Double HandedClub Certificate2025
JadranašCRO 8537
Hrvatski jedriličarski savez
Osječka 11
21000 Split
CROATIA
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles42.6°42.6°40.5°38.9°38.2°38.1°38.1°39.2°40.2°
Beat VMG2.723.714.444.824.985.055.095.084.91
52°4.205.606.516.917.067.137.187.227.16
60°4.475.876.737.107.257.337.397.457.40
75°4.656.056.867.267.487.617.707.847.88
90°4.576.036.947.367.587.817.998.238.39
110°4.455.987.027.537.878.158.448.909.19
120°4.335.876.957.527.968.358.659.3610.15
135°3.795.306.507.247.738.218.7110.0111.57
150°3.154.475.626.577.227.668.078.9911.01
Run VMG2.733.874.875.696.296.717.097.819.53
Gybe Angles143.2°143.2°147.4°150.1°153.0°157.4°160.3°157.4°142.5°
APH ToD:547.1CDL: 8.993APH ToT: 1.0967CertNo:145/25
BOAT
ClassJ 109DesignerJohnstoneBuilderJ YachtsAge date11/2005Series date05/2003Offset filej109.offData fileCRO8537
HULL
Length Overall10.757 mMaximum Beam3.524 mDraft2.134 mDisplacement4,899 kgDLR6.2125IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.000%Age Allowance0.487%
PROPELLER
InstallationStrutTypeFolding 2 bladesDiameter0.380m
CREW
Maximum weight170 kg(default)Minimum weight120 kg ✱ when appliedNon Manual PowerCrew Arm Extension
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail36.3037.07Headsail Luffed39.1239.12Headsail FlyingSymmetricAsymmetric106.49106.49 (1 asymmetric(s) with SHW/SFL < 85%)
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail10.65Storm Jib9.33Heavy Weather Jib25.17
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails5
✱ One set on the forestay
Spinnakers4
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.
Double HandedClub Certificate2025
JadranašCRO 8537
Hrvatski jedriličarski savez
Osječka 11
21000 Split
CROATIA
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1325.4970.1811.1746.1723.0712.8707.8708.8732.8
52°856.3642.7553.0520.9509.9504.6501.2498.7502.6
60°805.8613.2535.3507.0496.3490.9487.2483.5486.3
75°773.7594.9524.7496.0481.1473.0467.4459.4456.7
90°787.1596.6518.5488.8474.7460.8450.4437.2429.0
110°808.4601.6512.7477.8457.6441.5426.5404.5391.5
120°831.5613.3517.8478.7452.2430.9416.1384.5354.6
135°949.9679.5554.1497.5465.7438.7413.4359.8311.2
150°1142.4805.2640.4547.5498.5470.3446.0400.6327.1
Run VMG1319.7929.7739.5632.2572.4536.3507.7460.7377.7
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1322.0949.9775.3689.1647.7624.5607.7584.8555.3
All purpose1003.6735.0613.7559.1532.4515.4502.4482.1463.3
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward672.10.8927
All purpose547.11.0967
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low674.40.8897
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium543.81.1033
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High498.01.2047
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low862.60.6956
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium666.40.9004
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High603.30.9945
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance593.21.0115
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low674.40.8897
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium543.81.1033
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High498.01.2047
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low862.60.6956
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium666.40.9004
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High603.30.9945
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1399.2947.9730.8625.0567.3534.7507.4461.5439.8
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.7807
Downwind "popa"0.9592
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.8269
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.8977
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low674.40.8897
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium543.81.1033
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High498.01.2047
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low862.60.6956
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium666.40.9004
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High603.30.9945
Predominantly Upwind592.51.0126
Predominantly Downwind548.41.0940
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low674.40.8897
Triple Number AP Medium543.91.1032
Triple Number AP High498.11.2047
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low900.00.6667
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium666.40.9004
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High603.30.9945
Single Number Predominant Upwind614.60.9763
Single Number Predominant Reaching539.61.1119
Single Number Predominant Downwind570.21.0522
Predominant Upwind - Low806.00.7444
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med634.80.9452
Predominant Upwind - Medium578.41.0373
Predominant Upwind - Med/High552.01.0870
Predominant Upwind - High539.81.1116
Predominant Downwind Low806.20.7442
Predominant Downwind Low/Med610.20.9832
Predominant Downwind Medium533.21.1254
Predominant Downwind Med/High483.51.2410
Predominant Downwind High445.81.3460
Predominant Reaching Low719.00.8345
Predominant Reaching Low/Med565.11.0618
Predominant Reaching Medium510.11.1762
Predominant Reaching Med/High475.41.2622
Predominant Reaching High450.81.3310
SA/DSPL Upwind26.01SA/DSPL Downwind49.24
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low999.40.6003
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med751.80.7981
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium658.00.9119
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High610.10.9835
5-Band Windward/Leeward High583.61.0281
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1003.40.5980
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med761.20.7883
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium672.60.8921
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High630.10.9523
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High609.50.9845
5-Band AP Low740.00.8108
5-Band AP Low/Med600.30.9995
5-Band AP Medium538.21.1148
5-Band AP Med/High503.71.1912
5-Band AP High482.41.2438
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low865.10.6936
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med719.60.8338
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium635.10.9447
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High591.91.0136
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High567.71.0570
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9527
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9874
Chicago-Mac Downwind1.0180
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.7428
Bayview-Mac Shore0.7479
Harvest Moon Regatta477.01.2579
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance593.21.0115
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low674.40.8897
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium543.81.1033
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High498.01.2047
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low862.60.6956
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium666.40.9004
