Club
Certificate
2024

Boat

Ariel

FIN 11012

Avomeripurjehtijat ry
c/o Mainoskauppa Oy
Melkonkatu 16 B
00210 HELSINKI
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles44.2°41.8°40.3°39.0°38.4°38.2°38.5°39.7°
Beat VMG3.243.984.514.855.005.085.125.04
52°4.985.956.576.937.107.197.287.28
60°5.276.216.797.127.327.437.567.59
75°5.476.477.047.367.597.828.078.22
90°5.656.667.237.658.008.248.558.87
110°5.396.547.227.738.228.669.4810.17
120°5.186.367.117.638.178.729.8910.85
135°4.625.816.717.297.798.319.6011.55
150°3.905.015.956.667.137.498.289.64
Run VMG3.384.345.155.776.176.677.498.35
Gybe Angles143.5°146.9°147.8°148.8°150.1°173.6°176.2°139.9°
APH ToD:574.2CDL: 8.768APH ToT: 1.0449CertNo:
BOAT
ClassBuckley 34DesignerBuckleyBuilderMikaTalo /Tommi LavonenAge date01/2000Series date06/1986Offset fileFIN11012.offData fileFIN11012
HULL
Length Overall10.530 mMaximum Beam3.010 mDraft1.815 mDisplacement3,200 kgDLR3.9300IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.280%Age Allowance0.487%
PROPELLER
InstallationShaft exposedTypeFolding 2 bladesDiameter0.380m
CREW
Maximum weight410 kg(declared)Minimum weight280 kg * when appliedNon Manual PowerNoCrew Arm Extension
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail28.3529.21Headsail Luffed21.8721.87Headsail Flying40.5440.54SymmetricAsymmetric55.4055.40 (All asymmetric spinnakers with SHW/SFL > 85%)
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail8.10Storm Jib5.11Heavy Weather Jib13.78
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails5 * Woven polyester sails  Spinnakers4
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.

