°4.235.646.617.237.597.827.968.088.11
90°4.195.716.827.447.687.918.168.518.67
110°4.285.867.017.678.108.428.639.009.20
120°4.175.726.897.598.058.498.899.449.89
135°3.675.146.337.207.758.208.659.6311.06
150°3.034.325.466.437.217.738.169.0410.14
Run VMG2.623.744.735.576.346.967.458.259.06
Gybe Angles142.9°142.9°147.2°149.2°157.4°164.2°169.6°172.7°168.2°
APH ToD:552.5CDL: 9.312APH ToT: 1.0859CertNo:666968
BOAT
ClassDehler 38 13-DesignerJudel/VrolijkBuilderDehler Segelyachten GmbHAge date01/2015Series date01/2013Offset fileDEHLER38-LBDR.offData file666968
HULL
Length Overall11.293 mMaximum Beam3.758 mDraft2.001 mDisplacement7,197 kgDLR6.3107IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.240%Age Allowance0.390%
PROPELLER
InstallationNo PropellerTypeN/ADiameterN/A
CREW
Maximum weight170 kg(default)Minimum weight120 kg ✱ when appliedNon Manual PowerNoCrew Arm Extension
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail41.7142.26Headsail Luffed33.0833.08Headsail FlyingSymmetric109.41109.41Asymmetric107.34107.34 (All asymmetric spinnakers with SHW/SFL > 85%)
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail13.14Storm Jib11.99Heavy Weather Jib32.36
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails5Spinnakers4
✱ Asymmetric may be tacked on the pole
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.
Double HandedClub Certificate2025
NNNOR 15566
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1488.01072.9878.4782.2740.3725.0719.3723.1755.9
52°948.0699.9587.3530.2505.2496.0491.6489.9501.8
60°888.6662.7562.2511.4488.0478.3473.9471.0475.6
75°850.4637.8544.8498.1474.2460.6452.5445.4443.8
90°858.8630.3527.7484.0468.6455.0441.2423.1415.2
110°841.0614.9513.3469.2444.6427.7417.1400.2391.1
120°864.2629.3522.7474.5447.0424.2404.8381.3363.9
135°979.8700.9568.4499.7464.6439.3416.4373.9325.5
150°1189.4833.3659.3560.0499.3465.8441.4398.4355.1
Run VMG1374.9962.2761.3646.7567.8517.4483.2436.4397.3
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1430.91017.5819.8714.4654.1621.2601.2579.8576.6
All purpose1083.1782.0641.1569.5532.0510.9496.9479.1472.2
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward685.30.8755
All purpose552.51.0859
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low711.60.8432
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium548.31.0943
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High493.71.2153
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low918.70.6531
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium679.80.8826
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High598.11.0031
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance602.10.9965
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low711.60.8432
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium548.31.0943
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High493.71.2153
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low918.70.6531
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium679.80.8826
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High598.11.0031
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1510.41012.0769.5642.5569.3530.6500.3453.5443.8
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.7445
Downwind "popa"0.9600
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.7983
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.8833
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low711.60.8432
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium548.31.0943
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High493.71.2153
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low918.70.6531
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium679.80.8826
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High598.11.0031
Predominantly Upwind605.10.9916
Predominantly Downwind553.31.0844
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low711.50.8432
Triple Number AP Medium548.41.0942
Triple Number AP High493.71.2153
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low959.40.6254
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium679.80.8826
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High598.11.0031
Single Number Predominant Upwind631.30.9504
Single Number Predominant Reaching547.11.0967
Single Number Predominant Downwind577.51.0389
Predominant Upwind - Low872.10.6880
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med663.10.9048
Predominant Upwind - Medium585.01.0256
Predominant Upwind - Med/High550.31.0903
Predominant Upwind - High540.11.1109
Predominant Downwind Low845.80.7094
Predominant Downwind Low/Med626.40.9579
Predominant Downwind Medium533.71.1241
Predominant Downwind Med/High476.51.2591
Predominant Downwind High443.01.3545
Predominant Reaching Low761.50.7879
Predominant Reaching Low/Med579.51.0354
Predominant Reaching Medium510.31.1759
Predominant Reaching Med/High470.71.2747
Predominant Reaching High447.71.3401
SA/DSPL Upwind19.93SA/DSPL Downwind40.27
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1071.60.5599
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med787.30.7621
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium668.00.8981
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High605.40.9910
5-Band Windward/Leeward High582.91.0293
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1082.90.5541
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med800.40.7496
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium685.30.8755
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High628.90.9541
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High612.00.9805
5-Band AP Low782.50.7668
5-Band AP Low/Med620.50.9670
5-Band AP Medium540.81.1094
5-Band AP Med/High499.21.2020
5-Band AP High481.01.2475
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low925.60.6483
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med753.60.7961
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium645.90.9289
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High591.51.0144
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High571.51.0499
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9220
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9635
Chicago-Mac Downwind1.0009
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.7031
Bayview-Mac Shore0.7075
Harvest Moon Regatta473.31.2676
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance602.10.9965
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low711.60.8432
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium548.31.0943
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High493.71.2153
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low918.70.6531
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium679.80.8826
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High598.11.0031
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1510.41012.0769.5642.5569.3530.6500.3453.5443.8
