Club Certificate2025
BURLESQUEESP-10369_C
RFEV
c/ Gamazo sn
39004 Santander – España
crucero@rfev.es
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles46.7°46.7°44.9°43.2°42.6°41.6°41.1°40.6°40.9°
Beat VMG2.553.544.354.925.255.455.565.675.66
52°4.095.586.697.427.817.998.108.228.25
60°4.486.007.067.728.068.258.348.498.55
75°4.776.327.337.938.288.508.668.889.04
90°4.686.237.297.968.358.628.859.219.46
110°4.326.017.338.158.618.989.309.7910.15
120°4.235.897.208.078.568.979.3510.0610.70
135°3.715.276.617.628.268.709.109.9310.89
150°3.074.435.656.727.598.168.559.239.94
Run VMG2.663.834.905.826.577.117.548.238.84
Gybe Angles142.4°142.4°146.2°148.3°150.4°153.1°157.9°163.5°174.1°
APH ToD:516.4CDL: 11.235APH ToT: 1.1619CertNo:1036901
BOAT
ClassBAVARIA 50DesignerJ&J DESIGNBuilderBAVARIA YACHTBAUAge date10/2000Series date05/1998Offset fileBAVAR50.OFFData fileE10369_C
HULL
Length Overall14.630 mMaximum Beam4.662 mDraft2.013 mDisplacement14,800 kgDLR6.7053IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.160%Age Allowance0.487%
PROPELLER
InstallationShaft exposedTypeSolid 3 bladesDiameter0.520m
CREW
Maximum weight650 kg(declared)Minimum weight520 kg ✱ when appliedNon Manual PowerNoCrew Arm Extension
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail58.4359.68Headsail Luffed87.5087.50Headsail FlyingSymmetricAsymmetric175.06175.06 (All asymmetric spinnakers with SHW/SFL > 85%)
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail16.66Storm Jib16.39Heavy Weather Jib44.23
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails6
✱ One set on the forestay
✱ Woven polyester sails
Spinnakers5
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
COMMENTS
MEDIDAS ESTIMADAS
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.
Club Certificate2025
BURLESQUEESP-10369_C
RFEV
c/ Gamazo sn
39004 Santander – España
crucero@rfev.es
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1414.11016.4828.5732.0685.1660.7647.4635.2636.3
52°879.8645.1537.8485.3461.2450.5444.6438.0436.2
60°803.8599.8509.9466.5446.5436.6431.4424.2421.0
75°754.3569.7491.1453.8435.0423.5415.7405.5398.2
90°770.0577.5493.5452.2431.1417.5406.9390.8380.4
110°832.8599.4491.3441.8418.0401.0387.2367.7354.7
120°851.3611.6499.7446.3420.4401.4385.0358.0336.5
135°969.8683.1544.7472.2435.7413.9395.5362.6330.7
150°1173.4813.5636.7535.9474.4441.0421.0390.1362.1
Run VMG1354.8939.4735.2618.8547.6506.4477.7437.6407.3
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1383.8977.9781.8675.4616.4583.5562.5536.4521.8
All purpose1034.0742.9605.3533.8496.3475.0460.4440.6427.8
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward646.80.9276
All purpose516.41.1619
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low674.10.8901
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium512.61.1706
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High456.61.3140
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low879.90.6819
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium641.60.9351
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High558.01.0753
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance565.31.0614
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low674.10.8901
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium512.61.1706
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High456.61.3140
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low879.90.6819
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium641.60.9351
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High558.01.0753
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1469.8974.0732.4605.2532.0493.4464.7420.0406.0
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.8069
Downwind "popa"0.9853
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.8532
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.9240
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low674.10.8901
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium512.61.1706
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High456.61.3140
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low879.90.6819
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium641.60.9351
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High558.01.0753
Predominantly Upwind561.21.0691
Predominantly Downwind523.81.1455
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low674.10.8901
Triple Number AP Medium512.61.1704
Triple Number AP High456.61.3140
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low919.70.6524
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium641.60.9351
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High558.01.0753
Single Number Predominant Upwind585.01.0256
Single Number Predominant Reaching510.81.1746
Single Number Predominant Downwind548.31.0942
Predominant Upwind - Low821.50.7304
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med620.00.9677
Predominant Upwind - Medium541.61.1078
Predominant Upwind - Med/High503.21.1924
Predominant Upwind - High487.01.2320
Predominant Downwind Low813.00.7380
Predominant Downwind Low/Med594.91.0086
Predominant Downwind Medium503.51.1916
Predominant Downwind Med/High451.21.3297
Predominant Downwind High421.91.4220
Predominant Reaching Low718.10.8355
Predominant Reaching Low/Med543.81.1033
Predominant Reaching Medium474.91.2635
Predominant Reaching Med/High436.91.3733
Predominant Reaching High415.61.4438
SA/DSPL Upwind23.99SA/DSPL Downwind38.39
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1030.50.5822
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med748.80.8013
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium630.00.9524
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High566.21.0597
5-Band Windward/Leeward High538.41.1145
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1038.20.5779
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med759.20.7903
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium643.50.9324
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High583.11.0290
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High558.21.0749
5-Band AP Low742.10.8085
5-Band AP Low/Med584.31.0269
5-Band AP Medium505.11.1880
5-Band AP Med/High462.51.2972
5-Band AP High441.81.3580
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low886.80.6766
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med715.10.8390
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium606.40.9895
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High549.01.0928
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High523.81.1455
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9914
Chicago-Mac All Purpose1.0260
Chicago-Mac Downwind1.0537
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.7398
Bayview-Mac Shore0.7454
Harvest Moon Regatta443.81.3520
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance565.31.0614
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low674.10.8901
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium512.61.1706
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High456.61.3140
