Double HandedClub Certificate2025
TigerNOR 16270
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles42.5°42.5°40.6°39.6°39.1°38.8°38.5°38.5°39.2°
Beat VMG2.593.564.314.785.045.185.255.325.28
52°4.005.386.366.957.257.407.497.587.59
60°4.235.666.627.187.467.637.737.837.86
75°4.415.856.817.367.667.878.038.238.34
90°4.265.786.887.477.717.978.208.578.82
110°4.315.907.057.688.088.418.628.989.28
120°4.185.756.937.618.058.458.839.399.82
135°3.665.146.367.247.778.198.629.5410.79
150°3.014.315.466.457.217.698.078.829.70
Run VMG2.613.734.735.586.256.747.177.848.51
Gybe Angles142.1°142.1°146.5°148.9°151.6°156.2°161.5°164.2°161.0°
APH ToD:544.1CDL: 9.779APH ToT: 1.1027CertNo:667016
BOAT
ClassReflex 38DesignerStimsonBuilderReflexAge date01/1999Series date01/1999Offset fileREFL382.OFFData file667016
HULL
Length Overall11.580 mMaximum Beam3.884 mDraft2.362 mDisplacement7,472 kgDLR5.7740IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.250%Age Allowance0.487%
PROPELLER
InstallationStrutTypeFolding 2 bladesDiameter0.380m
CREW
Maximum weight170 kg(default)Minimum weight120 kg ✱ when appliedNon Manual PowerNoCrew Arm Extension
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail45.5346.59Headsail Luffed35.4635.46Headsail FlyingSymmetricAsymmetric103.88103.88 (All asymmetric spinnakers with SHW/SFL > 85%)
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail13.27Storm Jib10.38Heavy Weather Jib28.03
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails6Spinnakers5
✱ Asymmetric SHALL NOT be tacked on the pole
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.
Double HandedClub Certificate2025
TigerNOR 16270
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1391.91011.2836.1753.4714.3695.5685.1676.7682.4
52°900.7668.7565.9518.2496.8486.2480.4475.0474.5
60°850.3636.5543.7501.6482.5471.8465.9459.7458.1
75°816.5615.0528.9489.5469.9457.5448.3437.4431.7
90°845.1622.4523.3482.1466.9451.5439.1420.2408.1
110°834.8610.6510.5468.7445.5428.3417.8401.0387.9
120°861.7626.2519.5473.2447.5426.1407.5383.5366.7
135°982.4700.2565.8497.2463.5439.5417.8377.3333.7
150°1194.6835.5659.3558.3499.4468.1446.4408.1371.0
Run VMG1379.4964.8761.3644.7575.6533.7502.3459.0422.9
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1385.0988.0798.7699.0645.0614.6593.7567.8552.6
All purpose1052.3761.7626.7560.1525.9505.1490.4470.1456.0
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward673.20.8912
All purpose544.11.1027
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low694.20.8643
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium540.51.1101
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High486.41.2335
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low893.40.6716
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium668.20.8979
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High589.21.0183
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance592.41.0129
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low694.20.8643
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium540.51.1101
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High486.41.2335
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low893.40.6716
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium668.20.8979
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High589.21.0183
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1468.4985.7751.3630.4561.7524.4494.7449.2435.4
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.7818
Downwind "popa"0.9457
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.8247
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.8897
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low694.20.8643
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium540.51.1101
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High486.41.2335
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low893.40.6716
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium668.20.8979
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High589.21.0183
Predominantly Upwind590.11.0167
Predominantly Downwind550.91.0891
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low694.20.8643
Triple Number AP Medium540.61.1100
Triple Number AP High486.41.2335
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low932.60.6434
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium668.20.8979
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High589.21.0183
Single Number Predominant Upwind613.60.9778
Single Number Predominant Reaching540.41.1102
Single Number Predominant Downwind575.01.0435
Predominant Upwind - Low838.90.7153
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med644.30.9313
Predominant Upwind - Medium572.31.0484
Predominant Upwind - Med/High536.51.1183
Predominant Upwind - High520.61.1526
Predominant Downwind Low836.40.7174
Predominant Downwind Low/Med620.40.9671
Predominant Downwind Medium532.01.1278
Predominant Downwind Med/High478.41.2541
Predominant Downwind High445.21.3476
Predominant Reaching Low747.20.8030
Predominant Reaching Low/Med571.41.0501
Predominant Reaching Medium505.51.1870
Predominant Reaching Med/High466.81.2854
Predominant Reaching High442.41.3562
SA/DSPL Upwind21.05SA/DSPL Downwind38.83
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1040.10.5769
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med768.70.7805
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium657.40.9127
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High597.21.0047
5-Band Windward/Leeward High569.71.0532
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1044.60.5744
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med777.90.7713
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium671.00.8942
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High615.30.9751
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High591.61.0143
5-Band AP Low766.30.7829
5-Band AP Low/Med608.20.9865
5-Band AP Medium533.51.1246
5-Band AP Med/High492.41.2185
5-Band AP High471.21.2735
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low897.30.6687
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med734.60.8168
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium633.50.9471
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High579.91.0347
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High554.61.0818
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9489
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9804
Chicago-Mac Downwind1.0069
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.7207
Bayview-Mac Shore0.7257
Harvest Moon Regatta472.11.2710
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance592.41.0129
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low694.20.8643
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium540.51.1101
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High486.41.2335
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low893.40.6716
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium668.20.8979
