Club
Certificate
2024

Boat

Echo

FIN-47145

Avomeripurjehtijat ry
c/o Mainoskauppa Oy
Melkonkatu 16 B
00210 HELSINKI
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles43.2°40.7°39.6°39.0°38.8°38.4°38.3°39.1°
Beat VMG3.223.884.344.614.744.824.864.80
52°4.885.726.266.556.716.796.856.84
60°5.125.956.446.716.876.977.057.06
75°5.276.106.586.867.047.197.367.43
90°5.236.196.706.957.107.297.587.77
110°5.346.356.877.197.447.637.887.98
120°5.186.246.827.177.477.748.178.43
135°4.685.786.566.987.307.598.168.74
150°3.995.035.896.456.797.057.497.95
Run VMG3.464.355.105.595.936.437.057.50
Gybe Angles144.8°147.4°147.4°148.7°168.7°174.5°177.2°177.2°
APH ToD:603.5CDL: 8.130APH ToT: 0.9942CertNo:
BOAT
ClassImpala 36DesignerBjorn JensenBuilderFordewerft + M&P YAge date01/1995Series date01/1992Offset fileI0014.BOFData fileFIN47145
HULL
Length Overall10.868 mMaximum Beam3.248 mDraft1.950 mDisplacement6,657 kgDLR9.3779IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.490%Age Allowance0.487%
PROPELLER
InstallationShaft exposedTypeFolding 3 bladesDiameter0.428m
CREW
Maximum weight465 kg(declared)Minimum weight335 kg * when appliedNon Manual PowerNoCrew Arm Extension
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail30.9332.31Headsail Luffed33.0133.01Headsail FlyingSymmetricAsymmetric90.9690.96 (All asymmetric spinnakers with SHW/SFL > 85%)
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail9.08Storm Jib9.65Heavy Weather Jib26.05
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails5  Spinnakers4
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.

