Club Certificate2025
PEIKEAESP-2792_C
RFEV
c/ Gamazo sn
39004 Santander – España
crucero@rfev.es
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles42.2°42.2°40.4°39.3°38.5°38.5°38.6°39.2°40.9°
Beat VMG2.583.484.114.494.654.724.744.734.60
52°3.965.226.016.396.566.646.676.716.67
60°4.195.456.196.546.726.816.856.916.90
75°4.345.606.306.666.877.027.127.257.33
90°4.235.516.276.676.937.147.307.557.70
110°3.865.246.216.737.057.327.527.797.88
120°3.725.096.096.677.047.367.648.148.48
135°3.314.625.686.426.867.217.558.249.18
150°2.773.975.035.906.516.917.247.908.71
Run VMG2.403.444.365.145.816.336.727.357.96
Gybe Angles146.9°146.9°151.1°154.4°161.5°168.2°176.3°177.7°176.8°
APH ToD:598.4CDL: 7.785APH ToT: 1.0027CertNo:279201
BOAT
ClassFURIA 332-JDesignerJOUBERT/NIVELTBuilderFURIA YATCHSAge date01/1987Series date07/1985Offset fileE258.OFFData fileE2792_C
HULL
Length Overall10.130 mMaximum Beam3.316 mDraft1.854 mDisplacement4,405 kgDLR8.9761IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.150%Age Allowance0.487%
PROPELLER
InstallationShaft exposedTypeFolding 3 bladesDiameter0.410m
CREW
Maximum weight250 kg(declared)Minimum weight130 kg ✱ when appliedNon Manual PowerNoCrew Arm Extension
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail25.8826.40Headsail Luffed42.0642.06Headsail FlyingSymmetric76.1576.15Asymmetric
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail6.84Storm Jib9.05Heavy Weather Jib24.44
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails5
✱ One set on the forestay
Spinnakers4
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.
Club Certificate2025
PEIKEAESP-2792_C
RFEV
c/ Gamazo sn
39004 Santander – España
crucero@rfev.es
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1395.11035.0875.1802.0774.2762.8759.6761.3782.9
52°909.3689.5599.1563.5548.6542.4539.7536.8540.1
60°859.3660.2581.9550.8535.9528.9525.7520.7521.5
75°828.7642.4571.3540.9523.8512.6505.4496.5491.4
90°850.9652.8573.8539.4519.2504.4493.0477.0467.7
110°932.3687.3579.5535.3510.4492.0478.9462.2457.1
120°967.8707.7590.7539.6511.2489.4471.2442.5424.7
135°1087.6779.5634.0561.0524.7499.1477.1436.7392.1
150°1299.2907.6716.0609.7552.8521.1497.1455.7413.5
Run VMG1501.71048.0826.0699.8619.7568.9535.3489.8452.5
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1446.31041.5850.6750.9696.9665.9647.5625.6617.7
All purpose1102.0809.9677.5613.5580.2560.6547.7529.6519.6
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward725.60.8269
All purpose598.41.0027
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low743.70.8068
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium594.51.0092
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High544.21.1026
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low946.10.6342
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium719.90.8334
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High643.80.9319
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance647.80.9262
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low743.70.8068
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium594.51.0092
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High544.21.1026
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low946.10.6342
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium719.90.8334
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High643.80.9319
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1535.71042.2803.6683.6617.1581.3553.4506.9495.0
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.7279
Downwind "popa"0.8772
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.7671
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.8264
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low743.70.8068
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium594.51.0092
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High544.21.1026
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low946.10.6342
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium719.90.8334
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High643.80.9319
Predominantly Upwind643.50.9325
Predominantly Downwind604.90.9919
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low743.70.8068
Triple Number AP Medium594.61.0091
Triple Number AP High544.21.1026
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low986.30.6083
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium719.90.8334
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High643.80.9319
Single Number Predominant Upwind666.30.9005
Single Number Predominant Reaching594.61.0090
Single Number Predominant Downwind630.60.9514
Predominant Upwind - Low873.70.6867
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med691.00.8684
Predominant Upwind - Medium626.70.9575
Predominant Upwind - Med/High597.41.0043
Predominant Upwind - High586.61.0229
Predominant Downwind Low901.40.6657
Predominant Downwind Low/Med678.00.8849
Predominant Downwind Medium585.81.0243
Predominant Downwind Med/High530.01.1321
Predominant Downwind High497.51.2060
Predominant Reaching Low794.20.7554
Predominant Reaching Low/Med624.60.9607
Predominant Reaching Medium560.51.0705
Predominant Reaching Med/High523.21.1468
Predominant Reaching High501.11.1974
SA/DSPL Upwind25.16SA/DSPL Downwind37.78
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1095.50.5477
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med820.90.7309
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium709.40.8458
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High651.00.9216
5-Band Windward/Leeward High628.00.9554
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1093.40.5487
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med828.30.7244
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium724.30.8284
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High673.10.8913
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High655.30.9156
5-Band AP Low820.00.7317
5-Band AP Low/Med660.10.9090
5-Band AP Medium587.81.0207
5-Band AP Med/High549.61.0918
5-Band AP High531.01.1299
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low948.70.6324
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med786.90.7625
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium688.30.8718
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High638.50.9396
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High617.90.9710
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.8780
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9017
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.9201
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6777
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6832
Harvest Moon Regatta526.41.1399
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance647.80.9262
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low743.70.8068
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium594.51.0092
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High544.21.1026
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low946.10.6342
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium719.90.8334
