Club Certificate2025
PEREZAESP-33660_C
RFEV
c/ Gamazo sn
39004 Santander – España
crucero@rfev.es
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles44.5°44.5°42.4°40.6°38.6°37.4°37.1°37.0°37.9°
Beat VMG2.393.314.054.594.975.185.285.345.30
52°3.785.116.086.666.987.167.267.347.36
60°4.055.416.346.857.137.307.437.547.59
75°4.235.616.516.997.277.477.647.898.03
90°4.105.496.457.007.347.567.738.138.50
110°3.865.346.477.107.467.768.078.729.16
120°3.715.156.287.007.417.738.058.879.87
135°3.264.605.746.627.167.537.868.639.81
150°2.663.875.005.976.727.197.538.199.05
Run VMG2.303.364.335.185.936.536.987.658.26
Gybe Angles145.7°145.7°150.1°152.7°158.5°165.7°172.7°178.6°177.2°
APH ToD:573.4CDL: 9.054APH ToT: 1.0464CertNo:3366004
BOAT
ClassDEHLER 38 (SK)DesignerV. DE STADTBuilderDEHLERAge date01/1988Series date11/1986Offset fileH104.BOFData fileE33660_C
HULL
Length Overall11.400 mMaximum Beam3.776 mDraft1.938 mDisplacement5,890 kgDLR7.8804IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.320%Age Allowance0.487%
PROPELLER
InstallationShaft exposedTypeFeathering 2 bladesDiameter0.492m
CREW
Maximum weight560 kg(declared)Minimum weight430 kg ✱ when appliedNon Manual PowerNoCrew Arm Extension
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail34.1334.53Headsail Luffed39.1739.17Headsail FlyingSymmetric79.9179.91Asymmetric
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail11.08Storm Jib8.47Heavy Weather Jib22.86
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails5
✱ Woven polyester sails
Spinnakers4
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.
Club Certificate2025
PEREZAESP-33660_C
RFEV
c/ Gamazo sn
39004 Santander – España
crucero@rfev.es
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1506.71086.6888.9784.3724.1694.8682.0673.7679.8
52°953.6704.1592.3540.2516.0503.0495.8490.3488.9
60°889.6665.0567.9525.6505.1492.9484.8477.6474.4
75°851.7641.7553.0515.1495.2481.9471.4456.2448.5
90°878.1655.2558.1514.2490.7476.3465.6442.6423.6
110°933.0674.2556.6507.3482.4463.8446.3413.0392.9
120°971.0698.9572.8514.6486.0465.8447.1406.0364.7
135°1104.5782.5626.9543.4502.9478.3458.1417.3367.1
150°1354.3929.2720.1603.4535.7500.6477.8439.6397.7
Run VMG1564.51072.9831.4695.2607.5551.7515.4470.9435.8
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1534.11079.8860.1739.7665.8623.3598.7572.3557.8
All purpose1151.2826.4673.4595.1551.0525.8509.5485.9467.8
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward700.80.8561
All purpose573.41.0464
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low749.90.8001
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium569.61.0534
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High504.71.1888
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low969.90.6186
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium696.00.8621
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High594.91.0085
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance624.40.9609
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low749.90.8001
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium569.61.0534
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High504.71.1888
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low969.90.6186
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium696.00.8621
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High594.91.0085
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1635.71079.1809.0668.6586.4545.1515.8467.8445.8
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.7589
Downwind "popa"0.8852
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.7928
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.8431
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low749.90.8001
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium569.61.0534
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High504.71.1888
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low969.90.6186
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium696.00.8621
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High594.91.0085
Predominantly Upwind616.50.9732
Predominantly Downwind587.81.0208
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low749.90.8001
Triple Number AP Medium569.71.0533
Triple Number AP High504.71.1888
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1014.50.5914
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium696.00.8621
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High594.91.0085
Single Number Predominant Upwind642.10.9344
Single Number Predominant Reaching574.51.0443
Single Number Predominant Downwind615.30.9751
Predominant Upwind - Low901.10.6659
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med682.20.8795
Predominant Upwind - Medium594.91.0086
Predominant Upwind - Med/High550.91.0892
Predominant Upwind - High533.31.1250
Predominant Downwind Low919.10.6528
Predominant Downwind Low/Med670.50.8949
Predominant Downwind Medium564.71.0625
Predominant Downwind Med/High502.31.1945
Predominant Downwind High467.11.2844
Predominant Reaching Low806.80.7437
Predominant Reaching Low/Med612.10.9803
Predominant Reaching Medium534.81.1218
Predominant Reaching Med/High491.51.2207
Predominant Reaching High465.11.2900
SA/DSPL Upwind22.35SA/DSPL Downwind34.76
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1138.80.5269
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med821.30.7305
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium681.60.8802
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High604.00.9933
5-Band Windward/Leeward High574.41.0447
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1139.50.5265
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med828.40.7243
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium693.20.8655
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High620.50.9670
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High594.71.0089
5-Band AP Low832.40.7208
5-Band AP Low/Med650.30.9227
5-Band AP Medium560.91.0698
5-Band AP Med/High511.71.1725
5-Band AP High486.81.2325
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low977.10.6141
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med784.90.7644
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium658.90.9106
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High591.01.0152
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High563.51.0648
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9034
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9241
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.9381
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6675
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6731
Harvest Moon Regatta502.31.1944
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance624.40.9609
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low749.90.8001
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium569.61.0534
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High504.71.1888
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low969.90.6186
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium696.00.8621
