Club Certificate2025
MilestoneNOR 10250
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles45.4°45.4°43.4°42.0°40.7°39.5°39.1°38.9°39.7°
Beat VMG2.293.223.994.585.055.365.505.585.49
52°3.655.026.096.847.357.677.847.957.93
60°3.945.356.407.127.587.878.058.208.21
75°4.125.566.617.327.768.058.278.588.69
90°3.985.446.567.427.958.298.538.839.12
110°3.875.416.677.548.058.438.799.459.92
120°3.745.236.467.377.948.338.709.4410.25
135°3.244.635.856.837.558.038.409.139.94
150°2.663.895.046.016.827.457.898.539.15
Run VMG2.303.374.365.205.906.476.947.728.33
Gybe Angles143.5°143.5°146.7°148.3°149.2°152.1°157.2°175.5°176.6°
APH ToD:555.5CDL: 10.270APH ToT: 1.0800CertNo:676522
BOAT
ClassSun OD 43 DSDesignerDanielAndrieuBuilderJeanneauAge date01/2002Series date01/2002Offset fileSO43STAN.OFFData file676522
HULL
Length Overall12.860 mMaximum Beam4.180 mDraft2.042 mDisplacement9,839 kgDLR6.2692IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.390%Age Allowance0.487%
PROPELLER
InstallationShaft exposedTypeFolding 2 bladesDiameter0.440m
CREW
Maximum weight853 kg(default)Minimum weight723 kg ✱ when appliedNon Manual PowerNoCrew Arm Extension
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail38.7139.18Headsail Luffed47.3547.35Headsail FlyingSymmetricAsymmetric77.8087.66 (1 asymmetric(s) with SHW/SFL < 85%)
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail12.46Storm Jib12.46Heavy Weather Jib33.62
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails6
✱ One set on the forestay
Spinnakers5
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.
Club Certificate2025
MilestoneNOR 10250
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1575.21119.4901.7785.3713.2672.0654.7645.0655.7
52°986.7717.1591.6526.2489.7469.5458.9452.8454.2
60°913.8672.5562.4505.6475.2457.6447.1439.2438.6
75°874.4647.0544.3491.8464.2447.4435.1419.4414.4
90°903.6662.3549.0485.0453.0434.5421.8407.8394.7
110°929.9665.2540.1477.6447.1427.0409.7381.1362.7
120°963.4688.6557.5488.5453.6432.0413.6381.3351.2
135°1111.1777.4615.4527.1476.6448.4428.6394.3362.2
150°1352.6924.6714.8599.5528.0483.0456.0422.1393.4
Run VMG1561.91067.6825.4692.2609.7556.5518.8466.1432.2
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1567.61093.5863.5738.8661.4614.3586.8555.5543.9
All purpose1174.7833.4669.7582.0530.9500.5481.6459.3447.5
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward696.50.8614
All purpose555.51.0800
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low751.50.7984
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium551.91.0872
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High478.01.2553
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low978.50.6132
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium692.30.8667
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High582.01.0310
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance608.80.9856
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low751.50.7984
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium551.91.0872
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High478.01.2553
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low978.50.6132
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium692.30.8667
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High582.01.0310
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1669.51090.9810.0661.0569.2520.0486.7440.0424.5
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.7648
Downwind "popa"0.8868
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.7978
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.8463
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low751.50.7984
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium551.91.0872
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High478.01.2553
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low978.50.6132
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium692.30.8667
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High582.01.0310
Predominantly Upwind600.10.9999
Predominantly Downwind573.21.0468
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low751.50.7984
Triple Number AP Medium552.01.0870
Triple Number AP High478.01.2553
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1025.00.5853
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium692.30.8667
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High582.01.0310
Single Number Predominant Upwind627.90.9556
Single Number Predominant Reaching554.71.0816
Single Number Predominant Downwind601.80.9969
Predominant Upwind - Low918.10.6535
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med677.80.8852
Predominant Upwind - Medium575.51.0426
Predominant Upwind - Med/High521.51.1505
Predominant Upwind - High504.11.1903
Predominant Downwind Low922.00.6508
Predominant Downwind Low/Med661.60.9069
Predominant Downwind Medium548.11.0947
Predominant Downwind Med/High481.31.2467
Predominant Downwind High447.41.3411
Predominant Reaching Low813.90.7372
Predominant Reaching Low/Med600.30.9995
Predominant Reaching Medium509.61.1773
Predominant Reaching Med/High459.61.3053
Predominant Reaching High436.71.3740
SA/DSPL Upwind18.60SA/DSPL Downwind25.18
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1154.80.5196
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med823.60.7285
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium677.00.8862
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High592.41.0128
5-Band Windward/Leeward High558.91.0735
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1159.60.5174
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med831.80.7213
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium687.50.8728
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High606.10.9899
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High576.81.0401
5-Band AP Low836.50.7173
5-Band AP Low/Med642.40.9340
5-Band AP Medium541.81.1075
5-Band AP Med/High485.21.2366
5-Band AP High461.11.3012
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low988.30.6071
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med785.40.7640
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium649.70.9235
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High573.31.0466
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High544.21.1025
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9181
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9408
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.9554
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6635
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6687
Harvest Moon Regatta475.91.2608
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance608.80.9856
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low751.50.7984
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium551.91.0872
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High478.01.2553
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low978.50.6132
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium692.30.8667
