Double HandedClub Certificate2025
PAJAROESP-53581_C
RFEV
c/ Gamazo sn
39004 Santander – España
crucero@rfev.es
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles43.4°43.4°41.4°40.1°39.3°38.9°38.9°39.7°41.7°
Beat VMG2.273.153.854.344.634.744.784.734.55
52°3.544.805.726.326.646.796.846.856.78
60°3.775.075.976.536.837.007.077.117.09
75°3.945.266.166.697.017.247.407.557.61
90°3.845.166.116.747.057.337.587.958.15
110°3.745.176.256.897.307.657.938.288.42
120°3.594.996.096.807.257.668.058.749.21
135°3.154.465.586.457.007.437.868.7910.18
150°2.593.784.885.826.567.057.458.309.39
Run VMG2.243.274.225.055.786.386.847.598.38
Gybe Angles146.2°146.2°150.1°153.0°158.8°165.5°171.8°175.4°168.5°
APH ToD:598.8CDL: 8.133APH ToT: 1.0021CertNo:53581R1
BOAT
ClassFIRST 31.7DesignerFINOTBuilderBENETEAUAge date05/2001Series date09/1998Offset fileFIRST317.offData fileE53581_C
HULL
Length Overall9.490 mMaximum Beam3.212 mDraft1.921 mDisplacement3,712 kgDLR5.1911IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.320%Age Allowance0.487%
PROPELLER
InstallationStrutTypeFolding 2 bladesDiameter0.410m
CREW
Maximum weight150 kg(declared)Minimum weight120 kg ✱ when appliedNon Manual PowerNoCrew Arm Extension
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail24.7025.24Headsail Luffed25.9125.91Headsail FlyingSymmetric60.2060.20Asymmetric
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail7.29Storm Jib6.83Heavy Weather Jib18.44
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails5
✱ One set on the forestay
✱ Woven polyester sails
Spinnakers4
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
COMMENTS
MEDIDAS RI
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.
Double HandedClub Certificate2025
PAJAROESP-53581_C
RFEV
c/ Gamazo sn
39004 Santander – España
crucero@rfev.es
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1586.51143.8935.8829.6777.9759.4753.0760.7791.5
52°1016.7749.8628.9569.2542.0530.5526.1525.2531.1
60°954.6710.6602.7551.1526.9514.6509.4506.2508.1
75°914.8684.7584.6537.8513.4497.5486.4476.9473.2
90°937.4697.1589.1534.1510.3491.3475.0452.6441.8
110°961.6696.9576.2522.7493.3470.3453.9434.6427.4
120°1003.3721.9591.2529.3496.4470.2447.3411.9390.9
135°1142.8807.1644.7557.8514.2484.6458.2409.4353.6
150°1390.8953.4738.3618.6548.8510.9483.1433.9383.4
Run VMG1606.41100.9852.4712.3622.4564.7526.6474.2429.6
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1594.81122.3894.1771.0700.1662.1639.8617.5610.5
All purpose1204.0863.6702.6619.5575.0549.8533.2513.1502.6
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward737.00.8141
All purpose598.81.0021
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low783.10.7662
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium594.11.0099
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High529.81.1324
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1008.20.5951
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium730.40.8215
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High637.00.9419
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance651.70.9207
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low783.10.7662
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium594.11.0099
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High529.81.1324
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1008.20.5951
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium730.40.8215
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High637.00.9419
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1693.91120.2841.3696.2613.6570.8538.3487.0473.6
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.7047
Downwind "popa"0.8654
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.7462
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.8100
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low783.10.7662
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium594.11.0099
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High529.81.1324
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1008.20.5951
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium730.40.8215
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High637.00.9419
Predominantly Upwind650.30.9226
Predominantly Downwind607.20.9881
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low783.10.7662
Triple Number AP Medium594.21.0098
Triple Number AP High529.81.1324
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1054.70.5689
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium730.40.8215
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High637.00.9419
Single Number Predominant Upwind678.60.8841
Single Number Predominant Reaching597.91.0034
Single Number Predominant Downwind635.90.9436
Predominant Upwind - Low948.40.6326
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med716.80.8371
Predominant Upwind - Medium627.20.9566
Predominant Upwind - Med/High586.51.0229
Predominant Upwind - High574.81.0438
Predominant Downwind Low954.20.6288
Predominant Downwind Low/Med694.10.8644
Predominant Downwind Medium583.41.0284
Predominant Downwind Med/High516.61.1614
Predominant Downwind High478.21.2546
Predominant Reaching Low846.50.7088
Predominant Reaching Low/Med638.60.9396
Predominant Reaching Medium555.61.0799
Predominant Reaching Med/High508.01.1811
Predominant Reaching High481.01.2474
SA/DSPL Upwind21.02SA/DSPL Downwind35.26
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1183.80.5068
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med855.70.7012
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium716.70.8372
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High644.90.9304
5-Band Windward/Leeward High620.10.9675
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1187.50.5053
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med865.70.6931
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium732.30.8194
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High667.40.8990
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High649.00.9244
5-Band AP Low869.80.6898
5-Band AP Low/Med678.20.8848
5-Band AP Medium585.31.0251
5-Band AP Med/High536.11.1191
5-Band AP High514.81.1655
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low1017.00.5899
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med818.70.7329
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium693.20.8656
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High630.30.9519
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High608.00.9868
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.8564
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.8845
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.9072
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6384
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6433
Harvest Moon Regatta515.61.1636
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance651.70.9207
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low783.10.7662
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium594.11.0099
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High529.81.1324
