Club
Certificate
2024

Boat

RACER

ESP-5015_C

RFEV
c/ Gamazo sn
39004 Santander – España
crucero@rfev.es
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles42.5°40.5°39.0°37.7°37.5°37.3°37.3°38.1°
Beat VMG3.684.485.035.345.485.575.655.62
52°5.586.597.197.507.657.737.837.85
60°5.866.837.377.677.857.948.078.11
75°6.056.997.507.838.078.268.488.60
90°5.936.937.557.868.158.428.859.12
110°5.877.057.708.138.508.789.179.44
120°5.696.907.618.078.508.909.6210.14
135°5.106.337.227.768.208.639.5910.99
150°4.285.456.467.247.758.168.9910.06
Run VMG3.704.725.606.356.987.528.319.10
Gybe Angles141.1°147.6°151.2°156.5°165.7°176.3°178.1°177.7°
APH ToD:530.3CDL: 10.201APH ToT: 1.1315CertNo:501501
BOAT
ClassFIRST 40.7DesignerB.FARRBuilderBENETEAUAge date07/1998Series date12/1997Offset fileFIRST407.offData fileE5015_C
HULL
Length Overall11.924 mMaximum Beam3.770 mDraft2.402 mDisplacement6,880 kgDLR6.3741IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.140%Age Allowance0.487%
PROPELLER
InstallationStrutTypeFolding 2 bladesDiameter0.440m
CREW
Maximum weight720 kg(declared)Minimum weight590 kg * when appliedNon Manual PowerNoCrew Arm Extension
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail47.1748.18Headsail Luffed37.1137.11Headsail FlyingSymmetric106.61106.61Asymmetric
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail13.86Storm Jib12.52Heavy Weather Jib33.79
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails6  Spinnakers5
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
COMMENTS
REPERFILADA LA ORZA ELIMINADOS 62 Kg DEL AGUJERO ORZA
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.

