Non Spin/HSFClub Certificate2025
IsabellaGER-8510
ORC
Central Rating Office
Issuing certificates for
UNITED KINGDOM
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles42.8°42.8°40.5°39.5°38.9°38.7°38.6°38.6°39.2°
Beat VMG2.203.003.614.064.384.584.684.774.75
52°3.404.535.315.886.266.496.636.726.73
60°3.584.745.516.076.436.666.806.906.92
75°3.674.865.666.236.586.826.987.187.24
90°3.574.765.596.196.586.847.037.337.51
110°3.144.315.225.966.486.827.067.467.79
120°2.954.105.035.786.356.737.007.437.81
135°2.553.644.595.345.986.466.797.267.67
150°2.133.134.064.845.496.066.497.037.45
Run VMG1.842.713.544.274.925.516.036.757.20
Gybe Angles148.9°148.9°154.6°164.5°171.8°174.5°177.2°178.6°178.9°
APH ToD:662.5CDL: 7.414APH ToT: 0.9056CertNo:060403
BOAT
ClassSWAN 36DesignerSPARKMAN&STEPHENSBuilderNAUTORAge date07/1968Series date07/1967Offset fileSWN36S&S.offData file36-010
HULL
Length Overall10.910 mMaximum Beam2.940 mDraft1.835 mDisplacement7,001 kgDLR14.3274IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.690%Age Allowance0.487%
PROPELLER
InstallationShaft exposedTypeFolding 2 bladesDiameter0.412m
CREW
Maximum weight450 kg(declared)Minimum weight320 kg ✱ when appliedNon Manual PowerNoCrew Arm Extension
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail24.6525.04Headsail Luffed31.1331.13Headsail FlyingSymmetricAsymmetric
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail7.31Storm Jib9.61Heavy Weather Jib25.95
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails5
✱ Zero set flying
✱ Woven polyester sails
Spinnakers0
✱ Spinnaker pole aboard
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.
Non Spin/HSFClub Certificate2025
IsabellaGER-8510
ORC
Central Rating Office
Issuing certificates for
UNITED KINGDOM
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1639.21199.4996.2887.8822.7786.6768.9754.9758.7
52°1057.5794.8678.4612.6575.3554.6543.2535.7535.3
60°1004.2759.5653.0593.1559.8540.8529.6521.4519.9
75°982.0741.2636.0578.1546.8528.1515.5501.7497.4
90°1007.2756.1644.5581.6547.0526.3511.8491.3479.1
110°1146.8836.2689.1603.7555.4528.0509.7482.6462.4
120°1218.9878.6716.1623.0567.0535.1514.7484.8461.2
135°1413.0989.1784.5674.0602.0557.4530.4496.1469.5
150°1691.81150.2886.0744.6655.6594.3554.8511.8483.3
Run VMG1955.71328.21018.4842.9731.5653.7597.5533.5500.1
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1793.61263.81007.3865.3777.1720.1683.2644.2629.4
All purpose1352.5974.1794.4695.1635.4598.5575.5550.0537.2
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward814.70.7365
All purpose662.50.9056
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low884.30.6785
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium659.30.9100
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High571.61.0496
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1135.50.5284
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium811.50.7394
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High677.80.8852
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance722.60.8303
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low884.30.6785
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium659.30.9100
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High571.61.0496
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1135.50.5284
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium811.50.7394
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High677.80.8852
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1927.81270.2950.8782.2678.6621.6582.4529.8515.3
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.6756
Downwind "popa"0.7361
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.6927
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.7169
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low884.30.6785
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium659.30.9100
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High571.61.0496
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1135.50.5284
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium811.50.7394
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High677.80.8852
Predominantly Upwind703.60.8527
Predominantly Downwind693.00.8658
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low884.30.6785
Triple Number AP Medium659.40.9099
Triple Number AP High571.71.0496
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1187.50.5053
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium811.50.7394
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High677.80.8852
Single Number Predominant Upwind730.50.8213
Single Number Predominant Reaching664.70.9027
Single Number Predominant Downwind727.50.8247
Predominant Upwind - Low1031.50.5817
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med784.20.7652
Predominant Upwind - Medium677.40.8857
Predominant Upwind - Med/High618.00.9708
Predominant Upwind - High596.81.0053
Predominant Downwind Low1116.10.5376
Predominant Downwind Low/Med804.60.7457
Predominant Downwind Medium663.70.9040
Predominant Downwind Med/High575.51.0426
Predominant Downwind High535.11.1212
Predominant Reaching Low955.80.6277
Predominant Reaching Low/Med718.90.8346
Predominant Reaching Medium615.20.9753
Predominant Reaching Med/High554.01.0831
Predominant Reaching High526.91.1387
SA/DSPL Upwind15.14SA/DSPL Downwind15.14
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1333.10.4501
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med961.00.6243
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium793.60.7560
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High690.80.8686
5-Band Windward/Leeward High648.40.9254
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1318.20.4552
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med961.30.6242
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium802.40.7478
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High707.40.8482
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High670.30.8951
5-Band AP Low992.20.6047
5-Band AP Low/Med762.40.7870
5-Band AP Medium647.40.9268
5-Band AP Med/High580.11.0343
5-Band AP High552.21.0866
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low1142.00.5254
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med918.00.6536
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium766.10.7832
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High675.60.8882
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High639.50.9382
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.7915
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.7949
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.7897
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.5692
Bayview-Mac Shore0.5754
Harvest Moon Regatta574.91.0437
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance722.60.8303
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low884.30.6785
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium659.30.9100
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High571.61.0496
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1135.50.5284
