Club Certificate2025
SUPERNOVAP 204
Federação Portuguesa de Vela
Doca de Belém
1300-038 Lisboa, Portugal
fpvela.pt
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles44.1°44.1°41.9°40.4°39.3°38.3°37.8°37.5°38.0°
Beat VMG2.313.233.974.524.935.205.335.425.38
52°3.654.965.946.627.067.317.467.577.56
60°3.895.246.206.867.247.487.637.777.79
75°4.035.416.387.027.397.647.838.088.20
90°3.925.386.487.187.537.707.888.248.50
110°4.015.536.697.377.768.058.288.588.76
120°3.885.376.537.297.728.068.368.889.20
135°3.444.846.026.937.497.878.218.879.59
150°2.834.105.266.247.037.527.878.509.18
Run VMG2.453.554.555.426.176.787.257.938.51
Gybe Angles145.6°145.6°149.6°151.9°156.7°163.7°169.6°177.7°177.2°
APH ToD:562.8CDL: 9.494APH ToT: 1.0661CertNo:
BOAT
ClassFIRST 42DesignerFRERSBuilderBENETEAUAge date04/1982Series date01/1981Offset fileFIRST42.offData filePOR204
HULL
Length Overall12.800 mMaximum Beam3.982 mDraft2.232 mDisplacement9,420 kgDLR8.1700IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.430%Age Allowance0.487%
PROPELLER
InstallationShaft exposedTypeFolding 3 bladesDiameter0.420m
CREW
Maximum weight736 kg(default)Minimum weight606 kg ✱ when appliedNon Manual PowerCrew Arm Extension
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail34.7835.05Headsail Luffed40.5140.51Headsail FlyingSymmetric122.23122.23Asymmetric
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail11.15Storm Jib13.34Heavy Weather Jib36.02
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails5
✱ One set on the forestay
✱ Woven polyester sails
Spinnakers4
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.
Club Certificate2025
SUPERNOVAP 204
Federação Portuguesa de Vela
Doca de Belém
1300-038 Lisboa, Portugal
fpvela.pt
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1556.41114.7905.8796.4729.9692.5675.0664.2669.4
52°985.5725.5606.4543.5510.1492.5482.8475.7476.4
60°924.9687.1580.3525.2497.2481.2471.6463.1462.4
75°893.9665.6563.9512.7487.0471.2459.8445.4439.2
90°918.4669.5555.4501.4478.0467.7457.0436.8423.5
110°896.9650.4538.0488.5464.1447.4434.8419.7410.8
120°927.0670.1551.0494.0466.1446.7430.5405.4391.3
135°1046.3743.5597.7519.3480.5457.5438.7405.7375.4
150°1270.0877.3684.6576.6512.3478.9457.6423.6392.2
Run VMG1466.81013.0790.5664.8583.3531.0496.5454.0423.3
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1510.81063.8848.1730.6656.6611.7585.8559.1546.3
All purpose1144.8819.9666.1585.6539.8513.2496.6476.5465.0
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward690.00.8696
All purpose562.81.0661
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low743.00.8075
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium558.91.0735
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High493.21.2166
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low956.00.6276
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium686.00.8746
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High582.21.0305
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance612.60.9794
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low743.00.8075
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium558.91.0735
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High493.21.2166
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low956.00.6276
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium686.00.8746
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High582.21.0305
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1596.41058.7797.1658.7575.6532.2502.3458.7446.6
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.7529
Downwind "popa"0.9265
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.7977
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.8666
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low743.00.8075
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium558.91.0735
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High493.21.2166
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low956.00.6276
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium686.00.8746
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High582.21.0305
Predominantly Upwind611.60.9811
Predominantly Downwind570.11.0524
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low743.00.8075
Triple Number AP Medium559.01.0733
Triple Number AP High493.21.2166
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low999.80.6001
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium686.00.8746
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High582.21.0305
Single Number Predominant Upwind638.40.9398
Single Number Predominant Reaching563.91.0640
Single Number Predominant Downwind596.91.0053
Predominant Upwind - Low911.20.6585
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med683.10.8783
Predominant Upwind - Medium589.01.0187
Predominant Upwind - Med/High540.11.1110
Predominant Upwind - High522.51.1483
Predominant Downwind Low891.80.6728
Predominant Downwind Low/Med650.40.9226
Predominant Downwind Medium547.11.0966
Predominant Downwind Med/High486.81.2326
Predominant Downwind High455.61.3170
Predominant Reaching Low802.80.7474
Predominant Reaching Low/Med602.00.9966
Predominant Reaching Medium522.01.1494
Predominant Reaching Med/High478.91.2528
Predominant Reaching High455.91.3161
SA/DSPL Upwind16.75SA/DSPL Downwind34.94
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1121.80.5348
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med810.20.7406
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium671.50.8935
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High591.61.0142
5-Band Windward/Leeward High561.51.0685
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1132.10.5300
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med822.60.7294
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium686.20.8744
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High609.40.9845
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High582.61.0299
5-Band AP Low822.30.7296
5-Band AP Low/Med641.70.9350
5-Band AP Medium549.91.0911
5-Band AP Med/High499.61.2009
5-Band AP High478.01.2553
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low966.10.6211
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med776.00.7732
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium649.50.9238
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High578.91.0365
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High552.01.0869
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9062
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9391
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.9673
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6755
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6797
Harvest Moon Regatta489.71.2253
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance612.60.9794
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low743.00.8075
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium558.91.0735
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High493.21.2166
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low956.00.6276
