Club Certificate2025
IL TORONOR 10125
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles44.6°44.6°42.3°40.8°39.8°39.3°39.0°39.0°39.9°
Beat VMG2.453.404.184.735.075.235.315.385.32
52°3.895.266.276.947.317.497.587.677.67
60°4.175.586.567.177.527.717.817.927.94
75°4.345.796.787.367.707.948.128.328.43
90°4.415.957.027.617.958.188.348.688.94
110°4.255.816.967.628.038.418.769.359.79
120°4.035.596.797.537.998.398.789.5210.33
135°3.554.996.217.157.728.148.579.4610.60
150°2.894.185.366.407.227.738.138.959.93
Run VMG2.503.624.645.546.346.977.478.248.99
Gybe Angles144.4°144.4°148.9°151.1°157.0°164.2°170.5°176.8°175.9°
APH ToD:543.5CDL: 9.933APH ToT: 1.1039CertNo:7680
BOAT
ClassDEHLER 39 JVDesignerJudel/VrolijkBuilderDehler Segelyachten GmbHAge date01/2001Series date12/1999Offset fileDEH39-19.OFFData file7680
HULL
Length Overall11.785 mMaximum Beam3.786 mDraft1.969 mDisplacement7,944 kgDLR5.9921IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.230%Age Allowance0.487%
PROPELLER
InstallationStrutTypeFolding 2 bladesDiameter0.410m
CREW
Maximum weight787 kg(default)Minimum weight657 kg ✱ when appliedNon Manual PowerNoCrew Arm Extension
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail47.9548.95Headsail Luffed34.5134.51Headsail Flying80.7980.79Symmetric110.37110.37Asymmetric
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail14.35Storm Jib11.87Heavy Weather Jib32.04
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails6Spinnakers5
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.
Club Certificate2025
IL TORONOR 10125
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1471.51057.7862.3761.2709.8688.7677.6669.6676.9
52°925.8683.9574.3518.6492.4480.6475.0469.3469.1
60°863.3644.8548.6501.8478.7467.0461.1454.7453.3
75°829.1621.3531.2489.4467.5453.3443.4432.5427.1
90°816.6605.5512.9473.0452.8440.1431.9414.6402.9
110°847.6620.1517.6472.2448.1428.3411.0385.2367.7
120°892.3644.5530.4478.1450.8429.0409.9378.1348.4
135°1014.8720.9579.4503.8466.5442.2420.3380.6339.7
150°1247.1861.6671.6562.9498.7465.5442.6402.3362.6
Run VMG1441.0994.9775.5649.6567.8516.2481.7436.8400.4
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1455.31026.3818.9705.4638.8602.4579.6553.2538.7
All purpose1088.7782.2637.6563.0522.2499.4484.0462.4447.6
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward672.00.8928
All purpose543.51.1039
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low709.90.8452
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium539.71.1117
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High479.71.2507
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low922.70.6503
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium666.90.8997
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High575.41.0427
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance593.11.0116
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low709.90.8452
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium539.71.1117
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High479.71.2507
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low922.70.6503
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium666.90.8997
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High575.41.0427
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1547.31023.1768.3634.8557.6518.3489.1442.0425.0
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.7740
Downwind "popa"0.9497
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.8194
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.8891
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low709.90.8452
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium539.71.1117
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High479.71.2507
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low922.70.6503
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium666.90.8997
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High575.41.0427
Predominantly Upwind590.21.0167
Predominantly Downwind550.61.0897
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low709.90.8452
Triple Number AP Medium539.81.1115
Triple Number AP High479.71.2507
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low964.60.6220
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium666.90.8997
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High575.41.0427
Single Number Predominant Upwind615.30.9752
Single Number Predominant Reaching538.71.1139
Single Number Predominant Downwind576.01.0417
Predominant Upwind - Low862.60.6956
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med651.90.9204
Predominant Upwind - Medium569.41.0538
Predominant Upwind - Med/High530.01.1322
Predominant Upwind - High514.21.1668
Predominant Downwind Low857.70.6996
Predominant Downwind Low/Med627.50.9562
Predominant Downwind Medium529.31.1335
Predominant Downwind Med/High470.81.2745
Predominant Downwind High437.41.3717
Predominant Reaching Low756.00.7936
Predominant Reaching Low/Med573.11.0469
Predominant Reaching Medium501.21.1972
Predominant Reaching Med/High461.31.3006
Predominant Reaching High437.91.3702
SA/DSPL Upwind20.57SA/DSPL Downwind39.49
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1081.90.5546
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med782.80.7664
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium653.90.9176
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High584.01.0274
5-Band Windward/Leeward High555.31.0806
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1088.00.5515
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med792.90.7568
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium668.10.8981
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High603.30.9945
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High578.71.0369
5-Band AP Low784.10.7652
5-Band AP Low/Med615.60.9747
5-Band AP Medium531.61.1286
5-Band AP Med/High486.11.2342
5-Band AP High463.61.2943
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low929.80.6453
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med748.40.8017
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium632.00.9494
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High570.71.0513
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High544.41.1022
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9435
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9765
Chicago-Mac Downwind1.0021
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.7041
Bayview-Mac Shore0.7098
Harvest Moon Regatta468.51.2806
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance593.11.0116
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low709.90.8452
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium539.71.1117
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High479.71.2507
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low922.70.6503
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium666.90.8997
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High575.41.0427
