Non Spin/HSFClub Certificate2025
PaminaNOR 15558
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles44.6°44.6°42.6°40.9°39.9°39.3°38.9°38.9°39.7°
Beat VMG2.393.354.134.725.135.395.515.595.55
52°3.795.186.236.957.407.687.807.907.92
60°4.075.496.527.207.617.888.058.188.21
75°4.235.696.717.387.798.108.368.668.79
90°4.105.556.617.347.808.168.499.049.39
110°3.444.846.026.937.588.038.469.2910.05
120°3.214.575.746.687.397.888.319.1910.14
135°2.754.005.146.106.897.507.948.779.66
150°2.283.394.425.276.066.747.298.088.86
Run VMG1.992.933.834.675.496.226.877.828.58
Gybe Angles144.2°144.2°145.1°171.2°172.6°173.9°175.0°177.3°177.1°
APH ToD:573.9CDL: 10.000APH ToT: 1.0454CertNo:667085
BOAT
ClassWauquiez Opium 39DesignerMarcLombardBuilderWauquiez BoatsAge date01/2014Series date01/2009Offset fileWaq39OpiumCL.offData file667085
HULL
Length Overall11.470 mMaximum Beam4.180 mDraft2.112 mDisplacement6,636 kgDLR5.1737IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.270%Age Allowance0.487%
PROPELLER
InstallationStrutTypeFolding 3 bladesDiameter0.300m
CREW
Maximum weight775 kg(default)Minimum weight645 kg ✱ when appliedNon Manual PowerNoCrew Arm Extension
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail40.8941.46Headsail Luffed43.4743.48Headsail FlyingSymmetricAsymmetric
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail12.41Storm Jib12.82Heavy Weather Jib34.61
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails6
✱ Zero set flying
Spinnakers0
✱ No spinnaker pole aboard
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.
Non Spin/HSFClub Certificate2025
PaminaNOR 15558
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1506.31075.9870.8762.1701.5667.4653.9644.3648.5
52°949.6695.2578.1518.1486.3468.7461.3455.5454.5
60°884.0655.4552.6500.3473.1456.8447.4440.3438.5
75°850.6633.2536.5487.9462.0444.4430.5415.9409.4
90°879.0649.0544.4490.3461.5441.3423.9398.3383.6
110°1045.4743.2597.9519.2475.0448.1425.4387.7358.2
120°1120.8787.9626.7538.9487.4457.1433.4391.7355.2
135°1311.4901.0700.3590.1522.2480.1453.4410.5372.9
150°1576.31062.8814.1683.4594.4534.4493.7445.5406.2
Run VMG1805.31227.2940.0770.1656.2579.0524.2460.4419.7
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1654.21151.5905.4766.1678.9623.2589.0552.3534.1
All purpose1234.8873.0698.9605.1548.6513.2490.5462.5444.8
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward716.20.8378
All purpose573.91.0454
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low786.00.7634
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium571.11.0506
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High485.71.2354
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1028.50.5834
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium712.90.8416
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High583.81.0278
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance631.20.9506
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low786.00.7634
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium571.11.0506
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High485.71.2354
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1028.50.5834
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium712.90.8416
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High583.81.0278
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1794.51159.1851.2687.6588.3534.5497.0442.7422.6
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.7813
Downwind "popa"0.8144
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.7909
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.8042
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low786.00.7634
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium571.11.0506
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High485.71.2354
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1028.50.5834
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium712.90.8416
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High583.81.0278
Predominantly Upwind605.50.9910
Predominantly Downwind607.90.9870
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low786.00.7634
Triple Number AP Medium571.21.0505
Triple Number AP High485.71.2354
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1077.30.5570
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium712.90.8416
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High583.81.0278
Single Number Predominant Upwind631.50.9501
Single Number Predominant Reaching573.71.0458
Single Number Predominant Downwind639.90.9376
Predominant Upwind - Low921.30.6513
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med681.50.8804
Predominant Upwind - Medium580.01.0344
Predominant Upwind - Med/High525.11.1426
Predominant Upwind - High504.51.1893
Predominant Downwind Low1013.00.5923
Predominant Downwind Low/Med715.70.8383
Predominant Downwind Medium579.71.0350
Predominant Downwind Med/High493.51.2157
Predominant Downwind High450.41.3321
Predominant Reaching Low851.40.7047
Predominant Reaching Low/Med625.30.9595
Predominant Reaching Medium527.51.1374
Predominant Reaching Med/High468.41.2809
Predominant Reaching High438.31.3690
SA/DSPL Upwind23.74SA/DSPL Downwind23.74
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1216.10.4934
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med859.10.6984
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium695.50.8627
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High596.21.0065
5-Band Windward/Leeward High555.51.0801
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1199.30.5003
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med854.80.7019
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium699.60.8577
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High608.60.9858
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High573.71.0458
5-Band AP Low888.50.6753
5-Band AP Low/Med669.30.8965
5-Band AP Medium559.71.0719
5-Band AP Med/High494.51.2134
5-Band AP High464.31.2922
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low1034.10.5802
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med816.40.7349
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium668.50.8976
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High581.31.0321
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High545.81.0994
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9133
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9092
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.8935
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6339
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6417
Harvest Moon Regatta492.51.2183
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance631.20.9506
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low786.00.7634
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium571.11.0506
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High485.71.2354
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1028.50.5834
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium712.90.8416