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High589.21.0183
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1468.4985.7751.3630.4561.7524.4494.7449.2435.4
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance592.41.0129
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low694.20.8643
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium540.51.1101
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High486.41.2335
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low893.40.6716
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium668.20.8979
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High589.21.0183
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1468.4985.7751.3630.4561.7524.4494.7449.2435.4
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance592.4
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1468.4985.7751.3630.4561.7524.4494.7449.2435.4
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low694.20.8643
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium540.51.1101
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High486.41.2335
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low893.40.6716
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium668.20.8979
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High589.21.0183
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating592.41.0129
FinRating, kevyt tuuli1021.30.9792
FinRating, kova tuuli474.21.0544
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low694.20.8643
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium540.51.1101
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High486.41.2335
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low893.40.6716
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium668.20.8979
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High589.21.0183
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance1.0129
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8643
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.1101
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2335
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6716
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8979
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0183
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1468.4985.7751.3630.4561.7524.4494.7449.2435.4
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)609.6
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance592.41.0129
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low694.20.8643
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium540.51.1101
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High486.41.2335
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low893.40.6716
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium668.20.8979
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High589.21.0183
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1468.4985.7751.3630.4561.7524.4494.7449.2435.4
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low694.20.8643
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium540.51.1101
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High486.41.2335
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low893.40.6716
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium668.20.8979
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High589.21.0183
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance592.41.0129
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low694.20.8643
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium540.51.1101
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High486.41.2335
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low893.40.6716
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium668.20.8979
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High589.21.0183
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1468.4985.7751.3630.4561.7524.4494.7449.2435.4
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance592.41.0129
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low694.20.8643
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium540.51.1101
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High486.41.2335
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low893.40.6716
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium668.20.8979
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High589.21.0183
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1468.4985.7751.3630.4561.7524.4494.7449.2435.4
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low694.2
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium540.5
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High486.4
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low893.4
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium668.2
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High589.2
Predominantly Upwind590.1
Predominantly Downwind550.9
Predominantly Reaching528.2
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance592.41.0129
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low694.20.8643
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium540.51.1101
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High486.41.2335
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low893.40.6716
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium668.20.8979
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High589.21.0183
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1468.4985.7751.3630.4561.7524.4494.7449.2435.4
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8643
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.1101
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2335
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6716
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8979
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0183
Coastal/Long Distance1.0129
Predominantly Upwind1.0167
Predominantly Downwind1.0891
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)609.6
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Distanseseilas Singeltall  (APH)1.1027
Distanseseilas Trippeltall svak vind0.8643
Distanseseilas Trippeltall mellomvind1.1101
Distanseseilas Trippeltall sterk vind1.2335
Pølsebane Trippeltall svak vind0.6716
Pølsebane Trippeltall mellomvind0.8979
Pølsebane Trippeltall sterk vind1.0183
Motvind Singeltall1.0167
Medvind Singeltall1.0891
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low694.20.8643
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium540.51.1101
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High486.41.2335
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low893.40.6716
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium668.20.8979
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High589.21.0183
Coastal/Long Distance592.41.0129
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind590.11.0167
Predominantly Downwind550.91.0891
