Club Certificate2025
XIN CHAOCHN 57
ORC
Central Rating Office
Issuing certificates for
CHINA
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles46.3°46.3°44.5°43.1°41.8°40.8°40.1°39.6°39.7°
Beat VMG2.313.314.204.915.495.956.236.456.46
52°3.705.226.497.458.198.729.049.289.34
60°4.045.626.887.828.539.019.329.599.67
75°4.285.897.158.108.789.249.5710.0210.23
90°4.255.997.448.529.229.609.8110.1810.68
110°4.386.167.668.799.499.9810.4311.0911.56
120°4.266.017.488.629.379.8910.3911.3812.23
135°3.725.336.777.938.849.479.9711.0012.17
150°3.064.455.746.887.868.669.2510.0910.97
Run VMG2.653.864.975.966.807.508.048.899.60
Gybe Angles141.5°141.5°144.7°147.4°148.8°150.1°152.4°159.7°159.2°
APH ToD:492.6CDL: 13.380APH ToT: 1.2181CertNo:
BOAT
ClassJeanneau 57DesignerJeanneau 57 YachtBuilderJeanneauAge date01/2010Series date01/2010Offset fileSOD57_21v_CL.offData fileCHN57
HULL
Length Overall17.280 mMaximum Beam5.002 mDraft2.141 mDisplacement21,495 kgDLR4.8917IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.410%Age Allowance0.487%
PROPELLER
InstallationShaft exposedTypeFeathering 3 bladesDiameter0.440m
CREW
Maximum weight1,391 kg(default)Minimum weight1,183 kg ✱ when appliedNon Manual PowerSailsCrew Arm Extension
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail64.6564.03Headsail Luffed70.5070.50Headsail FlyingSymmetricAsymmetric213.81213.81 (All asymmetric spinnakers with SHW/SFL > 85%)
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail24.26Storm Jib22.05Heavy Weather Jib59.54
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails7
✱ One set on the forestay
✱ Woven polyester sails
Spinnakers5
✱ Asymmetric SHALL NOT be tacked on the pole
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.
Club Certificate2025
XIN CHAOCHN 57
ORC
Central Rating Office
Issuing certificates for
CHINA
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1560.61087.4857.8733.2655.2605.2577.4558.6557.3
52°973.3690.2554.9483.3439.6412.8398.2387.8385.6
60°890.4640.9523.0460.1422.1399.5386.4375.3372.3
75°841.6611.4503.4444.7409.9389.5376.2359.3351.8
90°846.9601.4484.0422.4390.5375.1367.1353.5337.0
110°822.2584.0469.7409.5379.3360.6345.2324.6311.3
120°844.4599.1481.1417.8384.4364.0346.5316.4294.5
135°969.0675.1532.1454.1407.4380.3361.3327.2295.9
150°1175.9808.5627.2523.4458.2415.7389.2356.7328.3
Run VMG1357.8933.5724.2604.3529.1480.0448.0405.0375.1
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1459.21010.5791.0668.8592.2542.6512.7481.8466.2
All purpose1093.1766.1607.6520.9468.9436.6416.6393.6379.5
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward624.90.9601
All purpose492.61.2181
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low686.90.8735
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium489.71.2252
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High413.01.4529
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low900.80.6661
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium621.90.9648
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High508.61.1798
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance542.11.1069
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low686.90.8735
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium489.71.2252
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High413.01.4529
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low900.80.6661
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium621.90.9648
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High508.61.1798
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1545.11002.8738.6594.6504.7454.1420.3375.7360.2
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.8276
Downwind "popa"1.0184
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.8769
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.9525
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low686.90.8735
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium489.71.2252
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High413.01.4529
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low900.80.6661
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium621.90.9648
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High508.61.1798
Predominantly Upwind540.51.1100
Predominantly Downwind502.41.1943
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low686.90.8735
Triple Number AP Medium489.81.2250
Triple Number AP High413.01.4529
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low944.40.6353
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium621.90.9648
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High508.61.1798
Single Number Predominant Upwind568.31.0558
Single Number Predominant Reaching489.81.2249
Single Number Predominant Downwind527.81.1368
Predominant Upwind - Low867.10.6920
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med623.20.9628
Predominant Upwind - Medium516.21.1625
Predominant Upwind - Med/High455.51.3172
Predominant Upwind - High433.61.3837
Predominant Downwind Low825.10.7271
Predominant Downwind Low/Med585.21.0253
Predominant Downwind Medium478.41.2542
Predominant Downwind Med/High414.51.4474
Predominant Downwind High382.41.5689
Predominant Reaching Low742.00.8086
Predominant Reaching Low/Med535.01.1214
Predominant Reaching Medium446.21.3445
Predominant Reaching Med/High396.91.5117
Predominant Reaching High373.51.6065
SA/DSPL Upwind17.30SA/DSPL Downwind35.65
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1067.80.5619
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med750.90.7990
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium606.50.9892
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High519.21.1556
5-Band Windward/Leeward High484.41.2385
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1083.90.5536
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med764.30.7851
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium619.30.9689
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High532.51.1269
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High499.91.2003
5-Band AP Low762.60.7868
5-Band AP Low/Med579.91.0347
5-Band AP Medium479.31.2518
5-Band AP Med/High420.51.4269
5-Band AP High395.11.5185
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low914.10.6564
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med716.90.8370
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium582.01.0310
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High501.11.1973
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High469.11.2790
Chicago-Mac Upwind1.0082
Chicago-Mac All Purpose1.0508
Chicago-Mac Downwind1.0855
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.7244
Bayview-Mac Shore0.7289
Harvest Moon Regatta413.21.4519
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance542.11.1069
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low686.90.8735
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium489.71.2252
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High413.01.4529
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low900.80.6661