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High594.91.0085
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1635.71079.1809.0668.6586.4545.1515.8467.8445.8
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance624.40.9609
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low749.90.8001
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium569.61.0534
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High504.71.1888
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low969.90.6186
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium696.00.8621
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High594.91.0085
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1635.71079.1809.0668.6586.4545.1515.8467.8445.8
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance624.4
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1635.71079.1809.0668.6586.4545.1515.8467.8445.8
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low749.90.8001
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium569.61.0534
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High504.71.1888
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low969.90.6186
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium696.00.8621
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High594.91.0085
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating624.40.9609
FinRating, kevyt tuuli1118.90.8937
FinRating, kova tuuli489.51.0215
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low749.90.8001
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium569.61.0534
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High504.71.1888
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low969.90.6186
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium696.00.8621
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High594.91.0085
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance0.9609
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8001
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0534
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1888
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6186
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8621
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0085
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1635.71079.1809.0668.6586.4545.1515.8467.8445.8
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)646.4
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance624.40.9609
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low749.90.8001
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium569.61.0534
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High504.71.1888
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low969.90.6186
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium696.00.8621
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High594.91.0085
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1635.71079.1809.0668.6586.4545.1515.8467.8445.8
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low749.90.8001
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium569.61.0534
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High504.71.1888
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low969.90.6186
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium696.00.8621
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High594.91.0085
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance624.40.9609
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low749.90.8001
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium569.61.0534
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High504.71.1888
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low969.90.6186
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium696.00.8621
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High594.91.0085
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1635.71079.1809.0668.6586.4545.1515.8467.8445.8
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance624.40.9609
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low749.90.8001
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium569.61.0534
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High504.71.1888
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low969.90.6186
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium696.00.8621
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High594.91.0085
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1635.71079.1809.0668.6586.4545.1515.8467.8445.8
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low749.9
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium569.6
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High504.7
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low969.9
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium696.0
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High594.9
Predominantly Upwind616.5
Predominantly Downwind587.8
Predominantly Reaching562.9
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance624.40.9609
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low749.90.8001
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium569.61.0534
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High504.71.1888
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low969.90.6186
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium696.00.8621
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High594.91.0085
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1635.71079.1809.0668.6586.4545.1515.8467.8445.8
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8001
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0534
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1888
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6186
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8621
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0085
Coastal/Long Distance0.9609
Predominantly Upwind0.9732
Predominantly Downwind1.0208
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)646.4
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Distanseseilas Singeltall  (APH)1.0464
Distanseseilas Trippeltall svak vind0.8001
Distanseseilas Trippeltall mellomvind1.0534
Distanseseilas Trippeltall sterk vind1.1888
Pølsebane Trippeltall svak vind0.6186
Pølsebane Trippeltall mellomvind0.8621
Pølsebane Trippeltall sterk vind1.0085
Motvind Singeltall0.9732
Medvind Singeltall1.0208
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low749.90.8001
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium569.61.0534
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High504.71.1888
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low969.90.6186
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium696.00.8621
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High594.91.0085
Coastal/Long Distance624.40.9609
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind616.50.9732
Predominantly Downwind587.81.0208
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore562.21.0673