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1547.31023.1768.3634.8557.6518.3489.1442.0425.0
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance593.11.0116
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low709.90.8452
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium539.71.1117
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High479.71.2507
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low922.70.6503
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium666.90.8997
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High575.41.0427
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1547.31023.1768.3634.8557.6518.3489.1442.0425.0
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance593.1
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1547.31023.1768.3634.8557.6518.3489.1442.0425.0
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low709.90.8452
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium539.71.1117
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High479.71.2507
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low922.70.6503
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium666.90.8997
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High575.41.0427
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating593.11.0116
FinRating, kevyt tuuli1060.10.9433
FinRating, kova tuuli466.21.0724
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low709.90.8452
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium539.71.1117
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High479.71.2507
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low922.70.6503
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium666.90.8997
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High575.41.0427
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance1.0116
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8452
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.1117
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2507
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6503
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8997
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0427
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1547.31023.1768.3634.8557.6518.3489.1442.0425.0
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)612.5
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance593.11.0116
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low709.90.8452
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium539.71.1117
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High479.71.2507
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low922.70.6503
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium666.90.8997
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High575.41.0427
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1547.31023.1768.3634.8557.6518.3489.1442.0425.0
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low709.90.8452
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium539.71.1117
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High479.71.2507
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low922.70.6503
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium666.90.8997
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High575.41.0427
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance593.11.0116
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low709.90.8452
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium539.71.1117
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High479.71.2507
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low922.70.6503
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium666.90.8997
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High575.41.0427
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1547.31023.1768.3634.8557.6518.3489.1442.0425.0
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance593.11.0116
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low709.90.8452
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium539.71.1117
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High479.71.2507
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low922.70.6503
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium666.90.8997
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High575.41.0427
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1547.31023.1768.3634.8557.6518.3489.1442.0425.0
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low709.9
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium539.7
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High479.7
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low922.7
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium666.9
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High575.4
Predominantly Upwind590.2
Predominantly Downwind550.6
Predominantly Reaching526.5
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance593.11.0116
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low709.90.8452
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium539.71.1117
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High479.71.2507
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low922.70.6503
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium666.90.8997
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High575.41.0427
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1547.31023.1768.3634.8557.6518.3489.1442.0425.0
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8452
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.1117
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2507
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6503
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8997
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0427
Coastal/Long Distance1.0116
Predominantly Upwind1.0167
Predominantly Downwind1.0897
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)612.5
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Distanseseilas Singeltall  (APH)1.1039
Distanseseilas Trippeltall svak vind0.8452
Distanseseilas Trippeltall mellomvind1.1117
Distanseseilas Trippeltall sterk vind1.2507
Pølsebane Trippeltall svak vind0.6503
Pølsebane Trippeltall mellomvind0.8997
Pølsebane Trippeltall sterk vind1.0427
Motvind Singeltall1.0167
Medvind Singeltall1.0897
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low709.90.8452
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium539.71.1117
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High479.71.2507
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low922.70.6503
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium666.90.8997
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High575.41.0427
Coastal/Long Distance593.11.0116
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind590.21.0167
Predominantly Downwind550.61.0897
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore543.01.1049
Cape Doctor Coastal452.01.3274