Club
Certificate
2024

Boat

Ariel

FIN 11012

Avomeripurjehtijat ry
c/o Mainoskauppa Oy
Melkonkatu 16 B
00210 HELSINKI
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1112.3905.2798.4742.2720.0708.9703.1714.6
52°723.3605.5547.6519.4506.7500.5494.2494.3
60°683.7579.5530.2505.4491.5484.5475.9474.1
75°658.6556.5511.7489.2474.0460.4446.0438.2
90°637.7540.4497.7470.8449.9436.7421.1405.7
110°668.1550.6498.6466.0438.2415.8379.7353.9
120°694.4565.7506.3471.5440.8413.1363.9331.9
135°778.4619.7536.2493.9462.4433.0375.2311.7
150°923.1718.5605.4540.3505.2480.5434.8373.5
Run VMG1065.9829.6699.1623.9583.4540.0480.5431.3
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1089.1867.4748.7683.1651.7624.5591.8573.0
All purpose831.3675.2595.8552.1527.3508.1481.0460.7
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward718.20.8354
All purpose574.21.0449
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low753.20.7966
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium570.71.0513
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High502.71.1935
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low978.30.6133
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium712.50.8421
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High619.00.9693
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance627.20.9566
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low753.20.7966
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium570.71.0513
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High502.71.1935
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low978.30.6133
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium712.50.8421
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High619.00.9693
Performance Curve6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1086.7814.1673.2590.9548.1512.9456.0434.6
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.7381
Downwind "popa"0.8709
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.7735
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.8263
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low753.20.7966
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium570.71.0513
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High502.71.1935
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low978.30.6133
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium712.50.8421
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High619.00.9693
Predominantly Upwind621.40.9655
Predominantly Downwind586.61.0229
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low753.20.7966
Triple Number AP Medium570.81.0511
Triple Number AP High502.71.1935
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low978.30.6133
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium712.50.8421
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High619.00.9693
Single Number Predominant Upwind620.20.9674
Single Number Predominant Reaching544.71.1015
Single Number Predominant Downwind587.41.0215
Predominant Upwind - Low832.70.7205
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med688.10.8720
Predominant Upwind - Medium599.71.0006
Predominant Upwind - Med/High555.81.0795
Predominant Upwind - High537.31.1168
Predominant Downwind Low830.50.7224
Predominant Downwind Low/Med668.70.8973
Predominant Downwind Medium565.01.0619
Predominant Downwind Med/High499.71.2008
Predominant Downwind High455.71.3167
Predominant Reaching Low733.40.8181
Predominant Reaching Low/Med606.90.9886
Predominant Reaching Medium527.51.1374
Predominant Reaching Med/High479.11.2522
Predominant Reaching High449.01.3362
SA/DSPL Upwind23.04SA/DSPL Downwind38.42
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1038.80.5776
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med831.00.7220
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium699.30.8580
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High628.50.9546
5-Band Windward/Leeward High594.21.0098
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1044.10.5747
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med839.60.7146
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium711.20.8436
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High645.40.9297
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High616.60.9731
5-Band AP Low795.90.7539
5-Band AP Low/Med652.00.9202
5-Band AP Medium561.81.0679
5-Band AP Med/High510.51.1754
5-Band AP High482.21.2443
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low986.30.6083
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med793.30.7563
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium671.80.8931
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High607.50.9877
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High575.71.0422
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9466
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9738
Chicago-Mac Downwind1.0042
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.9008
Bayview-Mac Shore0.9110
Harvest Moon Regatta490.51.2231
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance627.20.9566
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low753.20.7966
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium570.71.0513
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High502.71.1935
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low978.30.6133
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium712.50.8421
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High619.00.9693
Performance Curve6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1086.7814.1673.2590.9548.1512.9456.0434.6
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance627.20.9566
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low753.20.7966
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium570.71.0513
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High502.71.1935
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low978.30.6133
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium712.50.8421
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High619.00.9693
Performance Curve6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1086.7814.1673.2590.9548.1512.9456.0434.6
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance627.2
Performance Curve6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1086.7814.1673.2590.9548.1512.9456.0434.6
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low753.20.7966
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium570.71.0513
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High502.71.1935
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low978.30.6133
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium712.50.8421
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High619.00.9693
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating (Coastal/Long Distance)627.20.9566
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low753.20.7966
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium570.71.0513
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High502.71.1935
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low978.30.6133
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium712.50.8421
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High619.00.9693
Performance Curve6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1086.7814.1673.2590.9548.1512.9456.0434.6
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low753.20.7966
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium570.71.0513
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High502.71.1935
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low978.30.6133
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium712.50.8421
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High619.00.9693
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7966
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0513
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1935
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6133
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8421
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9693
Performance Curve6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1086.7814.1673.2590.9548.1512.9456.0434.6
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance627.20.9566
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low753.20.7966
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium570.71.0513
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High502.71.1935
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low978.30.6133
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium712.50.8421
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High619.00.9693
Performance Curve6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1086.7814.1673.2590.9548.1512.9456.0434.6
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low753.20.7966
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium570.71.0513
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High502.71.1935
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low978.30.6133
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium712.50.8421
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High619.00.9693
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance627.20.9566
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low753.20.7966
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium570.71.0513
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High502.71.1935
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low978.30.6133
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium712.50.8421
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High619.00.9693
Performance Curve6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1086.7814.1673.2590.9548.1512.9456.0434.6
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance627.20.9566
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low753.20.7966
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium570.71.0513
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High502.71.1935
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low978.30.6133
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium712.50.8421
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High619.00.9693
Performance Curve6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1086.7814.1673.2590.9548.1512.9456.0434.6
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low753.2
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium570.7
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High502.7
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low978.3
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium712.5
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High619.0
Predominantly Upwind621.4
Predominantly Downwind586.6
Predominantly Reaching555.8
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance627.20.9566
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low753.20.7966
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium570.71.0513
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High502.71.1935
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low978.30.6133
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium712.50.8421
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High619.00.9693
Performance Curve6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1086.7814.1673.2590.9548.1512.9456.0434.6
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7966
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0513
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1935
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6133
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8421
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9693
Coastal/Long Distance0.9566
Predominantly Upwind0.9655
Predominantly Downwind1.0229
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)647.8
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Tretall Distanseseilas Lite vind0.7966
Tretall Distanseseilas Mellomvind1.0513
Tretall Distanseseilas Mye vind1.1935
Tretall Pølsebane Lite vind0.6133
Tretall Pølsebane Mellomvind0.8421
Tretall Pølsebane Mye vind0.9693
Distanseseilas ett tall1.0449
Enkeltall Motvind0.9655
Enkeltall Medvind1.0229
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low753.20.7966
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium570.71.0513
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High502.71.1935
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low978.30.6133
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium712.50.8421
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High619.00.9693
Coastal/Long Distance627.20.9566
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind621.40.9655
Predominantly Downwind586.61.0229
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore578.61.0370
Cape Doctor Coastal466.81.2853
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low753.20.7966
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium570.71.0513
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High502.71.1935
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low978.30.6133
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium712.50.8421
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High619.00.9693
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7966
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0513
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1935
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6133
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8421
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9693
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7966
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0513
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1935
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6133
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8421
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9693
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance627.20.9566
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low753.20.7966
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium570.71.0513
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High502.71.1935
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low978.30.6133
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium712.50.8421
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High619.00.9693
Predominantly Upwind621.40.9655
Predominantly Downwind586.61.0229
Performance Curve6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1086.7814.1673.2590.9548.1512.9456.0434.6
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance627.20.9566
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low753.20.7966
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium570.71.0513
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High502.71.1935
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low978.30.6133
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium712.50.8421
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High619.00.9693
Performance Curve6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1086.7814.1673.2590.9548.1512.9456.0434.6
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low753.20.7966
Triple Number AP Medium570.81.0511
Triple Number AP High502.71.1935
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low978.30.6133
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium712.50.8421
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High619.00.9693
Single Number Predominant Upwind620.20.9674
Single Number Predominant Reaching544.71.1015
Single Number Predominant Downwind587.41.0215
Predominant Upwind - Low832.70.7205
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med688.10.8720
Predominant Upwind - Medium599.71.0006
Predominant Upwind - Med/High555.81.0795
Predominant Upwind - High537.31.1168
Predominant Downwind Low830.50.7224
Predominant Downwind Low/Med668.70.8973
Predominant Downwind Medium565.01.0619
Predominant Downwind Med/High499.71.2008
Predominant Downwind High455.71.3167
Predominant Reaching Low733.40.8181
Predominant Reaching Low/Med606.90.9886
Predominant Reaching Medium527.51.1374
Predominant Reaching Med/High479.11.2522
Predominant Reaching High449.01.3362
SA/DSPL Upwind23.04SA/DSPL Downwind38.42
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1038.80.5776
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med831.00.7220
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium699.30.8580
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High628.50.9546
5-Band Windward/Leeward High594.21.0098
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1044.10.5747
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med839.60.7146
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium711.20.8436
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High645.40.9297
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High616.60.9731
5-Band AP Low795.90.7539
5-Band AP Low/Med652.00.9202
5-Band AP Medium561.81.0679
5-Band AP Med/High510.51.1754
5-Band AP High482.21.2443
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low986.30.6083
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med793.30.7563
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium671.80.8931
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High607.50.9877
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High575.71.0422
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9466
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9738
Chicago-Mac Downwind1.0042
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.9008
Bayview-Mac Shore0.9110
Harvest Moon Regatta490.51.2231