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High603.30.9945
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1399.2947.9730.8625.0567.3534.7507.4461.5439.8
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance593.21.0115
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low674.40.8897
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium543.81.1033
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High498.01.2047
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low862.60.6956
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium666.40.9004
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High603.30.9945
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1399.2947.9730.8625.0567.3534.7507.4461.5439.8
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance593.2
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1399.2947.9730.8625.0567.3534.7507.4461.5439.8
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low674.40.8897
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium543.81.1033
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High498.01.2047
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low862.60.6956
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium666.40.9004
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High603.30.9945
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating593.21.0115
FinRating, kevyt tuuli980.61.0198
FinRating, kova tuuli484.31.0325
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low674.40.8897
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium543.81.1033
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High498.01.2047
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low862.60.6956
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium666.40.9004
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High603.30.9945
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance1.0115
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8897
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.1033
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2047
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6956
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.9004
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9945
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1399.2947.9730.8625.0567.3534.7507.4461.5439.8
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)607.6
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance593.21.0115
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low674.40.8897
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium543.81.1033
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High498.01.2047
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low862.60.6956
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium666.40.9004
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High603.30.9945
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1399.2947.9730.8625.0567.3534.7507.4461.5439.8
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low674.40.8897
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium543.81.1033
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High498.01.2047
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low862.60.6956
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium666.40.9004
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High603.30.9945
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance593.21.0115
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low674.40.8897
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium543.81.1033
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High498.01.2047
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low862.60.6956
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium666.40.9004
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High603.30.9945
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1399.2947.9730.8625.0567.3534.7507.4461.5439.8
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance593.21.0115
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low674.40.8897
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium543.81.1033
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High498.01.2047
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low862.60.6956
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium666.40.9004
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High603.30.9945
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1399.2947.9730.8625.0567.3534.7507.4461.5439.8
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low674.4
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium543.8
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High498.0
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low862.6
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium666.4
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High603.3
Predominantly Upwind592.5
Predominantly Downwind548.4
Predominantly Reaching528.0
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance593.21.0115
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low674.40.8897
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium543.81.1033
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High498.01.2047
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low862.60.6956
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium666.40.9004
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High603.30.9945
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1399.2947.9730.8625.0567.3534.7507.4461.5439.8
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8897
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.1033
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2047
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6956
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.9004
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9945
Coastal/Long Distance1.0115
Predominantly Upwind1.0126
Predominantly Downwind1.0940
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)607.6
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Distanseseilas Singeltall  (APH)1.0967
Distanseseilas Trippeltall svak vind0.8897
Distanseseilas Trippeltall mellomvind1.1033
Distanseseilas Trippeltall sterk vind1.2047
Pølsebane Trippeltall svak vind0.6956
Pølsebane Trippeltall mellomvind0.9004
Pølsebane Trippeltall sterk vind0.9945
Motvind Singeltall1.0126
Medvind Singeltall1.0940
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low674.40.8897
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium543.81.1033
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High498.01.2047
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low862.60.6956
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium666.40.9004
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High603.30.9945
Coastal/Long Distance593.21.0115
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind592.51.0126
Predominantly Downwind548.41.0940
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore564.11.0636