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium621.90.9648
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High508.61.1798
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1545.11002.8738.6594.6504.7454.1420.3375.7360.2
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance542.11.1069
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low686.90.8735
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium489.71.2252
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High413.01.4529
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low900.80.6661
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium621.90.9648
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High508.61.1798
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1545.11002.8738.6594.6504.7454.1420.3375.7360.2
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance542.1
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1545.11002.8738.6594.6504.7454.1420.3375.7360.2
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low686.90.8735
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium489.71.2252
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High413.01.4529
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low900.80.6661
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium621.90.9648
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High508.61.1798
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating542.11.1069
FinRating, kevyt tuuli1045.70.9563
FinRating, kova tuuli397.31.2586
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low686.90.8735
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium489.71.2252
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High413.01.4529
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low900.80.6661
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium621.90.9648
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High508.61.1798
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance1.1069
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8735
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.2252
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.4529
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6661
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.9648
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.1798
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1545.11002.8738.6594.6504.7454.1420.3375.7360.2
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)563.4
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance542.11.1069
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low686.90.8735
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium489.71.2252
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High413.01.4529
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low900.80.6661
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium621.90.9648
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High508.61.1798
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1545.11002.8738.6594.6504.7454.1420.3375.7360.2
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low686.90.8735
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium489.71.2252
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High413.01.4529
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low900.80.6661
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium621.90.9648
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High508.61.1798
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance542.11.1069
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low686.90.8735
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium489.71.2252
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High413.01.4529
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low900.80.6661
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium621.90.9648
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High508.61.1798
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1545.11002.8738.6594.6504.7454.1420.3375.7360.2
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance542.11.1069
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low686.90.8735
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium489.71.2252
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High413.01.4529
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low900.80.6661
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium621.90.9648
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High508.61.1798
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1545.11002.8738.6594.6504.7454.1420.3375.7360.2
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low686.9
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium489.7
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High413.0
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low900.8
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium621.9
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High508.6
Predominantly Upwind540.5
Predominantly Downwind502.4
Predominantly Reaching476.2
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance542.11.1069
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low686.90.8735
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium489.71.2252
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High413.01.4529
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low900.80.6661
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium621.90.9648
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High508.61.1798
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1545.11002.8738.6594.6504.7454.1420.3375.7360.2
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8735
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.2252
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.4529
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6661
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.9648
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.1798
Coastal/Long Distance1.1069
Predominantly Upwind1.1100
Predominantly Downwind1.1943
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)563.4
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Distanseseilas Singeltall  (APH)1.2181
Distanseseilas Trippeltall svak vind0.8735
Distanseseilas Trippeltall mellomvind1.2252
Distanseseilas Trippeltall sterk vind1.4529
Pølsebane Trippeltall svak vind0.6661
Pølsebane Trippeltall mellomvind0.9648
Pølsebane Trippeltall sterk vind1.1798
Motvind Singeltall1.1100
Medvind Singeltall1.1943
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low686.90.8735
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium489.71.2252
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High413.01.4529
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low900.80.6661
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium621.90.9648
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High508.61.1798
Coastal/Long Distance542.11.1069