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium811.50.7394
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High677.80.8852
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1927.81270.2950.8782.2678.6621.6582.4529.8515.3
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance722.60.8303
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low884.30.6785
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium659.30.9100
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High571.61.0496
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1135.50.5284
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium811.50.7394
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High677.80.8852
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1927.81270.2950.8782.2678.6621.6582.4529.8515.3
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance722.6
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1927.81270.2950.8782.2678.6621.6582.4529.8515.3
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low884.30.6785
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium659.30.9100
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High571.61.0496
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1135.50.5284
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium811.50.7394
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High677.80.8852
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating722.60.8303
FinRating, kevyt tuuli1314.90.7605
FinRating, kova tuuli557.50.8969
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low884.30.6785
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium659.30.9100
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High571.61.0496
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1135.50.5284
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium811.50.7394
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High677.80.8852
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance0.8303
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.6785
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.9100
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.0496
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5284
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.7394
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.8852
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1927.81270.2950.8782.2678.6621.6582.4529.8515.3
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)750.3
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance722.60.8303
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low884.30.6785
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium659.30.9100
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High571.61.0496
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1135.50.5284
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium811.50.7394
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High677.80.8852
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1927.81270.2950.8782.2678.6621.6582.4529.8515.3
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low884.30.6785
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium659.30.9100
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High571.61.0496
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1135.50.5284
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium811.50.7394
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High677.80.8852
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance722.60.8303
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low884.30.6785
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium659.30.9100
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High571.61.0496
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1135.50.5284
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium811.50.7394
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High677.80.8852
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1927.81270.2950.8782.2678.6621.6582.4529.8515.3
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance722.60.8303
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low884.30.6785
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium659.30.9100
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High571.61.0496
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1135.50.5284
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium811.50.7394
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High677.80.8852
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1927.81270.2950.8782.2678.6621.6582.4529.8515.3
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low884.3
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium659.3
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High571.6
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1135.5
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium811.5
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High677.8
Predominantly Upwind703.6
Predominantly Downwind693.0
Predominantly Reaching655.7
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance722.60.8303
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low884.30.6785
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium659.30.9100
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High571.61.0496
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1135.50.5284
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium811.50.7394
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High677.80.8852
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1927.81270.2950.8782.2678.6621.6582.4529.8515.3
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.6785
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.9100
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.0496
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5284
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.7394
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.8852
Coastal/Long Distance0.8303
Predominantly Upwind0.8527
Predominantly Downwind0.8658
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)750.3
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Distanseseilas Singeltall  (APH)0.9056
Distanseseilas Trippeltall svak vind0.6785
Distanseseilas Trippeltall mellomvind0.9100
Distanseseilas Trippeltall sterk vind1.0496
Pølsebane Trippeltall svak vind0.5284
Pølsebane Trippeltall mellomvind0.7394
Pølsebane Trippeltall sterk vind0.8852
Motvind Singeltall0.8527
Medvind Singeltall0.8658
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low884.30.6785
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium659.30.9100
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High571.61.0496
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1135.50.5284
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium811.50.7394
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High677.80.8852
Coastal/Long Distance722.60.8303
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind703.60.8527
Predominantly Downwind693.00.8658