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1008.20.5951
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium730.40.8215
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High637.00.9419
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1693.91120.2841.3696.2613.6570.8538.3487.0473.6
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance651.70.9207
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low783.10.7662
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium594.11.0099
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High529.81.1324
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1008.20.5951
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium730.40.8215
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High637.00.9419
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1693.91120.2841.3696.2613.6570.8538.3487.0473.6
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance651.7
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1693.91120.2841.3696.2613.6570.8538.3487.0473.6
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low783.10.7662
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium594.11.0099
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High529.81.1324
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1008.20.5951
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium730.40.8215
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High637.00.9419
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating651.70.9207
FinRating, kevyt tuuli1164.10.8590
FinRating, kova tuuli517.50.9663
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low783.10.7662
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium594.11.0099
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High529.81.1324
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1008.20.5951
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium730.40.8215
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High637.00.9419
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance0.9207
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7662
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0099
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1324
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5951
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8215
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9419
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1693.91120.2841.3696.2613.6570.8538.3487.0473.6
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)674.8
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance651.70.9207
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low783.10.7662
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium594.11.0099
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High529.81.1324
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1008.20.5951
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium730.40.8215
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High637.00.9419
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1693.91120.2841.3696.2613.6570.8538.3487.0473.6
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low783.10.7662
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium594.11.0099
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High529.81.1324
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1008.20.5951
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium730.40.8215
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High637.00.9419
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance651.70.9207
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low783.10.7662
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium594.11.0099
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High529.81.1324
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1008.20.5951
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium730.40.8215
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High637.00.9419
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1693.91120.2841.3696.2613.6570.8538.3487.0473.6
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance651.70.9207
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low783.10.7662
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium594.11.0099
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High529.81.1324
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1008.20.5951
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium730.40.8215
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High637.00.9419
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1693.91120.2841.3696.2613.6570.8538.3487.0473.6
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low783.1
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium594.1
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High529.8
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1008.2
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium730.4
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High637.0
Predominantly Upwind650.3
Predominantly Downwind607.2
Predominantly Reaching583.4
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance651.70.9207
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low783.10.7662
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium594.11.0099
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High529.81.1324
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1008.20.5951
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium730.40.8215
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High637.00.9419
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1693.91120.2841.3696.2613.6570.8538.3487.0473.6
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7662
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0099
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1324
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5951
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8215
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9419
Coastal/Long Distance0.9207
Predominantly Upwind0.9226
Predominantly Downwind0.9881
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)674.8
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Distanseseilas Singeltall  (APH)1.0021
Distanseseilas Trippeltall svak vind0.7662
Distanseseilas Trippeltall mellomvind1.0099
Distanseseilas Trippeltall sterk vind1.1324
Pølsebane Trippeltall svak vind0.5951
Pølsebane Trippeltall mellomvind0.8215
Pølsebane Trippeltall sterk vind0.9419
Motvind Singeltall0.9226
Medvind Singeltall0.9881
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low783.10.7662
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium594.11.0099
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High529.81.1324
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1008.20.5951
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium730.40.8215
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High637.00.9419
Coastal/Long Distance651.70.9207
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind650.30.9226
Predominantly Downwind607.20.9881
