Double HandedClub Certificate2025
KonstanseNOR 16364
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles44.0°44.0°41.9°40.8°40.1°40.0°40.2°40.8°42.6°
Beat VMG2.473.424.184.674.894.985.014.994.82
52°3.875.256.256.877.147.257.317.347.26
60°4.135.546.527.127.407.517.577.637.58
75°4.325.756.707.307.637.837.938.068.11
90°4.205.646.677.377.737.958.198.488.65
110°4.065.606.797.517.978.368.689.079.32
120°3.925.436.617.397.878.308.729.5110.01
135°3.434.836.026.947.547.998.429.3210.53
150°2.814.065.206.156.927.467.868.609.41
Run VMG2.433.524.505.336.006.516.967.688.33
Gybe Angles143.1°143.1°147.1°148.9°150.7°154.7°160.1°175.7°175.7°
APH ToD:559.5CDL: 9.366APH ToT: 1.0724CertNo:676536
BOAT
ClassHanse 370DesignerJudel/VrolijkBuilderHanseAge dateSeries date01/2005Offset fileHANSe370.OFFData file676536
HULL
Length Overall11.298 mMaximum Beam3.742 mDraft1.997 mDisplacement7,230 kgDLR6.2418IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.320%Age Allowance0.487%
PROPELLER
InstallationStrutTypeFolding 3 bladesDiameter0.400m
CREW
Maximum weight170 kg(default)Minimum weight120 kg ✱ when appliedNon Manual PowerNoCrew Arm Extension
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail40.9141.39Headsail Luffed41.2441.24Headsail FlyingSymmetricAsymmetric83.6383.63 (All asymmetric spinnakers with SHW/SFL > 85%)
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail12.98Storm Jib11.39Heavy Weather Jib30.75
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails5Spinnakers4
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.
Double HandedClub Certificate2025
KonstanseNOR 16364
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1459.61051.8861.3770.3736.4723.3718.4721.4747.5
52°929.9686.0576.1524.1503.9496.4492.8490.3496.2
60°870.8649.9552.5505.7486.2479.2475.5471.8474.9
75°833.4626.6537.1493.5471.7460.0454.1446.4444.0
90°857.4638.5540.0488.1465.6452.6439.6424.4416.3
110°887.5642.8530.5479.3451.8430.7414.7397.0386.4
120°918.1662.9544.3487.3457.2433.5412.7378.6359.7
135°1051.0744.9597.5518.8477.1450.6427.6386.3342.0
150°1280.6886.2692.9584.9519.9482.3458.2418.7382.5
Run VMG1478.61023.3800.1675.4600.1552.7517.6468.8432.0
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1468.11037.6830.7722.9668.2638.0618.0595.1589.8
All purpose1106.2795.7649.4575.1538.6518.0503.4485.3477.3
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward699.10.8582
All purpose559.51.0724
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low722.50.8304
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium554.81.0814
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High500.31.1994
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low934.10.6423
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium692.40.8665
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High614.40.9765
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance610.70.9825
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low722.50.8304
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium554.81.0814
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High500.31.1994
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low934.10.6423
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium692.40.8665
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High614.40.9765
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1561.51036.1781.0649.8577.0538.5507.7458.4448.1
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.7523
Downwind "popa"0.9056
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.7925
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.8534
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low722.50.8304
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium554.81.0814
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High500.31.1994
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low934.10.6423
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium692.40.8665
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High614.40.9765
Predominantly Upwind606.70.9890
Predominantly Downwind569.41.0537
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low722.50.8304
Triple Number AP Medium554.91.0813
Triple Number AP High500.21.1994
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low976.80.6142
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium692.40.8665
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High614.40.9765
Single Number Predominant Upwind632.70.9484
Single Number Predominant Reaching555.01.0810
Single Number Predominant Downwind596.11.0066
Predominant Upwind - Low871.70.6883
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med662.60.9055
Predominant Upwind - Medium586.51.0229
Predominant Upwind - Med/High553.91.0833
Predominant Upwind - High543.31.1044
Predominant Downwind Low880.70.6813
Predominant Downwind Low/Med645.90.9289
Predominant Downwind Medium548.51.0939
Predominant Downwind Med/High491.11.2217
Predominant Downwind High457.81.3106
Predominant Reaching Low778.30.7710
Predominant Reaching Low/Med589.51.0178
Predominant Reaching Medium516.01.1627
Predominant Reaching Med/High476.21.2600
Predominant Reaching High454.01.3216
SA/DSPL Upwind21.83SA/DSPL Downwind33.09
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1093.70.5486
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med799.20.7508
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium681.60.8803
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High621.70.9650
5-Band Windward/Leeward High598.11.0031
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1096.20.5473
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med807.10.7434
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium695.00.8633
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High641.60.9351
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High623.60.9621
5-Band AP Low800.60.7494
5-Band AP Low/Med628.40.9549
5-Band AP Medium547.41.0960
5-Band AP Med/High505.81.1863
5-Band AP High487.01.2320
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low939.90.6383
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med762.70.7866
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium655.70.9150
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High603.10.9949
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High582.41.0303
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9210
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9488
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.9699
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6896
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6951
Harvest Moon Regatta480.11.2499
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance610.70.9825
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low722.50.8304
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium554.81.0814
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High500.31.1994
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low934.10.6423
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium692.40.8665
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High614.40.9765
