Non Spin/HSFClub Certificate2025
MADMAXPOR 8137
Federação Portuguesa de Vela
Doca de Belém
1300-038 Lisboa, Portugal
fpvela.pt
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles44.1°44.1°41.5°40.1°39.1°38.6°38.3°38.2°38.6°
Beat VMG2.703.794.695.345.735.936.056.176.16
52°4.265.837.017.818.268.498.618.748.78
60°4.576.177.338.098.528.758.879.029.07
75°4.796.437.578.308.749.029.239.499.63
90°4.666.297.478.258.739.089.399.8810.20
110°3.995.536.787.798.488.949.3410.1310.82
120°3.565.096.437.498.278.789.2010.0310.93
135°2.984.375.666.757.658.348.829.6310.51
150°2.463.664.825.856.727.508.148.989.73
Run VMG2.133.174.185.075.966.807.558.679.45
Gybe Angles143.9°143.9°145.6°146.6°176.6°179.3°179.9°179.8°179.8°
APH ToD:516.5CDL: 12.670APH ToT: 1.1617CertNo:813701
BOAT
ClassSHIPMAN 50DesignerJ&J DESIGNBuilderSEAWAYAge date01/2004Series date01/2000Offset fileSHIPMAN50-DK.OFFData filePOR8137_C
HULL
Length Overall15.015 mMaximum Beam4.508 mDraft2.727 mDisplacement13,197 kgDLR4.6643IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.290%Age Allowance0.487%
PROPELLER
InstallationStrutTypeFolding 3 bladesDiameter0.530m
CREW
Maximum weight650 kg(declared)Minimum weight520 kg ✱ when appliedNon Manual PowerYesCrew Arm Extension0.00 m
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail68.3269.35Headsail Luffed53.6253.62Headsail FlyingSymmetricAsymmetric
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail21.01Storm Jib19.18Heavy Weather Jib51.78
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails7
✱ Zero set flying
✱ Woven polyester sails
Spinnakers0
✱ No spinnaker pole aboard
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.
Non Spin/HSFClub Certificate2025
MADMAXPOR 8137
Federação Portuguesa de Vela
Doca de Belém
1300-038 Lisboa, Portugal
fpvela.pt
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1333.5949.3766.9674.5628.2607.3595.3583.6584.4
52°844.2617.7513.5460.8435.8424.3418.3411.9410.2
60°787.6583.4491.4444.9422.7411.5405.7399.0396.8
75°750.8560.2475.8433.7412.0399.0389.9379.5373.9
90°773.0572.6482.2436.1412.2396.3383.3364.2352.9
110°901.2651.2531.4462.0424.6402.7385.5355.5332.8
120°1011.4707.3560.0480.8435.4409.8391.5358.8329.5
135°1207.6823.8635.9533.3470.3431.6408.2373.6342.5
150°1460.8982.6746.6615.5535.9480.0442.3400.8369.9
Run VMG1691.41134.6862.1710.7603.7529.7477.0415.3380.9
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1510.21041.9814.5692.6615.9568.5536.2499.4482.7
All purpose1111.9783.9625.9541.7493.4464.2444.6420.0405.0
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward649.10.9243
All purpose516.51.1617
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low704.90.8512
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium513.31.1690
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High440.31.3627
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low928.20.6464
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium646.20.9285
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High530.51.1311
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance568.61.0552
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low704.90.8512
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium513.31.1690
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High440.31.3627
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low928.20.6464
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium646.20.9285
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High530.51.1311
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1646.91051.2765.6618.4529.3483.3450.1402.3385.7
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.8741
Downwind "popa"0.8874
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.8780
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.8833
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low704.90.8512
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium513.31.1690
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High440.31.3627
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low928.20.6464
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium646.20.9285
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High530.51.1311
Predominantly Upwind543.31.1043
Predominantly Downwind550.31.0904
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low704.90.8512
Triple Number AP Medium513.31.1688
Triple Number AP High440.31.3627
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low974.50.6157
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium646.20.9285
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High530.51.1311
Single Number Predominant Upwind567.21.0579
Single Number Predominant Reaching516.51.1616
Single Number Predominant Downwind581.01.0326
Predominant Upwind - Low822.80.7292
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med608.10.9866
Predominant Upwind - Medium521.11.1514
Predominant Upwind - Med/High476.01.2606
Predominant Upwind - High457.41.3119
Predominant Downwind Low923.90.6494
Predominant Downwind Low/Med648.90.9246
Predominant Downwind Medium525.21.1424
Predominant Downwind Med/High447.21.3416
Predominant Downwind High408.71.4680
Predominant Reaching Low765.50.7838
Predominant Reaching Low/Med560.91.0697
Predominant Reaching Medium474.31.2650
Predominant Reaching Med/High423.71.4161
Predominant Reaching High398.41.5058
SA/DSPL Upwind21.65SA/DSPL Downwind21.65
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1102.70.5441
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med775.70.7735
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium630.70.9513
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High542.21.1067
5-Band Windward/Leeward High502.91.1932
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1082.10.5545
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med768.70.7805
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium632.80.9482
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High553.31.0843
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High519.41.1551
5-Band AP Low799.90.7501
5-Band AP Low/Med599.91.0001
5-Band AP Medium503.51.1916
5-Band AP Med/High447.91.3396
5-Band AP High421.71.4229
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low931.80.6439
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med734.30.8171
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium603.70.9939
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High527.61.1373
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High494.21.2140
Chicago-Mac Upwind1.0193
Chicago-Mac All Purpose1.0083
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.9838
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.7005
Bayview-Mac Shore0.7101
Harvest Moon Regatta443.01.3544
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance568.61.0552
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low704.90.8512
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium513.31.1690
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High440.31.3627
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low928.20.6464