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore633.80.9466
Cape Doctor Coastal541.11.1090
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low884.30.6785
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium659.30.9100
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High571.61.0496
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1135.50.5284
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium811.50.7394
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High677.80.8852
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.6785
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.9100
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.0496
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5284
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.7394
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.8852
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.6785
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.9100
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.0496
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5284
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.7394
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.8852
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance722.60.8303
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low884.30.6785
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium659.30.9100
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High571.61.0496
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1135.50.5284
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium811.50.7394
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High677.80.8852
Predominantly Upwind703.60.8527
Predominantly Downwind693.00.8658
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1927.81270.2950.8782.2678.6621.6582.4529.8515.3
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance722.60.8303
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low884.30.6785
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium659.30.9100
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High571.61.0496
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1135.50.5284
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium811.50.7394
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High677.80.8852
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1927.81270.2950.8782.2678.6621.6582.4529.8515.3
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low884.30.6785
Triple Number AP Medium659.40.9099
Triple Number AP High571.71.0496
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1187.50.5053
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium811.50.7394
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High677.80.8852
Single Number Predominant Upwind730.50.8213
Single Number Predominant Reaching664.70.9027
Single Number Predominant Downwind727.50.8247
Predominant Upwind - Low1031.50.5817
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med784.20.7652
Predominant Upwind - Medium677.40.8857
Predominant Upwind - Med/High618.00.9708
Predominant Upwind - High596.81.0053
Predominant Downwind Low1116.10.5376
Predominant Downwind Low/Med804.60.7457
Predominant Downwind Medium663.70.9040
Predominant Downwind Med/High575.51.0426
Predominant Downwind High535.11.1212
Predominant Reaching Low955.80.6277
Predominant Reaching Low/Med718.90.8346
Predominant Reaching Medium615.20.9753
Predominant Reaching Med/High554.01.0831
Predominant Reaching High526.91.1387
SA/DSPL Upwind15.14SA/DSPL Downwind15.14
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1333.10.4501
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med961.00.6243
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium793.60.7560
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High690.80.8686
5-Band Windward/Leeward High648.40.9254
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1318.20.4552
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med961.30.6242
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium802.40.7478
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High707.40.8482
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High670.30.8951
5-Band AP Low992.20.6047
5-Band AP Low/Med762.40.7870
5-Band AP Medium647.40.9268
5-Band AP Med/High580.11.0343
5-Band AP High552.21.0866
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low1142.00.5254
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med918.00.6536
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium766.10.7832
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High675.60.8882
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High639.50.9382
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.7915
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.7949
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.7897
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.5692
Bayview-Mac Shore0.5754
Harvest Moon Regatta574.91.0437
Non Spin/HSFClub Certificate2025
IsabellaGER-8510
ORC
Central Rating Office
Issuing certificates for
UNITED KINGDOM
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassSWAN 36Measurement22/04/1990HIN36-010Plan reviewHull constructionSolidCarbon rudderNoLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA10.910Max. Beam2.940Draft1.835Displacement7,001Wetted area23.65IMS L8.240LSM07.876Acc. length9.555Sink (kg/mm) 15.04
VCGD-0.375VCGM-0.327RM Rated (kg·m) 98.0Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight490Declared crew weight450
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeFolding 2 blades
InstallationShaft exposedTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRD0.412PBW0.098PIPA0.0009
PSD0.025PHD0.060PHL0.100
PSA15.0°ESL0.000
ST10.000ST20.000ST30.000
ST40.000ST50.000
RIG
Forestay tensionAftInner stayNone FittedMast materialAluminumSingle headsail furlerNoMainsail furlerNoArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunning backstays0CheckstaysSpreaders1Rotating mastNo
P12.100IG13.750ISP13.780MDT10.138MDL10.220MDT20.138MDL20.186TLMW0.190GO0.224
E3.450J4.180BAS1.490FSD0.030SFJ0.000SPL4.460WPLTPSBD0.156MWTMCG
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodVCG entered directlyVCG entered-0.375Flotation Date21/05/2021
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible
Non Spin/HSFClub Certificate2025
IsabellaGER-8510
ORC
Central Rating Office
Issuing certificates for
UNITED KINGDOM
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateCommentM010.140.711.262.172.9224.6523/05/2023
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateCommentH010.070.631.222.433.825.3212.20NoNo 31.1323/05/2023
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length9.6 mTable area0.44 m²Headroom1.67 mMinimum number of berths4Personal gear stowage0.16 m³Fresh water capacity72 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit4Food stowage0.24 m³Fuel capacity42 lCabin soleStovesSinksGalley gear stowageToiletWash basinNavigation areaHanging locker
*This list is a summary of the requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for details.