Cape Doctor Coastal473.21.2679
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low749.90.8001
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium569.61.0534
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High504.71.1888
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low969.90.6186
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium696.00.8621
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High594.91.0085
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8001
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0534
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1888
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6186
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8621
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0085
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8001
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0534
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1888
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6186
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8621
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0085
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance624.40.9609
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low749.90.8001
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium569.61.0534
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High504.71.1888
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low969.90.6186
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium696.00.8621
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High594.91.0085
Predominantly Upwind616.50.9732
Predominantly Downwind587.81.0208
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1635.71079.1809.0668.6586.4545.1515.8467.8445.8
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance624.40.9609
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low749.90.8001
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium569.61.0534
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High504.71.1888
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low969.90.6186
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium696.00.8621
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High594.91.0085
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1635.71079.1809.0668.6586.4545.1515.8467.8445.8
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low749.90.8001
Triple Number AP Medium569.71.0533
Triple Number AP High504.71.1888
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1014.50.5914
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium696.00.8621
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High594.91.0085
Single Number Predominant Upwind642.10.9344
Single Number Predominant Reaching574.51.0443
Single Number Predominant Downwind615.30.9751
Predominant Upwind - Low901.10.6659
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med682.20.8795
Predominant Upwind - Medium594.91.0086
Predominant Upwind - Med/High550.91.0892
Predominant Upwind - High533.31.1250
Predominant Downwind Low919.10.6528
Predominant Downwind Low/Med670.50.8949
Predominant Downwind Medium564.71.0625
Predominant Downwind Med/High502.31.1945
Predominant Downwind High467.11.2844
Predominant Reaching Low806.80.7437
Predominant Reaching Low/Med612.10.9803
Predominant Reaching Medium534.81.1218
Predominant Reaching Med/High491.51.2207
Predominant Reaching High465.11.2900
SA/DSPL Upwind22.35SA/DSPL Downwind34.76
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1138.80.5269
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med821.30.7305
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium681.60.8802
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High604.00.9933
5-Band Windward/Leeward High574.41.0447
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1139.50.5265
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med828.40.7243
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium693.20.8655
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High620.50.9670
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High594.71.0089
5-Band AP Low832.40.7208
5-Band AP Low/Med650.30.9227
5-Band AP Medium560.91.0698
5-Band AP Med/High511.71.1725
5-Band AP High486.81.2325
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low977.10.6141
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med784.90.7644
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium658.90.9106
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High591.01.0152
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High563.51.0648
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9034
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9241
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.9381
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6675
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6731
Harvest Moon Regatta502.31.1944
Club Certificate2025
PEREZAESP-33660_C
RFEV
c/ Gamazo sn
39004 Santander – España
crucero@rfev.es
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassDEHLER 38 (SK)Measurement15/10/2007HINPlan reviewHull constructionSolidCarbon rudderNoLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA11.400Max. Beam3.776Draft1.938Displacement5,890Wetted area26.27IMS L9.602LSM09.074Acc. length11.400Sink (kg/mm) 19.27
VCGD-0.328VCGM-0.220RM Rated (kg·m) 167.6Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight599Declared crew weight560
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeFeathering 2 blades
InstallationShaft exposedTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRD0.492PBW0.128PIPA0.0046
PSD0.025PHD0.055PHL0.140
PSA19.0°ESL1.100
ST10.036ST20.116ST30.116
ST40.060ST50.310
RIG
Forestay tensionAftInner stayNone FittedMast materialAluminumSingle headsail furlerNoMainsail furlerNoArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunning backstays0Checkstays0Spreaders2Rotating mastNo
P12.680IG13.010ISP13.110MDT10.121MDL10.162MDT20.121MDL20.162TLMW0.162GO0.162
E4.990J4.030BAS1.685FSD0.041SFJ0.000SPL4.160WPLTPSBD0.217MWTMCG
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodRM entered directlyRM entered170.0Flotation Date01/01/2010
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible
Club Certificate2025
PEREZAESP-33660_C
RFEV
c/ Gamazo sn
39004 Santander – España
crucero@rfev.es
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateCommentMS0.050.821.562.803.8834.1321/01/2025
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateComment0010.070.741.453.034.716.4512.55NoNo 39.1707/05/2025
SYMMETRIC SPINNAKER
IdSLUSLESLSHWSFLAreaMeas.DateCommentSIM0113.2713.2713.277.267.0979.9121/01/2025
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length11.4 mTable area0.55 m²Headroom1.78 mMinimum number of berths5Personal gear stowage0.20 m³Fresh water capacity135 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit5Food stowage0.30 m³Fuel capacity78 lCabin soleStovesSinksGalley gear stowageToiletWash basinNavigation areaHanging locker
*This list is a summary of the requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for details.