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low879.90.6819
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium641.60.9351
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High558.01.0753
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1469.8974.0732.4605.2532.0493.4464.7420.0406.0
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance565.31.0614
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low674.10.8901
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium512.61.1706
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High456.61.3140
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low879.90.6819
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium641.60.9351
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High558.01.0753
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1469.8974.0732.4605.2532.0493.4464.7420.0406.0
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance565.3
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1469.8974.0732.4605.2532.0493.4464.7420.0406.0
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low674.10.8901
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium512.61.1706
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High456.61.3140
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low879.90.6819
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium641.60.9351
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High558.01.0753
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating565.31.0614
FinRating, kevyt tuuli1008.10.9920
FinRating, kova tuuli444.41.1252
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low674.10.8901
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium512.61.1706
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High456.61.3140
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low879.90.6819
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium641.60.9351
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High558.01.0753
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance1.0614
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8901
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.1706
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.3140
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6819
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.9351
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0753
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1469.8974.0732.4605.2532.0493.4464.7420.0406.0
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)581.7
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance565.31.0614
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low674.10.8901
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium512.61.1706
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High456.61.3140
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low879.90.6819
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium641.60.9351
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High558.01.0753
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1469.8974.0732.4605.2532.0493.4464.7420.0406.0
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low674.10.8901
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium512.61.1706
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High456.61.3140
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low879.90.6819
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium641.60.9351
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High558.01.0753
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance565.31.0614
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low674.10.8901
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium512.61.1706
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High456.61.3140
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low879.90.6819
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium641.60.9351
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High558.01.0753
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1469.8974.0732.4605.2532.0493.4464.7420.0406.0
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance565.31.0614
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low674.10.8901
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium512.61.1706
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High456.61.3140
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low879.90.6819
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium641.60.9351
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High558.01.0753
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1469.8974.0732.4605.2532.0493.4464.7420.0406.0
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low674.1
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium512.6
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High456.6
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low879.9
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium641.6
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High558.0
Predominantly Upwind561.2
Predominantly Downwind523.8
Predominantly Reaching499.8
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance565.31.0614
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low674.10.8901
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium512.61.1706
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High456.61.3140
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low879.90.6819
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium641.60.9351
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High558.01.0753
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1469.8974.0732.4605.2532.0493.4464.7420.0406.0
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8901
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.1706
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.3140
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6819
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.9351
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0753
Coastal/Long Distance1.0614
Predominantly Upwind1.0691
Predominantly Downwind1.1455
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)581.7
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Distanseseilas Singeltall  (APH)1.1619
Distanseseilas Trippeltall svak vind0.8901
Distanseseilas Trippeltall mellomvind1.1706
Distanseseilas Trippeltall sterk vind1.3140
Pølsebane Trippeltall svak vind0.6819
Pølsebane Trippeltall mellomvind0.9351
Pølsebane Trippeltall sterk vind1.0753
Motvind Singeltall1.0691
Medvind Singeltall1.1455
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low674.10.8901
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium512.61.1706
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High456.61.3140
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low879.90.6819
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium641.60.9351
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High558.01.0753
Coastal/Long Distance565.31.0614