Club
Certificate
2024

Boat

RACER

ESP-5015_C

RFEV
c/ Gamazo sn
39004 Santander – España
crucero@rfev.es
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG977.2804.0715.5673.7656.8646.7637.7641.0
52°644.8546.7500.9480.2470.8465.6459.7458.4
60°613.8527.5488.6469.4458.8453.2446.1443.7
75°594.6515.4480.0459.9445.9435.8424.7418.7
90°607.3519.4476.9458.1441.8427.4406.9394.7
110°613.8510.9467.6442.8423.5410.0392.4381.2
120°632.8522.1473.2445.9423.6404.3374.4355.2
135°705.3568.6498.9463.8439.3417.1375.3327.6
150°841.9660.7557.1497.2464.6441.4400.3358.0
Run VMG972.2762.9642.8566.7516.1479.0433.3395.8
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward974.7783.5679.1620.2586.5562.9535.5518.4
All purpose750.6616.5548.2511.6489.8474.1452.5436.7
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward649.30.9240
All purpose530.31.1315
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low683.50.8778
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium527.11.1383
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High469.91.2768
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low879.10.6825
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium645.00.9302
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High558.51.0743
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance576.71.0403
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low683.50.8778
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium527.11.1383
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High469.91.2768
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low879.10.6825
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium645.00.9302
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High558.51.0743
Performance Curve6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance974.5738.3614.8544.8508.1479.1433.6418.1
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.8216
Downwind "popa"0.9604
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.8589
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.9141
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low683.50.8778
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium527.11.1383
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High469.91.2768
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low879.10.6825
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium645.00.9302
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High558.51.0743
Predominantly Upwind570.81.0511
Predominantly Downwind542.41.1062
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low683.50.8778
Triple Number AP Medium527.11.1382
Triple Number AP High469.91.2768
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low879.10.6825
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium645.00.9302
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High558.51.0743
Single Number Predominant Upwind569.51.0536
Single Number Predominant Reaching510.61.1751
Single Number Predominant Downwind543.11.1048
Predominant Upwind - Low748.00.8021
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med625.70.9590
Predominant Upwind - Medium552.31.0863
Predominant Upwind - Med/High515.51.1639
Predominant Upwind - High498.51.2036
Predominant Downwind Low756.80.7928
Predominant Downwind Low/Med615.20.9753
Predominant Downwind Medium523.11.1471
Predominant Downwind Med/High464.81.2908
Predominant Downwind High429.41.3972
Predominant Reaching Low673.10.8914
Predominant Reaching Low/Med563.31.0652
Predominant Reaching Medium495.71.2104
Predominant Reaching Med/High454.71.3195
Predominant Reaching High428.81.3992
SA/DSPL Upwind23.15SA/DSPL Downwind42.24
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low931.30.6443
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med750.80.7992
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium633.20.9476
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High567.11.0581
5-Band Windward/Leeward High537.21.1168
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low932.60.6434
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med756.40.7932
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium643.90.9319
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High583.51.0283
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High557.81.0757
5-Band AP Low720.10.8332
5-Band AP Low/Med596.71.0056
5-Band AP Medium519.61.1547
5-Band AP Med/High476.31.2598
5-Band AP High453.51.3231
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low883.10.6794
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med716.80.8370
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium611.20.9817
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High553.81.0835
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High526.51.1396
Chicago-Mac Upwind1.0329
Chicago-Mac All Purpose1.0564
Chicago-Mac Downwind1.0867
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.9819
Bayview-Mac Shore0.9932
Harvest Moon Regatta463.01.2960
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance576.71.0403
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low683.50.8778
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium527.11.1383
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High469.91.2768
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low879.10.6825
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium645.00.9302
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High558.51.0743
Performance Curve6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance974.5738.3614.8544.8508.1479.1433.6418.1
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance576.71.0403
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low683.50.8778
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium527.11.1383
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High469.91.2768
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low879.10.6825
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium645.00.9302
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High558.51.0743
Performance Curve6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance974.5738.3614.8544.8508.1479.1433.6418.1
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance576.7
Performance Curve6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance974.5738.3614.8544.8508.1479.1433.6418.1
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low683.50.8778
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium527.11.1383
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High469.91.2768
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low879.10.6825
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium645.00.9302
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High558.51.0743
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating (Coastal/Long Distance)576.71.0403
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low683.50.8778
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium527.11.1383
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High469.91.2768
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low879.10.6825
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium645.00.9302
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High558.51.0743
Performance Curve6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance974.5738.3614.8544.8508.1479.1433.6418.1
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low683.50.8778
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium527.11.1383
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High469.91.2768
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low879.10.6825
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium645.00.9302
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High558.51.0743
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8778
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.1383
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2768
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6825
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.9302
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0743
Performance Curve6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance974.5738.3614.8544.8508.1479.1433.6418.1
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance576.71.0403
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low683.50.8778
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium527.11.1383
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High469.91.2768
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low879.10.6825
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium645.00.9302
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High558.51.0743
Performance Curve6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance974.5738.3614.8544.8508.1479.1433.6418.1
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low683.50.8778
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium527.11.1383
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High469.91.2768
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low879.10.6825
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium645.00.9302
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High558.51.0743
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance576.71.0403
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low683.50.8778
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium527.11.1383
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High469.91.2768
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low879.10.6825
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium645.00.9302
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High558.51.0743
Performance Curve6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance974.5738.3614.8544.8508.1479.1433.6418.1
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance576.71.0403
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low683.50.8778
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium527.11.1383
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High469.91.2768
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low879.10.6825
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium645.00.9302
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High558.51.0743
Performance Curve6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance974.5738.3614.8544.8508.1479.1433.6418.1
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low683.5
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium527.1
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High469.9
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low879.1
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium645.0
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High558.5
Predominantly Upwind570.8
Predominantly Downwind542.4
Predominantly Reaching519.7
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance576.71.0403
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low683.50.8778
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium527.11.1383
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High469.91.2768
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low879.10.6825
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium645.00.9302
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High558.51.0743
Performance Curve6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance974.5738.3614.8544.8508.1479.1433.6418.1
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8778
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.1383
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2768
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6825
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.9302
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0743
Coastal/Long Distance1.0403
Predominantly Upwind1.0511
Predominantly Downwind1.1062
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)595.6
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Tretall Distanseseilas Lite vind0.8778
Tretall Distanseseilas Mellomvind1.1383
Tretall Distanseseilas Mye vind1.2768
Tretall Pølsebane Lite vind0.6825
Tretall Pølsebane Mellomvind0.9302
Tretall Pølsebane Mye vind1.0743
Distanseseilas ett tall1.1315
Enkeltall Motvind1.0511
Enkeltall Medvind1.1062
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low683.50.8778
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium527.11.1383
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High469.91.2768
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low879.10.6825
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium645.00.9302
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High558.51.0743
Coastal/Long Distance576.71.0403
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind570.81.0511
Predominantly Downwind542.41.1062
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore523.51.1461
Cape Doctor Coastal441.41.3593
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low683.50.8778
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium527.11.1383
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High469.91.2768
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low879.10.6825
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium645.00.9302
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High558.51.0743
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8778
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.1383
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2768
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6825
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.9302
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0743
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8778
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.1383
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2768
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6825
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.9302
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0743
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance576.71.0403
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low683.50.8778
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium527.11.1383
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High469.91.2768
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low879.10.6825
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium645.00.9302
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High558.51.0743
Predominantly Upwind570.81.0511
Predominantly Downwind542.41.1062
Performance Curve6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance974.5738.3614.8544.8508.1479.1433.6418.1
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance576.71.0403
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low683.50.8778
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium527.11.1383
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High469.91.2768
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low879.10.6825
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium645.00.9302
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High558.51.0743
Performance Curve6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance974.5738.3614.8544.8508.1479.1433.6418.1
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low683.50.8778
Triple Number AP Medium527.11.1382
Triple Number AP High469.91.2768
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low879.10.6825
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium645.00.9302
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High558.51.0743
Single Number Predominant Upwind569.51.0536
Single Number Predominant Reaching510.61.1751
Single Number Predominant Downwind543.11.1048
Predominant Upwind - Low748.00.8021
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med625.70.9590
Predominant Upwind - Medium552.31.0863
Predominant Upwind - Med/High515.51.1639
Predominant Upwind - High498.51.2036
Predominant Downwind Low756.80.7928
Predominant Downwind Low/Med615.20.9753
Predominant Downwind Medium523.11.1471
Predominant Downwind Med/High464.81.2908
Predominant Downwind High429.41.3972
Predominant Reaching Low673.10.8914
Predominant Reaching Low/Med563.31.0652
Predominant Reaching Medium495.71.2104
Predominant Reaching Med/High454.71.3195
Predominant Reaching High428.81.3992
SA/DSPL Upwind23.15SA/DSPL Downwind42.24
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low931.30.6443
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med750.80.7992
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium633.20.9476
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High567.11.0581
5-Band Windward/Leeward High537.21.1168
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low932.60.6434
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med756.40.7932
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium643.90.9319
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High583.51.0283
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High557.81.0757
5-Band AP Low720.10.8332
5-Band AP Low/Med596.71.0056
5-Band AP Medium519.61.1547
5-Band AP Med/High476.31.2598
5-Band AP High453.51.3231
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low883.10.6794
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med716.80.8370
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium611.20.9817
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High553.81.0835
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High526.51.1396
Chicago-Mac Upwind1.0329
Chicago-Mac All Purpose1.0564
Chicago-Mac Downwind1.0867
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.9819
Bayview-Mac Shore0.9932
Harvest Moon Regatta463.01.2960