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High582.01.0310
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1669.51090.9810.0661.0569.2520.0486.7440.0424.5
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance608.80.9856
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low751.50.7984
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium551.91.0872
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High478.01.2553
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low978.50.6132
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium692.30.8667
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High582.01.0310
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1669.51090.9810.0661.0569.2520.0486.7440.0424.5
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance608.8
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1669.51090.9810.0661.0569.2520.0486.7440.0424.5
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low751.50.7984
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium551.91.0872
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High478.01.2553
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low978.50.6132
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium692.30.8667
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High582.01.0310
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating608.80.9856
FinRating, kevyt tuuli1133.90.8819
FinRating, kova tuuli464.71.0760
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low751.50.7984
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium551.91.0872
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High478.01.2553
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low978.50.6132
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium692.30.8667
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High582.01.0310
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance0.9856
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7984
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0872
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2553
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6132
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8667
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0310
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1669.51090.9810.0661.0569.2520.0486.7440.0424.5
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)631.2
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance608.80.9856
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low751.50.7984
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium551.91.0872
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High478.01.2553
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low978.50.6132
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium692.30.8667
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High582.01.0310
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1669.51090.9810.0661.0569.2520.0486.7440.0424.5
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low751.50.7984
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium551.91.0872
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High478.01.2553
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low978.50.6132
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium692.30.8667
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High582.01.0310
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance608.80.9856
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low751.50.7984
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium551.91.0872
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High478.01.2553
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low978.50.6132
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium692.30.8667
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High582.01.0310
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1669.51090.9810.0661.0569.2520.0486.7440.0424.5
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance608.80.9856
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low751.50.7984
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium551.91.0872
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High478.01.2553
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low978.50.6132
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium692.30.8667
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High582.01.0310
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1669.51090.9810.0661.0569.2520.0486.7440.0424.5
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low751.5
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium551.9
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High478.0
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low978.5
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium692.3
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High582.0
Predominantly Upwind600.1
Predominantly Downwind573.2
Predominantly Reaching542.8
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance608.80.9856
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low751.50.7984
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium551.91.0872
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High478.01.2553
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low978.50.6132
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium692.30.8667
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High582.01.0310
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1669.51090.9810.0661.0569.2520.0486.7440.0424.5
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7984
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0872
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2553
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6132
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8667
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0310
Coastal/Long Distance0.9856
Predominantly Upwind0.9999
Predominantly Downwind1.0468
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)631.2
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Distanseseilas Singeltall  (APH)1.0800
Distanseseilas Trippeltall svak vind0.7984
Distanseseilas Trippeltall mellomvind1.0872
Distanseseilas Trippeltall sterk vind1.2553
Pølsebane Trippeltall svak vind0.6132
Pølsebane Trippeltall mellomvind0.8667
Pølsebane Trippeltall sterk vind1.0310
Motvind Singeltall0.9999
Medvind Singeltall1.0468
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low751.50.7984
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium551.91.0872
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High478.01.2553
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low978.50.6132
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium692.30.8667
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High582.01.0310
Coastal/Long Distance608.80.9856
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind600.10.9999
Predominantly Downwind573.21.0468
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore547.41.0961
