Club Certificate2025
SjöfrökenFIN 6656
Avomeripurjehtijat ry
c/o Mainoskauppa Oy
Melkonkatu 16 B
00210 HELSINKI
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles42.1°42.1°40.4°40.4°40.7°40.5°40.7°41.4°43.1°
Beat VMG2.303.093.653.964.114.174.194.174.02
52°3.504.635.375.796.006.096.136.156.09
60°3.684.855.595.996.206.306.356.406.38
75°3.815.005.756.166.406.556.656.756.80
90°3.684.935.786.236.466.676.837.047.17
110°3.704.985.886.376.686.937.087.317.40
120°3.534.815.756.316.676.967.227.597.83
135°3.144.345.306.046.496.837.157.748.38
150°2.603.714.705.536.156.556.887.508.16
Run VMG2.243.214.084.835.506.026.417.037.62
Gybe Angles147.8°147.8°152.5°155.9°163.3°170.0°177.7°178.6°178.3°
APH ToD:650.6CDL: 6.565APH ToT: 0.9222CertNo:
BOAT
ClassLinjett 32 7/8DesignerRosättra BåtvarvBuilderAge date01/1989Series date01/1978Offset fileLINJETT32+.offData fileFIN6656
HULL
Length Overall9.480 mMaximum Beam3.112 mDraft1.668 mDisplacement3,600 kgDLR9.9625IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.460%Age Allowance0.487%
PROPELLER
InstallationShaft exposedTypeFolding 2 bladesDiameter0.390m
CREW
Maximum weight140 kg(declared)Minimum weight130 kg ✱ when appliedNon Manual PowerNoCrew Arm Extension
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail25.5725.91Headsail Luffed23.4423.44Headsail FlyingSymmetric55.2655.26Asymmetric
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail7.87Storm Jib5.58Heavy Weather Jib15.05
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails5Spinnakers4
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.
Club Certificate2025
SjöfrökenFIN 6656
Avomeripurjehtijat ry
c/o Mainoskauppa Oy
Melkonkatu 16 B
00210 HELSINKI
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1567.81164.5986.9908.1875.4863.0858.8864.2894.8
52°1029.1777.0670.0621.3599.9591.5587.3584.9591.0
60°977.7742.4644.5600.7580.8571.4566.8562.6564.3
75°944.7719.3626.2583.9562.6549.6541.5533.2529.7
90°978.8730.7623.2577.7556.9539.7527.2511.1502.1
110°973.3722.4612.6565.0538.6519.7508.5492.7486.3
120°1018.9748.3626.4570.2539.8516.9498.4474.4460.0
135°1148.1830.2679.0595.7554.9526.9503.6465.0429.6
150°1387.0970.1765.9650.4585.6549.9523.5480.0441.4
Run VMG1606.61120.2882.2745.2654.5598.3561.3511.8472.7
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1584.71142.4934.5826.6765.0730.7710.1688.0683.8
All purpose1210.4887.7740.4667.7629.6607.8593.9576.6570.2
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward796.90.7529
All purpose650.60.9222
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low814.00.7371
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium646.10.9287
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High590.81.0155
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1038.40.5778
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium791.00.7585
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High707.00.8487
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance706.00.8499
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low814.00.7371
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium646.10.9287
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High590.81.0155
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1038.40.5778
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium791.00.7585
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High707.00.8487
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1676.31140.1880.6748.2672.4630.9598.5547.1537.4
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.6441
Downwind "popa"0.8278
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.6900
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.7626
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low814.00.7371
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium646.10.9287
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High590.81.0155
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1038.40.5778
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium791.00.7585
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High707.00.8487
Predominantly Upwind709.20.8461
Predominantly Downwind649.80.9233
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low814.10.7371
Triple Number AP Medium646.20.9286
Triple Number AP High590.91.0155
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1082.50.5543
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium791.00.7585
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High707.00.8487
Single Number Predominant Upwind735.50.8158
Single Number Predominant Reaching644.50.9309
Single Number Predominant Downwind678.00.8849
Predominant Upwind - Low972.60.6169
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med764.50.7848
Predominant Upwind - Medium689.70.8699
Predominant Upwind - Med/High656.20.9143
Predominant Upwind - High646.50.9281
Predominant Downwind Low976.80.6143
Predominant Downwind Low/Med731.40.8203
Predominant Downwind Medium628.00.9554
Predominant Downwind Med/High566.31.0594
Predominant Downwind High533.51.1247
Predominant Reaching Low873.80.6867
Predominant Reaching Low/Med678.80.8839
Predominant Reaching Medium604.50.9926
Predominant Reaching Med/High562.81.0661
Predominant Reaching High541.21.1087
SA/DSPL Upwind20.78SA/DSPL Downwind34.26
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1201.60.4993
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med902.10.6651
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium779.00.7702
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High714.40.8398
5-Band Windward/Leeward High691.10.8682
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1205.50.4977
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med915.40.6554
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium800.60.7495
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High743.90.8066
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High726.60.8258
5-Band AP Low895.10.6703
5-Band AP Low/Med720.10.8332
5-Band AP Medium638.50.9397
5-Band AP Med/High596.31.0062
5-Band AP High578.51.0372
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low1042.20.5757
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med865.80.6930
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium756.90.7927
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High702.00.8547
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High682.20.8795
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.7943
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.8264
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.8549
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6173
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6217
Harvest Moon Regatta563.31.0652
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance706.00.8499
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low814.00.7371
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium646.10.9287
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High590.81.0155
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1038.40.5778
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium791.00.7585
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High707.00.8487
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1676.31140.1880.6748.2672.4630.9598.5547.1537.4
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance706.00.8499
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low814.00.7371
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium646.10.9287
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High590.81.0155
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1038.40.5778
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium791.00.7585
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High707.00.8487
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1676.31140.1880.6748.2672.4630.9598.5547.1537.4
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance706.0
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1676.31140.1880.6748.2672.4630.9598.5547.1537.4
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low814.00.7371
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium646.10.9287
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High590.81.0155
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1038.40.5778
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium791.00.7585
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High707.00.8487
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating706.00.8499
FinRating, kevyt tuuli1180.70.8469
FinRating, kova tuuli581.90.8593
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low814.00.7371
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium646.10.9287
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High590.81.0155
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1038.40.5778
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium791.00.7585
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High707.00.8487
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance0.8499
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7371
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.9287
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.0155