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium686.00.8746
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High582.21.0305
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1596.41058.7797.1658.7575.6532.2502.3458.7446.6
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance612.60.9794
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low743.00.8075
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium558.91.0735
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High493.21.2166
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low956.00.6276
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium686.00.8746
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High582.21.0305
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1596.41058.7797.1658.7575.6532.2502.3458.7446.6
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance612.6
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1596.41058.7797.1658.7575.6532.2502.3458.7446.6
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low743.00.8075
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium558.91.0735
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High493.21.2166
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low956.00.6276
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium686.00.8746
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High582.21.0305
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating612.60.9794
FinRating, kevyt tuuli1102.10.9074
FinRating, kova tuuli481.91.0375
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low743.00.8075
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium558.91.0735
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High493.21.2166
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low956.00.6276
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium686.00.8746
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High582.21.0305
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance0.9794
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8075
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0735
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2166
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6276
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8746
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0305
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1596.41058.7797.1658.7575.6532.2502.3458.7446.6
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)635.8
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance612.60.9794
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low743.00.8075
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium558.91.0735
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High493.21.2166
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low956.00.6276
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium686.00.8746
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High582.21.0305
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1596.41058.7797.1658.7575.6532.2502.3458.7446.6
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low743.00.8075
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium558.91.0735
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High493.21.2166
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low956.00.6276
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium686.00.8746
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High582.21.0305
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance612.60.9794
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low743.00.8075
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium558.91.0735
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High493.21.2166
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low956.00.6276
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium686.00.8746
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High582.21.0305
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1596.41058.7797.1658.7575.6532.2502.3458.7446.6
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance612.60.9794
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low743.00.8075
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium558.91.0735
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High493.21.2166
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low956.00.6276
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium686.00.8746
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High582.21.0305
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1596.41058.7797.1658.7575.6532.2502.3458.7446.6
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low743.0
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium558.9
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High493.2
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low956.0
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium686.0
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High582.2
Predominantly Upwind611.6
Predominantly Downwind570.1
Predominantly Reaching548.7
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance612.60.9794
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low743.00.8075
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium558.91.0735
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High493.21.2166
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low956.00.6276
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium686.00.8746
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High582.21.0305
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1596.41058.7797.1658.7575.6532.2502.3458.7446.6
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8075
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0735
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2166
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6276
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8746
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0305
Coastal/Long Distance0.9794
Predominantly Upwind0.9811
Predominantly Downwind1.0524
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)635.8
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Distanseseilas Singeltall  (APH)1.0661
Distanseseilas Trippeltall svak vind0.8075
Distanseseilas Trippeltall mellomvind1.0735
Distanseseilas Trippeltall sterk vind1.2166
Pølsebane Trippeltall svak vind0.6276
Pølsebane Trippeltall mellomvind0.8746
Pølsebane Trippeltall sterk vind1.0305
Motvind Singeltall0.9811
Medvind Singeltall1.0524
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low743.00.8075
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium558.91.0735
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High493.21.2166
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low956.00.6276
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium686.00.8746
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High582.21.0305
Coastal/Long Distance612.60.9794
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind611.60.9811
Predominantly Downwind570.11.0524