Cape Doctor Coastal451.01.3303
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low751.50.7984
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium551.91.0872
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High478.01.2553
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low978.50.6132
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium692.30.8667
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High582.01.0310
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7984
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0872
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2553
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6132
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8667
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0310
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7984
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0872
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2553
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6132
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8667
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0310
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance608.80.9856
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low751.50.7984
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium551.91.0872
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High478.01.2553
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low978.50.6132
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium692.30.8667
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High582.01.0310
Predominantly Upwind600.10.9999
Predominantly Downwind573.21.0468
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1669.51090.9810.0661.0569.2520.0486.7440.0424.5
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance608.80.9856
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low751.50.7984
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium551.91.0872
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High478.01.2553
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low978.50.6132
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium692.30.8667
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High582.01.0310
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1669.51090.9810.0661.0569.2520.0486.7440.0424.5
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low751.50.7984
Triple Number AP Medium552.01.0870
Triple Number AP High478.01.2553
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1025.00.5853
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium692.30.8667
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High582.01.0310
Single Number Predominant Upwind627.90.9556
Single Number Predominant Reaching554.71.0816
Single Number Predominant Downwind601.80.9969
Predominant Upwind - Low918.10.6535
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med677.80.8852
Predominant Upwind - Medium575.51.0426
Predominant Upwind - Med/High521.51.1505
Predominant Upwind - High504.11.1903
Predominant Downwind Low922.00.6508
Predominant Downwind Low/Med661.60.9069
Predominant Downwind Medium548.11.0947
Predominant Downwind Med/High481.31.2467
Predominant Downwind High447.41.3411
Predominant Reaching Low813.90.7372
Predominant Reaching Low/Med600.30.9995
Predominant Reaching Medium509.61.1773
Predominant Reaching Med/High459.61.3053
Predominant Reaching High436.71.3740
SA/DSPL Upwind18.60SA/DSPL Downwind25.18
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1154.80.5196
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med823.60.7285
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium677.00.8862
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High592.41.0128
5-Band Windward/Leeward High558.91.0735
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1159.60.5174
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med831.80.7213
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium687.50.8728
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High606.10.9899
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High576.81.0401
5-Band AP Low836.50.7173
5-Band AP Low/Med642.40.9340
5-Band AP Medium541.81.1075
5-Band AP Med/High485.21.2366
5-Band AP High461.11.3012
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low988.30.6071
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med785.40.7640
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium649.70.9235
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High573.31.0466
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High544.21.1025
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9181
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9408
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.9554
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6635
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6687
Harvest Moon Regatta475.91.2608
Club Certificate2025
MilestoneNOR 10250
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassSun OD 43 DSMeasurementHINPlan reviewHull constructionSolidCarbon rudderNoLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA12.860Max. Beam4.180Draft2.042Displacement9,839Wetted area36.61IMS L11.772LSM011.620Acc. length12.860Sink (kg/mm) 27.73
VCGD0.294VCGM0.119RM Rated (kg·m) 249.4Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight853Declared crew weightN/A
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeFolding 2 blades
InstallationShaft exposedTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRD0.440PBWPIPA0.0018
PSD0.000PHD0.000PHL0.000
PSA0.0°ESL0.000
ST10.000ST20.000ST30.000
ST40.000ST50.000
RIG
Forestay tensionAftInner stayNone FittedMast materialAluminumSingle headsail furlerYesMainsail furlerIn mastArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunning backstays0CheckstaysSpreaders2Rotating mastNo
P13.560IG15.780ISP15.790MDT10.120MDL10.220MDT20.000MDL20.000TL0.000MW0.000GO0.000
E5.250J4.670BAS1.885FSD0.000SFJ0.000SPL0.000WPLTPS5.000BD0.000MWT0.00MCG0.000
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodVCG entered directlyVCG entered0.300Flotation Date01/01/2000
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible
Club Certificate2025
MilestoneNOR 10250
Norges Seilforbund
Sognsveien 73
0854 OSLO
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateComment626-2025040406420.050.861.643.004.1238.7104/04/2025
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateComment626-2025040406440.040.711.433.014.756.5615.10NoNo 47.3504/04/2025
ASYMMETRIC SPINNAKER
IdSLUSLESLSHWSFLRatioAreaMeas.DateComment014.8011.5013.156.808.3082%77.80
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length12.9 mTable area0.66 m²Headroom1.85 mMinimum number of berths6Personal gear stowage0.24 m³Fresh water capacity207 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit6Food stowage0.36 m³Fuel capacity108 lCabin soleStovesSinksGalley gear stowageToiletWash basinNavigation areaHanging locker
*This list is a summary of the requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for details.