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low709.90.8452
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium539.71.1117
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High479.71.2507
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low922.70.6503
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium666.90.8997
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High575.41.0427
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8452
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.1117
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2507
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6503
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8997
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0427
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8452
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.1117
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2507
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6503
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8997
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0427
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance593.11.0116
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low709.90.8452
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium539.71.1117
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High479.71.2507
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low922.70.6503
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium666.90.8997
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High575.41.0427
Predominantly Upwind590.21.0167
Predominantly Downwind550.61.0897
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1547.31023.1768.3634.8557.6518.3489.1442.0425.0
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance593.11.0116
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low709.90.8452
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium539.71.1117
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High479.71.2507
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low922.70.6503
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium666.90.8997
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High575.41.0427
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1547.31023.1768.3634.8557.6518.3489.1442.0425.0
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low709.90.8452
Triple Number AP Medium539.81.1115
Triple Number AP High479.71.2507
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low964.60.6220
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium666.90.8997
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High575.41.0427
Single Number Predominant Upwind615.30.9752
Single Number Predominant Reaching538.71.1139
Single Number Predominant Downwind576.01.0417
Predominant Upwind - Low862.60.6956
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med651.90.9204
Predominant Upwind - Medium569.41.0538
Predominant Upwind - Med/High530.01.1322
Predominant Upwind - High514.21.1668
Predominant Downwind Low857.70.6996
Predominant Downwind Low/Med627.50.9562
Predominant Downwind Medium529.31.1335
Predominant Downwind Med/High470.81.2745
Predominant Downwind High437.41.3717
Predominant Reaching Low756.00.7936
Predominant Reaching Low/Med573.11.0469
Predominant Reaching Medium501.21.1972
Predominant Reaching Med/High461.31.3006
Predominant Reaching High437.91.3702
SA/DSPL Upwind20.57SA/DSPL Downwind39.49
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1081.90.5546
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med782.80.7664
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium653.90.9176
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High584.01.0274
5-Band Windward/Leeward High555.31.0806
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1088.00.5515
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med792.90.7568
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium668.10.8981
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High603.30.9945
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High578.71.0369
5-Band AP Low784.10.7652
5-Band AP Low/Med615.60.9747
5-Band AP Medium531.61.1286
5-Band AP Med/High486.11.2342
5-Band AP High463.61.2943
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low929.80.6453
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med748.40.8017
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium632.00.9494
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High570.71.0513
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High544.41.1022
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9435
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9765
Chicago-Mac Downwind1.0021
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.7041
Bayview-Mac Shore0.7098
Harvest Moon Regatta468.51.2806
Club Certificate2025
IL TORONOR 10125
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassDEHLER 39 JVMeasurementHINPlan reviewHull constructionCoredCarbon rudderNoLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA11.785Max. Beam3.786Draft1.969Displacement7,944Wetted area31.65IMS L11.014LSM010.985Acc. length11.785Sink (kg/mm) 23.58
VCGD-0.140VCGM0.079RM Rated (kg·m) 178.0Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight787Declared crew weightN/A
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeFolding 2 blades
InstallationStrutTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRD0.410PBWPIPA0.0036
EDL2.290ST10.042ST20.180
ST30.180ST40.112ST50.290
RIG
Forestay tensionAftInner stayNone FittedMast materialAluminumSingle headsail furlerNoMainsail furlerArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunning backstays0CheckstaysSpreaders2Rotating mastNo
P14.900IG15.300ISP15.300MDT10.120MDL10.220MDT20.120MDL20.180TL0.740MW0.220GO0.250
E5.500J4.450BAS1.650FSD0.030SFJ0.000SPL4.539WPLTPS5.000BD0.000MWT228.00MCG5.430
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodVCG entered directlyVCG entered-0.140Flotation Date01/01/2015
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible
Club Certificate2025
IL TORONOR 10125
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateComment7680-2004012412000.060.001.843.414.6347.9501/01/1753
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateComment388-2020090120410.052.154.255.856.907.5016.00NoYes080.7901/09/2020388-2014090115200.000.000.000.000.004.4915.10NoNo 34.5101/09/2014
SYMMETRIC SPINNAKER
IdSLUSLESLSHWSFLAreaMeas.DateComment388-20140901152115.8515.8515.858.428.10110.3701/09/2014999-20040607132015.3815.3815.380.000.00104.7107/06/2004
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length11.8 mTable area0.55 m²Headroom1.80 mMinimum number of berths5Personal gear stowage0.20 m³Fresh water capacity145 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit5Food stowage0.30 m³Fuel capacity86 lCabin soleStovesSinksGalley gear stowageToiletWash basinNavigation areaHanging locker
*This list is a summary of the requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for details.