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1561.51036.1781.0649.8577.0538.5507.7458.4448.1
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance610.70.9825
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low722.50.8304
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium554.81.0814
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High500.31.1994
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low934.10.6423
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium692.40.8665
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High614.40.9765
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1561.51036.1781.0649.8577.0538.5507.7458.4448.1
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance610.7
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1561.51036.1781.0649.8577.0538.5507.7458.4448.1
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low722.50.8304
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium554.81.0814
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High500.31.1994
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low934.10.6423
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium692.40.8665
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High614.40.9765
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating610.70.9825
FinRating, kevyt tuuli1074.10.9310
FinRating, kova tuuli489.61.0212
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low722.50.8304
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium554.81.0814
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High500.31.1994
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low934.10.6423
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium692.40.8665
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High614.40.9765
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance0.9825
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8304
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0814
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1994
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6423
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8665
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9765
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1561.51036.1781.0649.8577.0538.5507.7458.4448.1
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)628.6
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance610.70.9825
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low722.50.8304
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium554.81.0814
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High500.31.1994
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low934.10.6423
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium692.40.8665
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High614.40.9765
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1561.51036.1781.0649.8577.0538.5507.7458.4448.1
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low722.50.8304
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium554.81.0814
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High500.31.1994
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low934.10.6423
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium692.40.8665
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High614.40.9765
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance610.70.9825
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low722.50.8304
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium554.81.0814
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High500.31.1994
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low934.10.6423
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium692.40.8665
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High614.40.9765
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1561.51036.1781.0649.8577.0538.5507.7458.4448.1
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance610.70.9825
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low722.50.8304
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium554.81.0814
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High500.31.1994
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low934.10.6423
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium692.40.8665
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High614.40.9765
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1561.51036.1781.0649.8577.0538.5507.7458.4448.1
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low722.5
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium554.8
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High500.3
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low934.1
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium692.4
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High614.4
Predominantly Upwind606.7
Predominantly Downwind569.4
Predominantly Reaching542.8
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance610.70.9825
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low722.50.8304
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium554.81.0814
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High500.31.1994
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low934.10.6423
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium692.40.8665
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High614.40.9765
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1561.51036.1781.0649.8577.0538.5507.7458.4448.1
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8304
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0814
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1994
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6423
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8665
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9765
Coastal/Long Distance0.9825
Predominantly Upwind0.9890
Predominantly Downwind1.0537
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)628.6
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Distanseseilas Singeltall  (APH)1.0724
Distanseseilas Trippeltall svak vind0.8304
Distanseseilas Trippeltall mellomvind1.0814
Distanseseilas Trippeltall sterk vind1.1994
Pølsebane Trippeltall svak vind0.6423
Pølsebane Trippeltall mellomvind0.8665
Pølsebane Trippeltall sterk vind0.9765
Motvind Singeltall0.9890
Medvind Singeltall1.0537
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low722.50.8304
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium554.81.0814
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High500.31.1994
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low934.10.6423
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium692.40.8665
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High614.40.9765
Coastal/Long Distance610.70.9825
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind606.70.9890
Predominantly Downwind569.41.0537
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore591.41.0146