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance602.10.9965
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low711.60.8432
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium548.31.0943
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High493.71.2153
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low918.70.6531
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium679.80.8826
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High598.11.0031
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1510.41012.0769.5642.5569.3530.6500.3453.5443.8
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance602.1
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1510.41012.0769.5642.5569.3530.6500.3453.5443.8
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low711.60.8432
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium548.31.0943
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High493.71.2153
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low918.70.6531
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium679.80.8826
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High598.11.0031
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating602.10.9965
FinRating, kevyt tuuli1050.00.9524
FinRating, kova tuuli483.71.0337
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low711.60.8432
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium548.31.0943
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High493.71.2153
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low918.70.6531
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium679.80.8826
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High598.11.0031
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance0.9965
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8432
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0943
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2153
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6531
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8826
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0031
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1510.41012.0769.5642.5569.3530.6500.3453.5443.8
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)620.4
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance602.10.9965
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low711.60.8432
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium548.31.0943
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High493.71.2153
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low918.70.6531
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium679.80.8826
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High598.11.0031
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1510.41012.0769.5642.5569.3530.6500.3453.5443.8
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low711.60.8432
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium548.31.0943
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High493.71.2153
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low918.70.6531
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium679.80.8826
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High598.11.0031
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance602.10.9965
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low711.60.8432
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium548.31.0943
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High493.71.2153
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low918.70.6531
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium679.80.8826
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High598.11.0031
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1510.41012.0769.5642.5569.3530.6500.3453.5443.8
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance602.10.9965
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low711.60.8432
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium548.31.0943
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High493.71.2153
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low918.70.6531
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium679.80.8826
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High598.11.0031
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1510.41012.0769.5642.5569.3530.6500.3453.5443.8
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low711.6
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium548.3
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High493.7
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low918.7
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium679.8
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High598.1
Predominantly Upwind605.1
Predominantly Downwind553.3
Predominantly Reaching532.5
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance602.10.9965
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low711.60.8432
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium548.31.0943
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High493.71.2153
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low918.70.6531
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium679.80.8826
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High598.11.0031
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1510.41012.0769.5642.5569.3530.6500.3453.5443.8
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8432
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0943
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2153
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6531
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8826
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0031
Coastal/Long Distance0.9965
Predominantly Upwind0.9916
Predominantly Downwind1.0844
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)620.4
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Distanseseilas Singeltall  (APH)1.0859
Distanseseilas Trippeltall svak vind0.8432
Distanseseilas Trippeltall mellomvind1.0943
Distanseseilas Trippeltall sterk vind1.2153
Pølsebane Trippeltall svak vind0.6531
Pølsebane Trippeltall mellomvind0.8826
Pølsebane Trippeltall sterk vind1.0031
Motvind Singeltall0.9916
Medvind Singeltall1.0844
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low711.60.8432
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium548.31.0943
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High493.71.2153
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low918.70.6531
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium679.80.8826
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High598.11.0031
Coastal/Long Distance602.10.9965
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind605.10.9916
Predominantly Downwind553.31.0844
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore577.51.0389