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium646.20.9285
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High530.51.1311
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1646.91051.2765.6618.4529.3483.3450.1402.3385.7
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance568.61.0552
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low704.90.8512
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium513.31.1690
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High440.31.3627
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low928.20.6464
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium646.20.9285
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High530.51.1311
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1646.91051.2765.6618.4529.3483.3450.1402.3385.7
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance568.6
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1646.91051.2765.6618.4529.3483.3450.1402.3385.7
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low704.90.8512
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium513.31.1690
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High440.31.3627
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low928.20.6464
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium646.20.9285
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High530.51.1311
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating568.61.0552
FinRating, kevyt tuuli1086.80.9202
FinRating, kova tuuli425.01.1766
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low704.90.8512
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium513.31.1690
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High440.31.3627
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low928.20.6464
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium646.20.9285
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High530.51.1311
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance1.0552
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8512
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.1690
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.3627
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6464
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.9285
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.1311
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1646.91051.2765.6618.4529.3483.3450.1402.3385.7
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)588.0
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance568.61.0552
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low704.90.8512
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium513.31.1690
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High440.31.3627
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low928.20.6464
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium646.20.9285
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High530.51.1311
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1646.91051.2765.6618.4529.3483.3450.1402.3385.7
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low704.90.8512
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium513.31.1690
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High440.31.3627
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low928.20.6464
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium646.20.9285
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High530.51.1311
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance568.61.0552
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low704.90.8512
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium513.31.1690
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High440.31.3627
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low928.20.6464
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium646.20.9285
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High530.51.1311
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1646.91051.2765.6618.4529.3483.3450.1402.3385.7
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance568.61.0552
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low704.90.8512
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium513.31.1690
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High440.31.3627
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low928.20.6464
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium646.20.9285
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High530.51.1311
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1646.91051.2765.6618.4529.3483.3450.1402.3385.7
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low704.9
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium513.3
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High440.3
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low928.2
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium646.2
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High530.5
Predominantly Upwind543.3
Predominantly Downwind550.3
Predominantly Reaching511.7
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance568.61.0552
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low704.90.8512
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium513.31.1690
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High440.31.3627
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low928.20.6464
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium646.20.9285
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High530.51.1311
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1646.91051.2765.6618.4529.3483.3450.1402.3385.7
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8512
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.1690
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.3627
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6464
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.9285
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.1311
Coastal/Long Distance1.0552
Predominantly Upwind1.1043
Predominantly Downwind1.0904
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)588.0
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Distanseseilas Singeltall  (APH)1.1617
Distanseseilas Trippeltall svak vind0.8512
Distanseseilas Trippeltall mellomvind1.1690
Distanseseilas Trippeltall sterk vind1.3627
Pølsebane Trippeltall svak vind0.6464
Pølsebane Trippeltall mellomvind0.9285
Pølsebane Trippeltall sterk vind1.1311
Motvind Singeltall1.1043
Medvind Singeltall1.0904
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low704.90.8512
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium513.31.1690
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High440.31.3627
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low928.20.6464
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium646.20.9285
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High530.51.1311
Coastal/Long Distance568.61.0552
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind543.31.1043