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High583.81.0278
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1794.51159.1851.2687.6588.3534.5497.0442.7422.6
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance631.20.9506
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low786.00.7634
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium571.11.0506
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High485.71.2354
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1028.50.5834
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium712.90.8416
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High583.81.0278
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1794.51159.1851.2687.6588.3534.5497.0442.7422.6
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance631.2
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1794.51159.1851.2687.6588.3534.5497.0442.7422.6
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low786.00.7634
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium571.11.0506
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High485.71.2354
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1028.50.5834
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium712.90.8416
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High583.81.0278
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating631.20.9506
FinRating, kevyt tuuli1197.50.8351
FinRating, kova tuuli468.01.0683
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low786.00.7634
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium571.11.0506
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High485.71.2354
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1028.50.5834
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium712.90.8416
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High583.81.0278
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance0.9506
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7634
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0506
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2354
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5834
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8416
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0278
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1794.51159.1851.2687.6588.3534.5497.0442.7422.6
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)653.9
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance631.20.9506
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low786.00.7634
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium571.11.0506
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High485.71.2354
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1028.50.5834
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium712.90.8416
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High583.81.0278
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1794.51159.1851.2687.6588.3534.5497.0442.7422.6
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low786.00.7634
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium571.11.0506
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High485.71.2354
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1028.50.5834
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium712.90.8416
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High583.81.0278
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance631.20.9506
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low786.00.7634
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium571.11.0506
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High485.71.2354
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1028.50.5834
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium712.90.8416
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High583.81.0278
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1794.51159.1851.2687.6588.3534.5497.0442.7422.6
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance631.20.9506
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low786.00.7634
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium571.11.0506
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High485.71.2354
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1028.50.5834
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium712.90.8416
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High583.81.0278
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1794.51159.1851.2687.6588.3534.5497.0442.7422.6
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low786.0
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium571.1
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High485.7
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1028.5
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium712.9
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High583.8
Predominantly Upwind605.5
Predominantly Downwind607.9
Predominantly Reaching568.0
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance631.20.9506
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low786.00.7634
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium571.11.0506
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High485.71.2354
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1028.50.5834
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium712.90.8416
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High583.81.0278
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1794.51159.1851.2687.6588.3534.5497.0442.7422.6
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7634
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0506
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2354
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5834
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8416
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0278
Coastal/Long Distance0.9506
Predominantly Upwind0.9910
Predominantly Downwind0.9870
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)653.9
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Distanseseilas Singeltall  (APH)1.0454
Distanseseilas Trippeltall svak vind0.7634
Distanseseilas Trippeltall mellomvind1.0506
Distanseseilas Trippeltall sterk vind1.2354
Pølsebane Trippeltall svak vind0.5834
Pølsebane Trippeltall mellomvind0.8416
Pølsebane Trippeltall sterk vind1.0278
Motvind Singeltall0.9910
Medvind Singeltall0.9870
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low786.00.7634
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium571.11.0506
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High485.71.2354
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1028.50.5834
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium712.90.8416
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High583.81.0278
Coastal/Long Distance631.20.9506
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind605.50.9910
Predominantly Downwind607.90.9870
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore539.51.1120