Cape Doctor Coastal474.21.2652
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low711.60.8432
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium548.31.0943
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High493.71.2153
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low918.70.6531
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium679.80.8826
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High598.11.0031
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8432
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0943
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2153
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6531
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8826
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0031
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8432
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0943
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2153
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6531
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8826
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0031
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance602.10.9965
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low711.60.8432
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium548.31.0943
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High493.71.2153
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low918.70.6531
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium679.80.8826
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High598.11.0031
Predominantly Upwind605.10.9916
Predominantly Downwind553.31.0844
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1510.41012.0769.5642.5569.3530.6500.3453.5443.8
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance602.10.9965
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low711.60.8432
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium548.31.0943
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High493.71.2153
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low918.70.6531
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium679.80.8826
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High598.11.0031
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1510.41012.0769.5642.5569.3530.6500.3453.5443.8
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low711.50.8432
Triple Number AP Medium548.41.0942
Triple Number AP High493.71.2153
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low959.40.6254
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium679.80.8826
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High598.11.0031
Single Number Predominant Upwind631.30.9504
Single Number Predominant Reaching547.11.0967
Single Number Predominant Downwind577.51.0389
Predominant Upwind - Low872.10.6880
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med663.10.9048
Predominant Upwind - Medium585.01.0256
Predominant Upwind - Med/High550.31.0903
Predominant Upwind - High540.11.1109
Predominant Downwind Low845.80.7094
Predominant Downwind Low/Med626.40.9579
Predominant Downwind Medium533.71.1241
Predominant Downwind Med/High476.51.2591
Predominant Downwind High443.01.3545
Predominant Reaching Low761.50.7879
Predominant Reaching Low/Med579.51.0354
Predominant Reaching Medium510.31.1759
Predominant Reaching Med/High470.71.2747
Predominant Reaching High447.71.3401
SA/DSPL Upwind19.93SA/DSPL Downwind40.27
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1071.60.5599
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med787.30.7621
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium668.00.8981
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High605.40.9910
5-Band Windward/Leeward High582.91.0293
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1082.90.5541
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med800.40.7496
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium685.30.8755
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High628.90.9541
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High612.00.9805
5-Band AP Low782.50.7668
5-Band AP Low/Med620.50.9670
5-Band AP Medium540.81.1094
5-Band AP Med/High499.21.2020
5-Band AP High481.01.2475
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low925.60.6483
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med753.60.7961
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium645.90.9289
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High591.51.0144
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High571.51.0499
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9220
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9635
Chicago-Mac Downwind1.0009
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.7031
Bayview-Mac Shore0.7075
Harvest Moon Regatta473.31.2676
Double HandedClub Certificate2025
NNNOR 15566
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassDehler 38 13-MeasurementHINPlan reviewHull constructionCoredCarbon rudderNoLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA11.293Max. Beam3.758Draft2.001Displacement7,197Wetted area29.82IMS L10.487LSM010.447Acc. length11.293Sink (kg/mm) 22.93
VCGD0.219VCGM0.137RM Rated (kg·m) 175.1Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight170Declared crew weightN/A
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeNo Propeller
Hydro generatorNo
RIG
Forestay tensionAftInner stayNone FittedMast materialAluminumSingle headsail furlerNoMainsail furlerArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunning backstays0CheckstaysSpreaders2Rotating mastNo
P14.430IG15.480ISP15.055MDT10.112MDL10.240MDT20.000MDL20.000TL0.000MW0.000GO0.000
E5.200J4.360BAS1.675FSD0.000SFJ0.000SPL4.500WPLTPS4.500BD0.000MWT0.00MCG0.000
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodVCG entered directlyVCG entered0.219Flotation Date01/01/2015
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible
Double HandedClub Certificate2025
NNNOR 15566
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateComment437-2016041909450.090.901.683.074.1641.7119/04/2016
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateComment437-2016041909010.070.541.072.223.414.5914.65NoNo 33.0819/04/2016
SYMMETRIC SPINNAKER
IdSLUSLESLSHWSFLAreaMeas.DateComment437-20170523142615.6015.6015.608.508.08109.4123/05/2017
ASYMMETRIC SPINNAKER
IdSLUSLESLSHWSFLRatioAreaMeas.DateComment437-20160418163017.0815.7816.437.857.80101%107.3418/04/2016
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length11.3 mTable area0.55 m²Headroom1.78 mMinimum number of berths5Personal gear stowage0.20 m³Fresh water capacity133 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit5Food stowage0.30 m³Fuel capacity76 lCabin soleStovesSinksGalley gear stowageToiletWash basinNavigation areaHanging locker
*This list is a summary of the requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for details.