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High643.80.9319
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1535.71042.2803.6683.6617.1581.3553.4506.9495.0
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance647.80.9262
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low743.70.8068
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium594.51.0092
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High544.21.1026
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low946.10.6342
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium719.90.8334
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High643.80.9319
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1535.71042.2803.6683.6617.1581.3553.4506.9495.0
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance647.8
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1535.71042.2803.6683.6617.1581.3553.4506.9495.0
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low743.70.8068
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium594.51.0092
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High544.21.1026
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low946.10.6342
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium719.90.8334
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High643.80.9319
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating647.80.9262
FinRating, kevyt tuuli1077.40.9282
FinRating, kova tuuli534.70.9351
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low743.70.8068
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium594.51.0092
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High544.21.1026
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low946.10.6342
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium719.90.8334
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High643.80.9319
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance0.9262
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8068
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0092
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1026
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6342
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8334
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9319
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1535.71042.2803.6683.6617.1581.3553.4506.9495.0
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)665.8
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance647.80.9262
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low743.70.8068
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium594.51.0092
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High544.21.1026
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low946.10.6342
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium719.90.8334
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High643.80.9319
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1535.71042.2803.6683.6617.1581.3553.4506.9495.0
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low743.70.8068
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium594.51.0092
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High544.21.1026
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low946.10.6342
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium719.90.8334
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High643.80.9319
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance647.80.9262
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low743.70.8068
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium594.51.0092
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High544.21.1026
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low946.10.6342
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium719.90.8334
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High643.80.9319
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1535.71042.2803.6683.6617.1581.3553.4506.9495.0
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance647.80.9262
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low743.70.8068
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium594.51.0092
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High544.21.1026
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low946.10.6342
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium719.90.8334
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High643.80.9319
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1535.71042.2803.6683.6617.1581.3553.4506.9495.0
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low743.7
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium594.5
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High544.2
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low946.1
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium719.9
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High643.8
Predominantly Upwind643.5
Predominantly Downwind604.9
Predominantly Reaching582.9
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance647.80.9262
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low743.70.8068
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium594.51.0092
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High544.21.1026
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low946.10.6342
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium719.90.8334
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High643.80.9319
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1535.71042.2803.6683.6617.1581.3553.4506.9495.0
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8068
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0092
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1026
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6342
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8334
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9319
Coastal/Long Distance0.9262
Predominantly Upwind0.9325
Predominantly Downwind0.9919
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)665.8
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Distanseseilas Singeltall  (APH)1.0027
Distanseseilas Trippeltall svak vind0.8068
Distanseseilas Trippeltall mellomvind1.0092
Distanseseilas Trippeltall sterk vind1.1026
Pølsebane Trippeltall svak vind0.6342
Pølsebane Trippeltall mellomvind0.8334
Pølsebane Trippeltall sterk vind0.9319
Motvind Singeltall0.9325
Medvind Singeltall0.9919
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low743.70.8068
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium594.51.0092
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High544.21.1026
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low946.10.6342
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium719.90.8334
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High643.80.9319
Coastal/Long Distance647.80.9262
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind643.50.9325
Predominantly Downwind604.90.9919
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore620.00.9677