Cape Doctor Coastal468.91.2795
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low674.40.8897
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium543.81.1033
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High498.01.2047
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low862.60.6956
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium666.40.9004
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High603.30.9945
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8897
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.1033
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2047
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6956
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.9004
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9945
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8897
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.1033
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2047
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6956
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.9004
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9945
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance593.21.0115
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low674.40.8897
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium543.81.1033
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High498.01.2047
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low862.60.6956
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium666.40.9004
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High603.30.9945
Predominantly Upwind592.51.0126
Predominantly Downwind548.41.0940
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1399.2947.9730.8625.0567.3534.7507.4461.5439.8
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance593.21.0115
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low674.40.8897
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium543.81.1033
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High498.01.2047
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low862.60.6956
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium666.40.9004
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High603.30.9945
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1399.2947.9730.8625.0567.3534.7507.4461.5439.8
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low674.40.8897
Triple Number AP Medium543.91.1032
Triple Number AP High498.11.2047
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low900.00.6667
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium666.40.9004
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High603.30.9945
Single Number Predominant Upwind614.60.9763
Single Number Predominant Reaching539.61.1119
Single Number Predominant Downwind570.21.0522
Predominant Upwind - Low806.00.7444
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med634.80.9452
Predominant Upwind - Medium578.41.0373
Predominant Upwind - Med/High552.01.0870
Predominant Upwind - High539.81.1116
Predominant Downwind Low806.20.7442
Predominant Downwind Low/Med610.20.9832
Predominant Downwind Medium533.21.1254
Predominant Downwind Med/High483.51.2410
Predominant Downwind High445.81.3460
Predominant Reaching Low719.00.8345
Predominant Reaching Low/Med565.11.0618
Predominant Reaching Medium510.11.1762
Predominant Reaching Med/High475.41.2622
Predominant Reaching High450.81.3310
SA/DSPL Upwind26.01SA/DSPL Downwind49.24
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low999.40.6003
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med751.80.7981
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium658.00.9119
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High610.10.9835
5-Band Windward/Leeward High583.61.0281
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1003.40.5980
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med761.20.7883
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium672.60.8921
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High630.10.9523
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High609.50.9845
5-Band AP Low740.00.8108
5-Band AP Low/Med600.30.9995
5-Band AP Medium538.21.1148
5-Band AP Med/High503.71.1912
5-Band AP High482.41.2438
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low865.10.6936
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med719.60.8338
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium635.10.9447
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High591.91.0136
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High567.71.0570
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9527
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9874
Chicago-Mac Downwind1.0180
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.7428
Bayview-Mac Shore0.7479
Harvest Moon Regatta477.01.2579
Double HandedClub Certificate2025
JadranašCRO 8537
Hrvatski jedriličarski savez
Osječka 11
21000 Split
CROATIA
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassJ 109Measurement24/05/2025HINPlan reviewHull constructionCoredCarbon rudderNoLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA10.757Max. Beam3.524Draft2.134Displacement4,899Wetted area24.38IMS L9.454LSM09.238Acc. length10.757Sink (kg/mm) 18.06
VCGD-0.016VCGM-0.037RM Rated (kg·m) 120.6Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight170Declared crew weightN/A
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeFolding 2 blades
InstallationStrutTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRD0.380PBWPIPA0.0006
EDLST1ST2
ST3ST4ST5
RIG
Forestay tensionAftInner stayNone FittedMast materialAluminumSingle headsail furlerYesMainsail furlerArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunning backstays0Checkstays0Spreaders2Rotating mastNo
P13.080IG13.653ISP14.713MDT10.105MDL10.188MDT2MDL2TLTaperMWGO
E4.650J4.100BAS1.633FSD0.030SFJSPLWPLTPS5.500BD0.160MWTMCG
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodRM estimatedFlotation Date26/05/2025
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible
Double HandedClub Certificate2025
JadranašCRO 8537
Hrvatski jedriličarski savez
Osječka 11
21000 Split
CROATIA
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateComment10.160.991.763.013.9136.30
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateComment10.110.731.392.824.305.8313.62NoNo 39.1220.120.641.182.233.214.1013.56NoNo 29.40
ASYMMETRIC SPINNAKER
IdSLUSLESLSHWSFLRatioAreaMeas.DateComment117.1213.8015.468.308.13102%106.4924/05/2025316.0013.4414.727.448.6386%94.1816/03/2016215.2314.1114.675.567.3376%72.3016/03/2016
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length10.8 mTable area0.55 m²Headroom1.75 mMinimum number of berths5Personal gear stowage0.20 m³Fresh water capacity120 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit5Food stowage0.30 m³Fuel capacity66 lCabin soleStovesSinksGalley gear stowageToiletWash basinNavigation areaHanging locker
*This list is a summary of the requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for details.