Club
Certificate
2024

Boat

RACER

ESP-5015_C

RFEV
c/ Gamazo sn
39004 Santander – España
crucero@rfev.es
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassFIRST 40.7Measurement28/04/2008HINPlan reviewHull constructionSolidCarbon RudderYesLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA11.924Max. Beam3.770Draft2.402Displacement6,880Wetted area29.63IMS L10.578LSM010.257Acc. length11.924Sink (kg/mm) 22.27
VCGD-0.145VCGM-0.090RM Rated (kg·m) 188.1Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight714Declared crew weight720
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeFolding 2 blades
InstallationStrutTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRD0.440PBWPIPA0.0031
EDL2.270ST10.045ST20.170
ST30.173ST40.098ST50.280
RIG
Forestay tensionAftInner stayNone FittedMast materialAluminumSingle headsail furlerNoMainsail furlerNoArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunners/Checkstays0Spreaders3Rotating mastNo
P14.800IG15.720ISP15.800MDT10.120MDL10.215MDT20.120MDL20.185TL0.660MW0.215GO0.243
E5.350J4.410BAS1.720FSD0.032SFJSPL4.498WPLTPSBD0.190MWT215.00MCG5.620
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodRM entered directlyRM entered190.0Flotation Date01/01/2010MeasurerESP 100CommentCON BOTAVARA
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible

Club
Certificate
2024

Boat

RACER

ESP-5015_C

RFEV
c/ Gamazo sn
39004 Santander – España
crucero@rfev.es
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateComment10.181.111.993.464.5247.1730/04/2018
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateComment0020.090.651.232.333.504.6715.75YesNo 37.1130/04/20180010.090.651.222.323.494.6815.75YesNo 37.0430/04/2018
SYMMETRIC SPINNAKER
IdSLUSLESLSHWSFLAreaMeas.DateComment115.6415.6415.648.437.18106.6130/06/2022
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length11.9 mTable area0.55 m²Headroom1.81 mMinimum number of berths5Personal gear stowage0.20 m³Fresh water capacity148 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit5Food stowage0.30 m³Fuel capacity88 l
*This list refers to the calculated requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for the complete list of requirements.