Predominantly Downwind550.31.0904
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore487.71.2303
Cape Doctor Coastal409.51.4651
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low704.90.8512
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium513.31.1690
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High440.31.3627
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low928.20.6464
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium646.20.9285
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High530.51.1311
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8512
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.1690
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.3627
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6464
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.9285
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.1311
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8512
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.1690
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.3627
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6464
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.9285
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.1311
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance568.61.0552
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low704.90.8512
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium513.31.1690
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High440.31.3627
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low928.20.6464
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium646.20.9285
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High530.51.1311
Predominantly Upwind543.31.1043
Predominantly Downwind550.31.0904
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1646.91051.2765.6618.4529.3483.3450.1402.3385.7
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance568.61.0552
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low704.90.8512
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium513.31.1690
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High440.31.3627
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low928.20.6464
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium646.20.9285
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High530.51.1311
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1646.91051.2765.6618.4529.3483.3450.1402.3385.7
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low704.90.8512
Triple Number AP Medium513.31.1688
Triple Number AP High440.31.3627
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low974.50.6157
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium646.20.9285
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High530.51.1311
Single Number Predominant Upwind567.21.0579
Single Number Predominant Reaching516.51.1616
Single Number Predominant Downwind581.01.0326
Predominant Upwind - Low822.80.7292
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med608.10.9866
Predominant Upwind - Medium521.11.1514
Predominant Upwind - Med/High476.01.2606
Predominant Upwind - High457.41.3119
Predominant Downwind Low923.90.6494
Predominant Downwind Low/Med648.90.9246
Predominant Downwind Medium525.21.1424
Predominant Downwind Med/High447.21.3416
Predominant Downwind High408.71.4680
Predominant Reaching Low765.50.7838
Predominant Reaching Low/Med560.91.0697
Predominant Reaching Medium474.31.2650
Predominant Reaching Med/High423.71.4161
Predominant Reaching High398.41.5058
SA/DSPL Upwind21.65SA/DSPL Downwind21.65
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1102.70.5441
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med775.70.7735
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium630.70.9513
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High542.21.1067
5-Band Windward/Leeward High502.91.1932
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1082.10.5545
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med768.70.7805
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium632.80.9482
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High553.31.0843
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High519.41.1551
5-Band AP Low799.90.7501
5-Band AP Low/Med599.91.0001
5-Band AP Medium503.51.1916
5-Band AP Med/High447.91.3396
5-Band AP High421.71.4229
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low931.80.6439
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med734.30.8171
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium603.70.9939
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High527.61.1373
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High494.21.2140
Chicago-Mac Upwind1.0193
Chicago-Mac All Purpose1.0083
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.9838
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.7005
Bayview-Mac Shore0.7101
Harvest Moon Regatta443.01.3544
Non Spin/HSFClub Certificate2025
MADMAXPOR 8137
Federação Portuguesa de Vela
Doca de Belém
1300-038 Lisboa, Portugal
fpvela.pt
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassSHIPMAN 50Measurement26/06/2016HINPlan reviewHull constructionCarbonCarbon rudderYesLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA15.015Max. Beam4.508Draft2.727Displacement13,197Wetted area47.54IMS L14.041LSM014.142Acc. length14.651Sink (kg/mm) 35.23
VCGD0.033VCGM-0.010RM Rated (kg·m) 384.3Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight1,128Declared crew weight650
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeFolding 3 blades
InstallationStrutTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRD0.530PBWPIPA0.0043
EDL3.080ST10.065ST20.178
ST30.178ST40.111ST50.310
RIG
Forestay tensionAftInner stayNone FittedMast materialCarbonSingle headsail furlerNoMainsail furlerIn boomArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunning backstays0Checkstays0Spreaders2Rotating mastNo
P18.900IG19.480ISP19.580MDT10.156MDL10.330MDT20.156MDL20.310TL1.100MW0.310GO0.340
E6.350J5.650BAS1.800FSD0.049SFJ0.390SPLWPLTPS7.170BD0.236MWTMCG
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodRM estimatedFlotation Date01/01/2016
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible
Non Spin/HSFClub Certificate2025
MADMAXPOR 8137
Federação Portuguesa de Vela
Doca de Belém
1300-038 Lisboa, Portugal
fpvela.pt
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateComment0020.131.192.213.825.1868.32
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateComment0010.080.661.302.674.135.6919.48YesNo 53.6223/06/2016
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length14.7 mTable area0.66 m²Headroom1.90 mMinimum number of berths6Personal gear stowage0.24 m³Fresh water capacity261 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit6Food stowage0.36 m³Fuel capacity144 lCabin soleStovesSinksGalley gear stowageToiletWash basinNavigation areaHanging locker
*This list is a summary of the requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for details.