Club
Certificate
2024

Boat

Ariel

FIN 11012

Avomeripurjehtijat ry
c/o Mainoskauppa Oy
Melkonkatu 16 B
00210 HELSINKI
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassBuckley 34MeasurementHINPlan reviewHull constructionSolidCarbon RudderNoLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA10.530Max. Beam3.010Draft1.815Displacement3,200Wetted area19.40IMS L9.439LSM09.337Acc. length9.783Sink (kg/mm) 16.10
VCGD0.177VCGM0.173RM Rated (kg·m) 76.0Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight624Declared crew weight410
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeFolding 2 blades
InstallationShaft exposedTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRD0.380PBWPIPA0.0014
PSDPHDPHL
PSAESL
ST1ST2ST3
ST4ST5
RIG
Forestay tensionAftInner stayNone FittedMast materialAluminumSingle headsail furlerNoMainsail furlerNoArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunners/Checkstays0Spreaders1Rotating mastNo
P10.860IG10.100ISP10.200MDT10.090MDL10.140MDT2MDL2TLMWGO
E4.260J3.480BAS1.100FSDSFJSPLWPLTPS4.620BDMWTMCG
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodRM estimatedFlotation Date02/08/2024
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible

Club
Certificate
2024

Boat

Ariel

FIN 11012

Avomeripurjehtijat ry
c/o Mainoskauppa Oy
Melkonkatu 16 B
00210 HELSINKI
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateComment00.130.961.722.863.6528.35
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateComment00.001.162.204.195.825.9610.87NoYes040.5400.000.591.082.063.054.0310.63NoNo 21.87
ASYMMETRIC SPINNAKER
IdSLUSLESLSHWSFLRatioAreaMeas.DateComment09.7210.5510.146.556.6099%55.40
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length9.8 mTable area0.44 m²Headroom1.69 mMinimum number of berths4Personal gear stowage0.16 m³Fresh water capacity76 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit4Food stowage0.24 m³Fuel capacity46 l
*This list refers to the calculated requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for the complete list of requirements.