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore550.21.0906
Cape Doctor Coastal468.41.2809
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low743.00.8075
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium558.91.0735
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High493.21.2166
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low956.00.6276
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium686.00.8746
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High582.21.0305
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8075
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0735
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2166
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6276
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8746
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0305
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8075
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0735
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2166
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6276
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8746
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0305
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance612.60.9794
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low743.00.8075
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium558.91.0735
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High493.21.2166
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low956.00.6276
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium686.00.8746
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High582.21.0305
Predominantly Upwind611.60.9811
Predominantly Downwind570.11.0524
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1596.41058.7797.1658.7575.6532.2502.3458.7446.6
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance612.60.9794
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low743.00.8075
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium558.91.0735
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High493.21.2166
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low956.00.6276
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium686.00.8746
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High582.21.0305
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1596.41058.7797.1658.7575.6532.2502.3458.7446.6
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low743.00.8075
Triple Number AP Medium559.01.0733
Triple Number AP High493.21.2166
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low999.80.6001
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium686.00.8746
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High582.21.0305
Single Number Predominant Upwind638.40.9398
Single Number Predominant Reaching563.91.0640
Single Number Predominant Downwind596.91.0053
Predominant Upwind - Low911.20.6585
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med683.10.8783
Predominant Upwind - Medium589.01.0187
Predominant Upwind - Med/High540.11.1110
Predominant Upwind - High522.51.1483
Predominant Downwind Low891.80.6728
Predominant Downwind Low/Med650.40.9226
Predominant Downwind Medium547.11.0966
Predominant Downwind Med/High486.81.2326
Predominant Downwind High455.61.3170
Predominant Reaching Low802.80.7474
Predominant Reaching Low/Med602.00.9966
Predominant Reaching Medium522.01.1494
Predominant Reaching Med/High478.91.2528
Predominant Reaching High455.91.3161
SA/DSPL Upwind16.75SA/DSPL Downwind34.94
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1121.80.5348
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med810.20.7406
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium671.50.8935
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High591.61.0142
5-Band Windward/Leeward High561.51.0685
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1132.10.5300
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med822.60.7294
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium686.20.8744
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High609.40.9845
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High582.61.0299
5-Band AP Low822.30.7296
5-Band AP Low/Med641.70.9350
5-Band AP Medium549.91.0911
5-Band AP Med/High499.61.2009
5-Band AP High478.01.2553
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low966.10.6211
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med776.00.7732
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium649.50.9238
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High578.91.0365
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High552.01.0869
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9062
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9391
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.9673
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6755
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6797
Harvest Moon Regatta489.71.2253
Club Certificate2025
SUPERNOVAP 204
Federação Portuguesa de Vela
Doca de Belém
1300-038 Lisboa, Portugal
fpvela.pt
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassFIRST 42Measurement09/04/2024HINPlan reviewHull constructionSolidCarbon rudderNoLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA12.800Max. Beam3.982Draft2.232Displacement9,420Wetted area33.31IMS L10.617LSM010.485Acc. length12.800Sink (kg/mm) 23.83
VCGD0.103VCGM0.093RM Rated (kg·m) 195.5Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight736Declared crew weightN/A
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeFolding 3 blades
InstallationShaft exposedTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRD0.420PBWPIPA0.0018
PSDPHDPHL
PSAESL
ST1ST2ST3
ST4ST5
RIG
Forestay tensionAftInner stayAdjustableMast materialAluminumSingle headsail furlerYesMainsail furlerNoArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunning backstays1CheckstaysSpreaders2Rotating mastNo
P14.300IG16.333ISP16.170MDT10.156MDL10.227MDT2MDL2TLNo TaperMWGO
E4.455J5.092BAS1.705FSD0.035SFJ0.000SPL5.102WPLTPSBDMWTMCG
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodRM estimatedFlotation Date15/04/2024
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible
Club Certificate2025
SUPERNOVAP 204
Federação Portuguesa de Vela
Doca de Belém
1300-038 Lisboa, Portugal
fpvela.pt
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateCommentP-2040.140.751.362.503.5734.7812/04/20244 Réguas
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateCommentVela com 2 faixas verdes0.110.621.192.524.015.5815.27NoNo 40.5112/04/2024
SYMMETRIC SPINNAKER
IdSLUSLESLSHWSFLAreaMeas.DateComment016.1016.2016.159.118.97122.2312/04/2024
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length12.8 mTable area0.66 m²Headroom1.84 mMinimum number of berths6Personal gear stowage0.24 m³Fresh water capacity204 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit6Food stowage0.36 m³Fuel capacity106 lCabin soleStovesSinksGalley gear stowageToiletWash basinNavigation areaHanging locker
*This list is a summary of the requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for details.