Cape Doctor Coastal479.71.2508
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low722.50.8304
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium554.81.0814
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High500.31.1994
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low934.10.6423
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium692.40.8665
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High614.40.9765
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8304
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0814
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1994
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6423
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8665
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9765
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8304
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0814
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1994
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6423
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8665
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9765
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance610.70.9825
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low722.50.8304
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium554.81.0814
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High500.31.1994
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low934.10.6423
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium692.40.8665
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High614.40.9765
Predominantly Upwind606.70.9890
Predominantly Downwind569.41.0537
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1561.51036.1781.0649.8577.0538.5507.7458.4448.1
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance610.70.9825
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low722.50.8304
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium554.81.0814
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High500.31.1994
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low934.10.6423
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium692.40.8665
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High614.40.9765
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1561.51036.1781.0649.8577.0538.5507.7458.4448.1
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low722.50.8304
Triple Number AP Medium554.91.0813
Triple Number AP High500.21.1994
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low976.80.6142
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium692.40.8665
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High614.40.9765
Single Number Predominant Upwind632.70.9484
Single Number Predominant Reaching555.01.0810
Single Number Predominant Downwind596.11.0066
Predominant Upwind - Low871.70.6883
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med662.60.9055
Predominant Upwind - Medium586.51.0229
Predominant Upwind - Med/High553.91.0833
Predominant Upwind - High543.31.1044
Predominant Downwind Low880.70.6813
Predominant Downwind Low/Med645.90.9289
Predominant Downwind Medium548.51.0939
Predominant Downwind Med/High491.11.2217
Predominant Downwind High457.81.3106
Predominant Reaching Low778.30.7710
Predominant Reaching Low/Med589.51.0178
Predominant Reaching Medium516.01.1627
Predominant Reaching Med/High476.21.2600
Predominant Reaching High454.01.3216
SA/DSPL Upwind21.83SA/DSPL Downwind33.09
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1093.70.5486
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med799.20.7508
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium681.60.8803
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High621.70.9650
5-Band Windward/Leeward High598.11.0031
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1096.20.5473
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med807.10.7434
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium695.00.8633
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High641.60.9351
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High623.60.9621
5-Band AP Low800.60.7494
5-Band AP Low/Med628.40.9549
5-Band AP Medium547.41.0960
5-Band AP Med/High505.81.1863
5-Band AP High487.01.2320
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low939.90.6383
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med762.70.7866
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium655.70.9150
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High603.10.9949
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High582.41.0303
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9210
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9488
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.9699
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6896
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6951
Harvest Moon Regatta480.11.2499
Double HandedClub Certificate2025
KonstanseNOR 16364
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassHanse 370MeasurementHINPlan reviewHull constructionCoredCarbon rudderNoLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA11.298Max. Beam3.742Draft1.997Displacement7,230Wetted area30.64IMS L10.509LSM010.501Acc. length11.298Sink (kg/mm) 23.92
VCGD0.179VCGM0.219RM Rated (kg·m) 186.5Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight170Declared crew weightN/A
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeFolding 3 blades
InstallationStrutTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRD0.400PBWPIPA0.0040
EDL2.000ST10.065ST20.180
ST30.180ST40.110ST50.300
RIG
Forestay tensionAftInner stayNone FittedMast materialAluminumSingle headsail furlerNoMainsail furlerArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunning backstays0CheckstaysSpreaders2Rotating mastNo
P14.400IG15.090ISP15.150MDT10.120MDL10.220MDT20.000MDL20.000TL1.000MW0.000GO0.000
E5.150J4.160BAS1.690FSDFoilSFJ0.000SPL0.000WPLTPS4.860BD0.000MWT180.00MCG5.960
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodVCG entered directlyVCG entered0.179Flotation Date01/01/2015
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible
Double HandedClub Certificate2025
KonstanseNOR 16364
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateComment415-2025060418510.110.881.643.004.0940.9104/06/2025
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateComment625-2025060307030.060.701.372.814.305.8514.40NoNo 41.2403/06/2025415-2025060418540.070.430.791.622.563.5714.33YesNo 24.4504/06/2025
ASYMMETRIC SPINNAKER
IdSLUSLESLSHWSFLRatioAreaMeas.DateComment625-20250603070815.5813.6614.626.727.4490%83.6303/06/2025
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length11.3 mTable area0.55 m²Headroom1.78 mMinimum number of berths5Personal gear stowage0.20 m³Fresh water capacity133 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit5Food stowage0.30 m³Fuel capacity76 lCabin soleStovesSinksGalley gear stowageToiletWash basinNavigation areaHanging locker
*This list is a summary of the requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for details.