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore557.21.0768
Cape Doctor Coastal460.21.3037
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low694.20.8643
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium540.51.1101
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High486.41.2335
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low893.40.6716
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium668.20.8979
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High589.21.0183
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8643
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.1101
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2335
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6716
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8979
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0183
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8643
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.1101
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2335
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6716
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8979
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0183
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance592.41.0129
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low694.20.8643
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium540.51.1101
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High486.41.2335
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low893.40.6716
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium668.20.8979
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High589.21.0183
Predominantly Upwind590.11.0167
Predominantly Downwind550.91.0891
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1468.4985.7751.3630.4561.7524.4494.7449.2435.4
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance592.41.0129
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low694.20.8643
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium540.51.1101
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High486.41.2335
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low893.40.6716
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium668.20.8979
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High589.21.0183
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1468.4985.7751.3630.4561.7524.4494.7449.2435.4
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low694.20.8643
Triple Number AP Medium540.61.1100
Triple Number AP High486.41.2335
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low932.60.6434
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium668.20.8979
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High589.21.0183
Single Number Predominant Upwind613.60.9778
Single Number Predominant Reaching540.41.1102
Single Number Predominant Downwind575.01.0435
Predominant Upwind - Low838.90.7153
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med644.30.9313
Predominant Upwind - Medium572.31.0484
Predominant Upwind - Med/High536.51.1183
Predominant Upwind - High520.61.1526
Predominant Downwind Low836.40.7174
Predominant Downwind Low/Med620.40.9671
Predominant Downwind Medium532.01.1278
Predominant Downwind Med/High478.41.2541
Predominant Downwind High445.21.3476
Predominant Reaching Low747.20.8030
Predominant Reaching Low/Med571.41.0501
Predominant Reaching Medium505.51.1870
Predominant Reaching Med/High466.81.2854
Predominant Reaching High442.41.3562
SA/DSPL Upwind21.05SA/DSPL Downwind38.83
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1040.10.5769
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med768.70.7805
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium657.40.9127
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High597.21.0047
5-Band Windward/Leeward High569.71.0532
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1044.60.5744
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med777.90.7713
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium671.00.8942
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High615.30.9751
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High591.61.0143
5-Band AP Low766.30.7829
5-Band AP Low/Med608.20.9865
5-Band AP Medium533.51.1246
5-Band AP Med/High492.41.2185
5-Band AP High471.21.2735
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low897.30.6687
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med734.60.8168
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium633.50.9471
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High579.91.0347
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High554.61.0818
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9489
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9804
Chicago-Mac Downwind1.0069
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.7207
Bayview-Mac Shore0.7257
Harvest Moon Regatta472.11.2710
Double HandedClub Certificate2025
TigerNOR 16270
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassReflex 38MeasurementHINPlan reviewHull constructionCoredCarbon rudderNoLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA11.580Max. Beam3.884Draft2.362Displacement7,472Wetted area29.85IMS L10.818LSM010.896Acc. length11.590Sink (kg/mm) 21.48
VCGD0.860VCGM-0.096RM Rated (kg·m) 152.3Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight170Declared crew weightN/A
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeFolding 2 blades
InstallationStrutTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRD0.380PBWPIPA0.0035
EDL2.210ST10.050ST20.170
ST30.170ST40.170ST50.255
RIG
Forestay tensionAftInner stayNone FittedMast materialAluminumSingle headsail furlerNoMainsail furlerArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunning backstays0CheckstaysSpreaders2Rotating mastNo
P14.490IG14.320ISP14.680MDT10.146MDL10.210MDT20.000MDL20.000TL0.000MW0.210GO0.235
E5.230J4.110BAS1.680FSD0.000SFJ0.000SPL4.712WPLTPS4.620BD0.000MWT0.00MCG0.000
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodVCG entered directlyVCG entered0.860Flotation Date01/01/2015
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible
Double HandedClub Certificate2025
TigerNOR 16270
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateComment306-2016052514530.121.122.023.474.3845.5325/05/2016
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateComment626-2024053011530.040.571.142.413.755.1814.26NoNo 35.4630/05/2024
ASYMMETRIC SPINNAKER
IdSLUSLESLSHWSFLRatioAreaMeas.DateComment015.6514.1014.888.458.10104%103.88336-20230915101915.2713.9814.637.197.11101%87.4315/09/2023
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length11.6 mTable area0.55 m²Headroom1.79 mMinimum number of berths5Personal gear stowage0.20 m³Fresh water capacity140 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit5Food stowage0.30 m³Fuel capacity82 lCabin soleStovesSinksGalley gear stowageToiletWash basinNavigation areaHanging locker
*This list is a summary of the requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for details.