Club
Certificate
2024

Boat

Echo

FIN-47145

Avomeripurjehtijat ry
c/o Mainoskauppa Oy
Melkonkatu 16 B
00210 HELSINKI
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1118.9927.2830.3781.6759.1746.3740.4749.6
52°737.7629.1575.2549.9536.6530.1525.5526.1
60°703.5605.5559.2536.7524.0516.5510.9509.9
75°683.3589.8547.2525.2511.2501.0489.1484.8
90°687.7582.0537.3518.2506.8494.0474.8463.1
110°673.6567.0524.2501.0483.7471.8456.8451.0
120°694.5576.9527.9502.2482.2465.0440.4427.0
135°768.8623.1549.2515.8493.5474.4441.0411.8
150°902.3716.3611.7558.0529.9510.9480.5453.0
Run VMG1041.8827.1706.4644.4607.1559.6510.5480.0
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1080.4877.2768.3713.0683.1652.9625.4614.8
All purpose837.1692.1619.4583.4562.6546.2527.5518.0
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward742.50.8081
All purpose603.50.9942
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low764.60.7847
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium599.31.0012
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High543.31.1043
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low978.80.6130
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium737.60.8134
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High650.20.9228
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance655.80.9150
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low764.60.7847
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium599.31.0012
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High543.31.1043
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low978.80.6130
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium737.60.8134
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High650.20.9228
Performance Curve6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1076.5825.8695.0622.5584.6552.2505.9495.1
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.7114
Downwind "popa"0.8577
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.7498
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.8079
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low764.60.7847
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium599.31.0012
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High543.31.1043
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low978.80.6130
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium737.60.8134
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High650.20.9228
Predominantly Upwind651.90.9204
Predominantly Downwind610.90.9821
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low764.60.7847
Triple Number AP Medium599.31.0011
Triple Number AP High543.31.1043
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low978.80.6130
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium737.60.8134
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High650.20.9228
Predominant Upwind650.90.9218
Predominant Reaching586.31.0233
Predominant Downwind586.31.0233
Predominant Upwind - Low846.50.7088
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med712.10.8426
Predominant Upwind - Medium632.20.9490
Predominant Upwind - Med/High592.91.0119
Predominant Upwind - High577.81.0384
Predominant Downwind Low752.00.7978
Predominant Downwind Low/Med682.90.8786
Predominant Downwind Medium591.21.0149
Predominant Downwind Med/High535.81.1197
Predominant Downwind High503.31.1920
Predominant Reaching Low752.00.7978
Predominant Reaching Low/Med632.00.9494
Predominant Reaching Medium561.41.0687
Predominant Reaching Med/High522.41.1486
Predominant Reaching High499.91.2003
SA/DSPL Upwind17.96SA/DSPL Downwind34.23
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1034.20.5801
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med844.50.7105
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium725.90.8266
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High658.60.9110
5-Band Windward/Leeward High628.30.9549
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1042.50.5756
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med855.50.7013
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium739.70.8111
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High677.00.8863
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High651.30.9213
5-Band AP Low804.20.7461
5-Band AP Low/Med671.80.8932
5-Band AP Medium591.81.0138
5-Band AP Med/High549.01.0929
5-Band AP High529.11.1339
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low984.30.6096
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med808.10.7425
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium699.50.8578
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High641.10.9358
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High616.00.9741
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9040
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9325
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.9669
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.8694
Bayview-Mac Shore0.8758
Harvest Moon Regatta530.51.1310
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance655.80.9150
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low764.60.7847
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium599.31.0012
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High543.31.1043
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low978.80.6130
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium737.60.8134
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High650.20.9228
Performance Curve6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1076.5825.8695.0622.5584.6552.2505.9495.1
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance655.80.9150
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low764.60.7847
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium599.31.0012
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High543.31.1043
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low978.80.6130
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium737.60.8134
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High650.20.9228
Performance Curve6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1076.5825.8695.0622.5584.6552.2505.9495.1
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance655.8
Performance Curve6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1076.5825.8695.0622.5584.6552.2505.9495.1
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low764.60.7847
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium599.31.0012
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High543.31.1043
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low978.80.6130
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium737.60.8134
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High650.20.9228
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating (Coastal/Long Distance)655.80.9150
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low764.60.7847
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium599.31.0012
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High543.31.1043
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low978.80.6130
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium737.60.8134
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High650.20.9228
Performance Curve6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1076.5825.8695.0622.5584.6552.2505.9495.1
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low764.60.7847
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium599.31.0012
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High543.31.1043
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low978.80.6130
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium737.60.8134
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High650.20.9228
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7847
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0012
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1043
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6130
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8134
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9228
Performance Curve6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1076.5825.8695.0622.5584.6552.2505.9495.1
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance655.80.9150
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low764.60.7847
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium599.31.0012
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High543.31.1043
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low978.80.6130
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium737.60.8134
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High650.20.9228
Performance Curve6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1076.5825.8695.0622.5584.6552.2505.9495.1
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low764.60.7847
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium599.31.0012
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High543.31.1043
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low978.80.6130
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium737.60.8134
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High650.20.9228
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance655.80.9150
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low764.60.7847
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium599.31.0012
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High543.31.1043
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low978.80.6130
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium737.60.8134
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High650.20.9228
Performance Curve6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1076.5825.8695.0622.5584.6552.2505.9495.1
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance655.80.9150
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low764.60.7847
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium599.31.0012
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High543.31.1043
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low978.80.6130
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium737.60.8134
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High650.20.9228
Performance Curve6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1076.5825.8695.0622.5584.6552.2505.9495.1
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low764.6
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium599.3
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High543.3
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low978.8
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium737.6
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High650.2
Predominantly Upwind651.9
Predominantly Downwind610.9
Predominantly Reaching586.3
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance655.80.9150
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low764.60.7847
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium599.31.0012
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High543.31.1043
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low978.80.6130
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium737.60.8134
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High650.20.9228
Performance Curve6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1076.5825.8695.0622.5584.6552.2505.9495.1
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7847
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0012
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1043
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6130
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8134
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9228
Coastal/Long Distance0.9150
Predominantly Upwind0.9204
Predominantly Downwind0.9821
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)674.7
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Tretall Distanseseilas Lite vind0.7847
Tretall Distanseseilas Mellomvind1.0012
Tretall Distanseseilas Mye vind1.1043
Tretall Pølsebane Lite vind0.6130
Tretall Pølsebane Mellomvind0.8134
Tretall Pølsebane Mye vind0.9228
Distanseseilas ett tall (OSN 8-16kn)0.9150
Distanseseilas ett tall (APH 6-20kn)0.9942
Enkeltall Motvind0.9204
Enkeltall Medvind0.9821
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low764.60.7847
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium599.31.0012
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High543.31.1043
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low978.80.6130
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium737.60.8134
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High650.20.9228
Coastal/Long Distance655.80.9150
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind651.90.9204
Predominantly Downwind610.90.9821
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore618.00.9709
Cape Doctor Coastal520.91.1519
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low764.60.7847
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium599.31.0012
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High543.31.1043
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low978.80.6130
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium737.60.8134
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High650.20.9228
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7847
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0012
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1043
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6130
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8134
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9228
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7847
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0012
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1043
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6130
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8134
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9228
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance655.80.9150
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low764.60.7847
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium599.31.0012
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High543.31.1043
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low978.80.6130
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium737.60.8134
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High650.20.9228
Predominantly Upwind651.90.9204
Predominantly Downwind610.90.9821
Performance Curve6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1076.5825.8695.0622.5584.6552.2505.9495.1
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance655.80.9150
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low764.60.7847
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium599.31.0012
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High543.31.1043
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low978.80.6130
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium737.60.8134
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High650.20.9228
Performance Curve6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1076.5825.8695.0622.5584.6552.2505.9495.1
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low764.60.7847
Triple Number AP Medium599.31.0011
Triple Number AP High543.31.1043
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low978.80.6130
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium737.60.8134
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High650.20.9228
Predominant Upwind650.90.9218
Predominant Reaching586.31.0233
Predominant Downwind586.31.0233
Predominant Upwind - Low846.50.7088
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med712.10.8426
Predominant Upwind - Medium632.20.9490
Predominant Upwind - Med/High592.91.0119
Predominant Upwind - High577.81.0384
Predominant Downwind Low752.00.7978
Predominant Downwind Low/Med682.90.8786
Predominant Downwind Medium591.21.0149
Predominant Downwind Med/High535.81.1197
Predominant Downwind High503.31.1920
Predominant Reaching Low752.00.7978
Predominant Reaching Low/Med632.00.9494
Predominant Reaching Medium561.41.0687
Predominant Reaching Med/High522.41.1486
Predominant Reaching High499.91.2003
SA/DSPL Upwind17.96SA/DSPL Downwind34.23
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1034.20.5801
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med844.50.7105
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium725.90.8266
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High658.60.9110
5-Band Windward/Leeward High628.30.9549
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1042.50.5756
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med855.50.7013
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium739.70.8111
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High677.00.8863
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High651.30.9213
5-Band AP Low804.20.7461
5-Band AP Low/Med671.80.8932
5-Band AP Medium591.81.0138
5-Band AP Med/High549.01.0929
5-Band AP High529.11.1339
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low984.30.6096
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med808.10.7425
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium699.50.8578
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High641.10.9358
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High616.00.9741
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9040
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9325
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.9669
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.8694
Bayview-Mac Shore0.8758
Harvest Moon Regatta530.51.1310