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore612.60.9794
Cape Doctor Coastal505.81.1863
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low783.10.7662
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium594.11.0099
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High529.81.1324
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1008.20.5951
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium730.40.8215
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High637.00.9419
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7662
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0099
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1324
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5951
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8215
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9419
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7662
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0099
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1324
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5951
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8215
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9419
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance651.70.9207
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low783.10.7662
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium594.11.0099
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High529.81.1324
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1008.20.5951
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium730.40.8215
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High637.00.9419
Predominantly Upwind650.30.9226
Predominantly Downwind607.20.9881
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1693.91120.2841.3696.2613.6570.8538.3487.0473.6
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance651.70.9207
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low783.10.7662
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium594.11.0099
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High529.81.1324
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1008.20.5951
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium730.40.8215
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High637.00.9419
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1693.91120.2841.3696.2613.6570.8538.3487.0473.6
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low783.10.7662
Triple Number AP Medium594.21.0098
Triple Number AP High529.81.1324
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1054.70.5689
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium730.40.8215
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High637.00.9419
Single Number Predominant Upwind678.60.8841
Single Number Predominant Reaching597.91.0034
Single Number Predominant Downwind635.90.9436
Predominant Upwind - Low948.40.6326
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med716.80.8371
Predominant Upwind - Medium627.20.9566
Predominant Upwind - Med/High586.51.0229
Predominant Upwind - High574.81.0438
Predominant Downwind Low954.20.6288
Predominant Downwind Low/Med694.10.8644
Predominant Downwind Medium583.41.0284
Predominant Downwind Med/High516.61.1614
Predominant Downwind High478.21.2546
Predominant Reaching Low846.50.7088
Predominant Reaching Low/Med638.60.9396
Predominant Reaching Medium555.61.0799
Predominant Reaching Med/High508.01.1811
Predominant Reaching High481.01.2474
SA/DSPL Upwind21.02SA/DSPL Downwind35.26
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1183.80.5068
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med855.70.7012
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium716.70.8372
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High644.90.9304
5-Band Windward/Leeward High620.10.9675
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1187.50.5053
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med865.70.6931
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium732.30.8194
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High667.40.8990
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High649.00.9244
5-Band AP Low869.80.6898
5-Band AP Low/Med678.20.8848
5-Band AP Medium585.31.0251
5-Band AP Med/High536.11.1191
5-Band AP High514.81.1655
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low1017.00.5899
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med818.70.7329
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium693.20.8656
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High630.30.9519
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High608.00.9868
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.8564
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.8845
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.9072
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6384
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6433
Harvest Moon Regatta515.61.1636
Double HandedClub Certificate2025
PAJAROESP-53581_C
RFEV
c/ Gamazo sn
39004 Santander – España
crucero@rfev.es
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassFIRST 31.7MeasurementHINPlan reviewHull constructionSolidCarbon rudderNoLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA9.490Max. Beam3.212Draft1.921Displacement3,712Wetted area20.45IMS L8.896LSM08.941Acc. length9.610Sink (kg/mm) 15.81
VCGD0.000VCGM-0.038RM Rated (kg·m) 88.4Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight170Declared crew weight150
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeFolding 2 blades
InstallationStrutTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRD0.410PBWPIPA0.0029
EDL2.590ST10.055ST20.200
ST30.018ST40.095ST50.225
RIG
Forestay tensionAftInner stayNone FittedMast materialAluminumSingle headsail furlerYesMainsail furlerNoArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunning backstays0CheckstaysSpreaders2Rotating mastNo
P10.750IG11.640ISP11.710MDT10.104MDL10.159MDT20.104MDL20.159TLMW0.159GO0.173
E3.870J3.470BAS1.690FSD0.030SFJ0.043SPL3.455WPLTPSBD0.110MWTMCG
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodRM entered directlyRM entered90.0Flotation Date13/06/2001
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible
Double HandedClub Certificate2025
PAJAROESP-53581_C
RFEV
c/ Gamazo sn
39004 Santander – España
crucero@rfev.es
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateComment10.120.831.472.493.2224.70RI
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateComment10.060.581.132.343.634.9010.80NoNo 25.91RI
SYMMETRIC SPINNAKER
IdSLUSLESLSHWSFLAreaMeas.DateComment111.7011.7011.706.206.0760.20RI
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length9.6 mTable area0.44 m²Headroom1.67 mMinimum number of berths4Personal gear stowage0.16 m³Fresh water capacity72 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit4Food stowage0.24 m³Fuel capacity42 lCabin soleStovesSinksGalley gear stowageToiletWash basinNavigation areaHanging locker
*This list is a summary of the requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for details.