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind540.51.1100
Predominantly Downwind502.41.1943
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore470.91.2742
Cape Doctor Coastal383.71.5637
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low686.90.8735
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium489.71.2252
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High413.01.4529
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low900.80.6661
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium621.90.9648
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High508.61.1798
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8735
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.2252
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.4529
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6661
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.9648
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.1798
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8735
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.2252
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.4529
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6661
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.9648
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.1798
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance542.11.1069
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low686.90.8735
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium489.71.2252
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High413.01.4529
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low900.80.6661
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium621.90.9648
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High508.61.1798
Predominantly Upwind540.51.1100
Predominantly Downwind502.41.1943
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1545.11002.8738.6594.6504.7454.1420.3375.7360.2
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance542.11.1069
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low686.90.8735
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium489.71.2252
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High413.01.4529
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low900.80.6661
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium621.90.9648
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High508.61.1798
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1545.11002.8738.6594.6504.7454.1420.3375.7360.2
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low686.90.8735
Triple Number AP Medium489.81.2250
Triple Number AP High413.01.4529
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low944.40.6353
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium621.90.9648
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High508.61.1798
Single Number Predominant Upwind568.31.0558
Single Number Predominant Reaching489.81.2249
Single Number Predominant Downwind527.81.1368
Predominant Upwind - Low867.10.6920
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med623.20.9628
Predominant Upwind - Medium516.21.1625
Predominant Upwind - Med/High455.51.3172
Predominant Upwind - High433.61.3837
Predominant Downwind Low825.10.7271
Predominant Downwind Low/Med585.21.0253
Predominant Downwind Medium478.41.2542
Predominant Downwind Med/High414.51.4474
Predominant Downwind High382.41.5689
Predominant Reaching Low742.00.8086
Predominant Reaching Low/Med535.01.1214
Predominant Reaching Medium446.21.3445
Predominant Reaching Med/High396.91.5117
Predominant Reaching High373.51.6065
SA/DSPL Upwind17.30SA/DSPL Downwind35.65
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1067.80.5619
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med750.90.7990
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium606.50.9892
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High519.21.1556
5-Band Windward/Leeward High484.41.2385
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1083.90.5536
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med764.30.7851
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium619.30.9689
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High532.51.1269
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High499.91.2003
5-Band AP Low762.60.7868
5-Band AP Low/Med579.91.0347
5-Band AP Medium479.31.2518
5-Band AP Med/High420.51.4269
5-Band AP High395.11.5185
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low914.10.6564
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med716.90.8370
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium582.01.0310
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High501.11.1973
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High469.11.2790
Chicago-Mac Upwind1.0082
Chicago-Mac All Purpose1.0508
Chicago-Mac Downwind1.0855
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.7244
Bayview-Mac Shore0.7289
Harvest Moon Regatta413.21.4519
Club Certificate2025
XIN CHAOCHN 57
ORC
Central Rating Office
Issuing certificates for
CHINA
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassJeanneau 57Measurement21/11/2025HINPlan reviewHull constructionSolidCarbon rudderNoLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA17.280Max. Beam5.002Draft2.141Displacement21,495Wetted area64.02IMS L16.372LSM016.378Acc. length16.256Sink (kg/mm) 50.12
VCGD0.358VCGM0.325RM Rated (kg·m) 695.7Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight1,391Declared crew weightN/A
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeFeathering 3 blades
InstallationShaft exposedTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRD0.440PBWPIPA0.0026
PSDPHDPHL
PSAESL
ST1ST2ST3
ST4ST5
RIG
Forestay tensionAftInner stayNone FittedMast materialAluminumSingle headsail furlerYesMainsail furlerNoArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunning backstays0CheckstaysSpreaders3Rotating mastNo
P19.800IG21.000ISP21.500MDT10.160MDL10.330MDT2MDL2TLNo TaperMWGO
E7.000J6.680BAS2.500FSDFoilSFJSPL6.680WPLTPS6.680BDMWTMCG
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodRM estimatedFlotation Date13/10/2021
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible
Club Certificate2025
XIN CHAOCHN 57
ORC
Central Rating Office
Issuing certificates for
CHINA
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateComment00.070.811.573.144.8264.6521/11/2025
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateComment00.051.031.893.435.217.1019.94YesNo 70.5021/11/2025
ASYMMETRIC SPINNAKER
IdSLUSLESLSHWSFLRatioAreaMeas.DateComment023.3320.8322.0811.6011.7099%213.8121/11/2025
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length16.3 mTable area0.77 m²Headroom1.90 mMinimum number of berths7Personal gear stowage0.28 m³Fresh water capacity361 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit7Food stowage0.42 m³Fuel capacity176 lCabin soleStovesSinksGalley gear stowageToiletWash basinNavigation areaHanging locker
*This list is a summary of the requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for details.