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind561.21.0691
Predominantly Downwind523.81.1455
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore526.21.1403
Cape Doctor Coastal431.71.3900
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low674.10.8901
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium512.61.1706
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High456.61.3140
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low879.90.6819
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium641.60.9351
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High558.01.0753
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8901
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.1706
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.3140
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6819
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.9351
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0753
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8901
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.1706
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.3140
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6819
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.9351
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0753
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance565.31.0614
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low674.10.8901
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium512.61.1706
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High456.61.3140
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low879.90.6819
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium641.60.9351
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High558.01.0753
Predominantly Upwind561.21.0691
Predominantly Downwind523.81.1455
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1469.8974.0732.4605.2532.0493.4464.7420.0406.0
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance565.31.0614
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low674.10.8901
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium512.61.1706
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High456.61.3140
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low879.90.6819
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium641.60.9351
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High558.01.0753
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1469.8974.0732.4605.2532.0493.4464.7420.0406.0
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low674.10.8901
Triple Number AP Medium512.61.1704
Triple Number AP High456.61.3140
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low919.70.6524
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium641.60.9351
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High558.01.0753
Single Number Predominant Upwind585.01.0256
Single Number Predominant Reaching510.81.1746
Single Number Predominant Downwind548.31.0942
Predominant Upwind - Low821.50.7304
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med620.00.9677
Predominant Upwind - Medium541.61.1078
Predominant Upwind - Med/High503.21.1924
Predominant Upwind - High487.01.2320
Predominant Downwind Low813.00.7380
Predominant Downwind Low/Med594.91.0086
Predominant Downwind Medium503.51.1916
Predominant Downwind Med/High451.21.3297
Predominant Downwind High421.91.4220
Predominant Reaching Low718.10.8355
Predominant Reaching Low/Med543.81.1033
Predominant Reaching Medium474.91.2635
Predominant Reaching Med/High436.91.3733
Predominant Reaching High415.61.4438
SA/DSPL Upwind23.99SA/DSPL Downwind38.39
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1030.50.5822
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med748.80.8013
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium630.00.9524
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High566.21.0597
5-Band Windward/Leeward High538.41.1145
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1038.20.5779
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med759.20.7903
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium643.50.9324
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High583.11.0290
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High558.21.0749
5-Band AP Low742.10.8085
5-Band AP Low/Med584.31.0269
5-Band AP Medium505.11.1880
5-Band AP Med/High462.51.2972
5-Band AP High441.81.3580
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low886.80.6766
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med715.10.8390
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium606.40.9895
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High549.01.0928
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High523.81.1455
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9914
Chicago-Mac All Purpose1.0260
Chicago-Mac Downwind1.0537
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.7398
Bayview-Mac Shore0.7454
Harvest Moon Regatta443.81.3520
Club Certificate2025
BURLESQUEESP-10369_C
RFEV
c/ Gamazo sn
39004 Santander – España
crucero@rfev.es
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassBAVARIA 50MeasurementHINPlan reviewHull constructionSolidCarbon rudderNoLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA14.630Max. Beam4.662Draft2.013Displacement14,800Wetted area45.46IMS L12.969LSM013.019Acc. length14.630Sink (kg/mm) 34.92
VCGD0.610VCGM-0.065RM Rated (kg·m) 446.9Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight1,003Declared crew weight650
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeSolid 3 blades
InstallationShaft exposedTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRD0.520PBWPIPA0.0165
PSD0.030PHD0.060PHL0.090
PSA19.4°ESL
ST10.025ST20.120ST30.105
ST40.060ST5
RIG
Forestay tensionAftInner stayFixedMast materialAluminumSingle headsail furlerYesMainsail furlerIn mastArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunning backstays0CheckstaysSpreaders2Rotating mastNo
P17.000IG18.100ISP18.200MDT10.100MDL10.110MDT2MDL2TLMWGO
E5.600J6.100BAS1.900FSD0.050SFJSPL0.000WPLTPS7.200BDMWTMCG
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodRM entered directlyRM entered450.0Flotation Date01/01/2010
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible
Club Certificate2025
BURLESQUEESP-10369_C
RFEV
c/ Gamazo sn
39004 Santander – España
crucero@rfev.es
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateComment00158.43
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateComment0019.00NoNo 87.50
ASYMMETRIC SPINNAKER
IdSLUSLESLSHWSFLRatioAreaMeas.DateComment00118.24NaN175.06
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length14.6 mTable area0.66 m²Headroom1.90 mMinimum number of berths6Personal gear stowage0.24 m³Fresh water capacity258 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit6Food stowage0.36 m³Fuel capacity142 lCabin soleStovesSinksGalley gear stowageToiletWash basinNavigation areaHanging locker
*This list is a summary of the requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for details.