Cape Doctor Coastal450.21.3329
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low786.00.7634
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium571.11.0506
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High485.71.2354
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1028.50.5834
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium712.90.8416
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High583.81.0278
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7634
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0506
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2354
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5834
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8416
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0278
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7634
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0506
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2354
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5834
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8416
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0278
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance631.20.9506
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low786.00.7634
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium571.11.0506
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High485.71.2354
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1028.50.5834
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium712.90.8416
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High583.81.0278
Predominantly Upwind605.50.9910
Predominantly Downwind607.90.9870
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1794.51159.1851.2687.6588.3534.5497.0442.7422.6
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance631.20.9506
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low786.00.7634
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium571.11.0506
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High485.71.2354
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1028.50.5834
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium712.90.8416
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High583.81.0278
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1794.51159.1851.2687.6588.3534.5497.0442.7422.6
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low786.00.7634
Triple Number AP Medium571.21.0505
Triple Number AP High485.71.2354
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1077.30.5570
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium712.90.8416
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High583.81.0278
Single Number Predominant Upwind631.50.9501
Single Number Predominant Reaching573.71.0458
Single Number Predominant Downwind639.90.9376
Predominant Upwind - Low921.30.6513
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med681.50.8804
Predominant Upwind - Medium580.01.0344
Predominant Upwind - Med/High525.11.1426
Predominant Upwind - High504.51.1893
Predominant Downwind Low1013.00.5923
Predominant Downwind Low/Med715.70.8383
Predominant Downwind Medium579.71.0350
Predominant Downwind Med/High493.51.2157
Predominant Downwind High450.41.3321
Predominant Reaching Low851.40.7047
Predominant Reaching Low/Med625.30.9595
Predominant Reaching Medium527.51.1374
Predominant Reaching Med/High468.41.2809
Predominant Reaching High438.31.3690
SA/DSPL Upwind23.74SA/DSPL Downwind23.74
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1216.10.4934
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med859.10.6984
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium695.50.8627
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High596.21.0065
5-Band Windward/Leeward High555.51.0801
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1199.30.5003
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med854.80.7019
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium699.60.8577
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High608.60.9858
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High573.71.0458
5-Band AP Low888.50.6753
5-Band AP Low/Med669.30.8965
5-Band AP Medium559.71.0719
5-Band AP Med/High494.51.2134
5-Band AP High464.31.2922
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low1034.10.5802
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med816.40.7349
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium668.50.8976
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High581.31.0321
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High545.81.0994
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9133
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9092
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.8935
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6339
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6417
Harvest Moon Regatta492.51.2183
Non Spin/HSFClub Certificate2025
PaminaNOR 15558
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassWauquiez Opium 39MeasurementHINPlan reviewHull constructionCoredCarbon rudderNoLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA11.470Max. Beam4.180Draft2.112Displacement6,636Wetted area33.12IMS L10.938LSM010.864Acc. length11.470Sink (kg/mm) 24.87
VCGD0.200VCGM0.248RM Rated (kg·m) 191.7Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight775Declared crew weightN/A
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeFolding 3 blades
InstallationStrutTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRD0.300PBWPIPA0.0040
EDL1.680ST10.065ST20.180
ST30.180ST40.110ST50.280
RIG
Forestay tensionAftInner stayNone FittedMast materialAluminumSingle headsail furlerNoMainsail furlerNoArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunning backstays0CheckstaysSpreaders2Rotating mastNo
P14.890IG16.010ISP16.430MDT10.130MDL10.200MDT20.000MDL20.000TL0.000MW0.000GO0.000
E4.760J4.830BAS1.660FSDFoilSFJ0.000SPL0.000WPLTPS6.090BD0.000MWT0.00MCG0.000
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodVCG entered directlyVCG entered0.200Flotation Date01/01/2015
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible
Non Spin/HSFClub Certificate2025
PaminaNOR 15558
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateComment625-2025041010350.150.941.692.923.9140.8910/04/2025366-2017041019110.140.861.622.813.7939.6810/04/2017
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateComment366-2017040122440.031.280.002.624.085.6715.43NoNo 43.4701/04/2017625-2025041010350.060.721.402.812.245.6015.42YesNo 36.5010/04/2025
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length11.5 mTable area0.55 m²Headroom1.79 mMinimum number of berths5Personal gear stowage0.20 m³Fresh water capacity138 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit5Food stowage0.30 m³Fuel capacity80 lCabin soleStovesSinksGalley gear stowageToiletWash basinNavigation areaHanging locker
*This list is a summary of the requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for details.