Cape Doctor Coastal522.61.1481
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low743.70.8068
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium594.51.0092
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High544.21.1026
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low946.10.6342
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium719.90.8334
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High643.80.9319
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8068
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0092
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1026
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6342
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8334
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9319
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8068
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0092
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1026
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6342
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8334
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9319
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance647.80.9262
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low743.70.8068
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium594.51.0092
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High544.21.1026
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low946.10.6342
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium719.90.8334
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High643.80.9319
Predominantly Upwind643.50.9325
Predominantly Downwind604.90.9919
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1535.71042.2803.6683.6617.1581.3553.4506.9495.0
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance647.80.9262
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low743.70.8068
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium594.51.0092
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High544.21.1026
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low946.10.6342
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium719.90.8334
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High643.80.9319
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1535.71042.2803.6683.6617.1581.3553.4506.9495.0
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low743.70.8068
Triple Number AP Medium594.61.0091
Triple Number AP High544.21.1026
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low986.30.6083
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium719.90.8334
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High643.80.9319
Single Number Predominant Upwind666.30.9005
Single Number Predominant Reaching594.61.0090
Single Number Predominant Downwind630.60.9514
Predominant Upwind - Low873.70.6867
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med691.00.8684
Predominant Upwind - Medium626.70.9575
Predominant Upwind - Med/High597.41.0043
Predominant Upwind - High586.61.0229
Predominant Downwind Low901.40.6657
Predominant Downwind Low/Med678.00.8849
Predominant Downwind Medium585.81.0243
Predominant Downwind Med/High530.01.1321
Predominant Downwind High497.51.2060
Predominant Reaching Low794.20.7554
Predominant Reaching Low/Med624.60.9607
Predominant Reaching Medium560.51.0705
Predominant Reaching Med/High523.21.1468
Predominant Reaching High501.11.1974
SA/DSPL Upwind25.16SA/DSPL Downwind37.78
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1095.50.5477
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med820.90.7309
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium709.40.8458
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High651.00.9216
5-Band Windward/Leeward High628.00.9554
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1093.40.5487
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med828.30.7244
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium724.30.8284
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High673.10.8913
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High655.30.9156
5-Band AP Low820.00.7317
5-Band AP Low/Med660.10.9090
5-Band AP Medium587.81.0207
5-Band AP Med/High549.61.0918
5-Band AP High531.01.1299
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low948.70.6324
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med786.90.7625
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium688.30.8718
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High638.50.9396
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High617.90.9710
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.8780
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9017
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.9201
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6777
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6832
Harvest Moon Regatta526.41.1399
Club Certificate2025
PEIKEAESP-2792_C
RFEV
c/ Gamazo sn
39004 Santander – España
crucero@rfev.es
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassFURIA 332-JMeasurement16/08/2001HINPlan reviewHull constructionSolidCarbon rudderNoLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA10.130Max. Beam3.316Draft1.854Displacement4,405Wetted area20.60IMS L8.130LSM07.887Acc. length9.961Sink (kg/mm) 14.80
VCGD-0.314VCGM-0.182RM Rated (kg·m) 98.4Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight491Declared crew weight250
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeFolding 3 blades
InstallationShaft exposedTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRD0.410PBW0.135PIPA0.0045
PSD0.020PHD0.063PHL0.125
PSA19.6°ESL1.155
ST10.022ST20.083ST30.085
ST40.041ST50.205
RIG
Forestay tensionAftInner stayFixedMast materialAluminumSingle headsail furlerYesMainsail furlerNoArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunning backstays0CheckstaysSpreaders2Rotating mastNo
P11.820IG13.332ISP13.343MDT10.121MDL10.179MDT20.121MDL20.179TLMW0.179GO0.214
E3.306J3.890BAS1.378FSD0.030SFJSPL4.030WPLTPSBD0.117MWTMCG
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodRM entered directlyRM entered100.0Flotation Date03/02/1994
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible
Club Certificate2025
PEIKEAESP-2792_C
RFEV
c/ Gamazo sn
39004 Santander – España
crucero@rfev.es
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateCommentORC0.170.811.452.473.1025.88* Copied from legacy *
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateCommentORC5.900.00NoNo 42.06* Copied from legacy *
SYMMETRIC SPINNAKER
IdSLUSLESLSHWSFLAreaMeas.DateCommentORC13.0213.0213.026.960.0076.15* Copied from legacy *
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length10.0 mTable area0.44 m²Headroom1.70 mMinimum number of berths4Personal gear stowage0.16 m³Fresh water capacity80 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit4Food stowage0.24 m³Fuel capacity50 lCabin soleStovesSinksGalley gear stowageToiletWash basinNavigation areaHanging locker
*This list is a summary of the requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for details.