Club
Certificate
2024

Boat

Echo

FIN-47145

Avomeripurjehtijat ry
c/o Mainoskauppa Oy
Melkonkatu 16 B
00210 HELSINKI
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassImpala 36Measurement10/05/2021HINPlan reviewHull constructionSolidCarbon RudderNoLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA10.868Max. Beam3.248Draft1.950Displacement6,657Wetted area25.00IMS L8.960LSM08.920Acc. length10.556Sink (kg/mm) 17.09
VCGD-0.028VCGM-0.020RM Rated (kg·m) 103.7Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight585Declared crew weight465
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeFolding 3 blades
InstallationShaft exposedTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRD0.428PBWPIPA0.0018
PSDPHDPHL
PSAESL
ST1ST2ST3
ST4ST5
RIG
Forestay tensionAftInner stayNone FittedMast materialAluminumSingle headsail furlerNoMainsail furlerNoArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunners/Checkstays0Spreaders2Rotating mastNo
P12.200IG13.890ISP13.680MDT10.137MDL10.275MDT2MDL2TLNo TaperMWGO
E4.250J4.420BAS1.480FSDSFJSPLWPLTPS4.420BDMWTMCG
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodRM estimatedFlotation Date10/05/2021
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible

Club
Certificate
2024

Boat

Echo

FIN-47145

Avomeripurjehtijat ry
c/o Mainoskauppa Oy
Melkonkatu 16 B
00210 HELSINKI
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateComment10.150.871.592.753.6030.93
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateComment15.4511.90NoNo 33.0143.5611.90NoNo 21.5627/02/2024Fokka23.5611.50NoNo 20.84
ASYMMETRIC SPINNAKER
IdSLUSLESLSHWSFLRatioAreaMeas.DateComment215.0613.0514.068.026.75119%90.96
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length10.6 mTable area0.44 m²Headroom1.74 mMinimum number of berths4Personal gear stowage0.16 m³Fresh water capacity92 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit4Food stowage0.24 m³Fuel capacity62 l
*This list refers to the calculated requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for the complete list of requirements.