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5778
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.7585
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.8487
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1676.31140.1880.6748.2672.4630.9598.5547.1537.4
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)725.1
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance706.00.8499
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low814.00.7371
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium646.10.9287
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High590.81.0155
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1038.40.5778
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium791.00.7585
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High707.00.8487
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1676.31140.1880.6748.2672.4630.9598.5547.1537.4
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low814.00.7371
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium646.10.9287
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High590.81.0155
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1038.40.5778
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium791.00.7585
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High707.00.8487
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance706.00.8499
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low814.00.7371
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium646.10.9287
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High590.81.0155
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1038.40.5778
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium791.00.7585
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High707.00.8487
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1676.31140.1880.6748.2672.4630.9598.5547.1537.4
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance706.00.8499
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low814.00.7371
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium646.10.9287
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High590.81.0155
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1038.40.5778
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium791.00.7585
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High707.00.8487
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1676.31140.1880.6748.2672.4630.9598.5547.1537.4
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low814.0
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium646.1
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High590.8
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1038.4
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium791.0
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High707.0
Predominantly Upwind709.2
Predominantly Downwind649.8
Predominantly Reaching628.2
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance706.00.8499
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low814.00.7371
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium646.10.9287
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High590.81.0155
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1038.40.5778
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium791.00.7585
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High707.00.8487
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1676.31140.1880.6748.2672.4630.9598.5547.1537.4
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7371
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.9287
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.0155
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5778
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.7585
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.8487
Coastal/Long Distance0.8499
Predominantly Upwind0.8461
Predominantly Downwind0.9233
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)725.1
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Distanseseilas Singeltall  (APH)0.9222
Distanseseilas Trippeltall svak vind0.7371
Distanseseilas Trippeltall mellomvind0.9287
Distanseseilas Trippeltall sterk vind1.0155
Pølsebane Trippeltall svak vind0.5778
Pølsebane Trippeltall mellomvind0.7585
Pølsebane Trippeltall sterk vind0.8487
Motvind Singeltall0.8461
Medvind Singeltall0.9233
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low814.00.7371
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium646.10.9287
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High590.81.0155
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1038.40.5778
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium791.00.7585
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High707.00.8487
Coastal/Long Distance706.00.8499
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind709.20.8461
Predominantly Downwind649.80.9233
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore685.00.8759
Cape Doctor Coastal572.11.0487
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low814.00.7371
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium646.10.9287
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High590.81.0155
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1038.40.5778
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium791.00.7585
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High707.00.8487
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7371
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.9287
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.0155
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5778
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.7585
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.8487
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7371
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.9287
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.0155
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5778
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.7585
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.8487
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance706.00.8499
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low814.00.7371
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium646.10.9287
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High590.81.0155
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1038.40.5778
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium791.00.7585
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High707.00.8487
Predominantly Upwind709.20.8461
Predominantly Downwind649.80.9233
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1676.31140.1880.6748.2672.4630.9598.5547.1537.4
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance706.00.8499
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low814.00.7371
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium646.10.9287
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High590.81.0155
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1038.40.5778
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium791.00.7585
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High707.00.8487
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1676.31140.1880.6748.2672.4630.9598.5547.1537.4
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low814.10.7371
Triple Number AP Medium646.20.9286
Triple Number AP High590.91.0155
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1082.50.5543
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium791.00.7585
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High707.00.8487
Single Number Predominant Upwind735.50.8158
Single Number Predominant Reaching644.50.9309
Single Number Predominant Downwind678.00.8849
Predominant Upwind - Low972.60.6169
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med764.50.7848
Predominant Upwind - Medium689.70.8699
Predominant Upwind - Med/High656.20.9143
Predominant Upwind - High646.50.9281
Predominant Downwind Low976.80.6143
Predominant Downwind Low/Med731.40.8203
Predominant Downwind Medium628.00.9554
Predominant Downwind Med/High566.31.0594
Predominant Downwind High533.51.1247
Predominant Reaching Low873.80.6867
Predominant Reaching Low/Med678.80.8839
Predominant Reaching Medium604.50.9926
Predominant Reaching Med/High562.81.0661
Predominant Reaching High541.21.1087
SA/DSPL Upwind20.78SA/DSPL Downwind34.26
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1201.60.4993
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med902.10.6651
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium779.00.7702
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High714.40.8398
5-Band Windward/Leeward High691.10.8682
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1205.50.4977
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med915.40.6554
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium800.60.7495
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High743.90.8066
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High726.60.8258
5-Band AP Low895.10.6703
5-Band AP Low/Med720.10.8332
5-Band AP Medium638.50.9397
5-Band AP Med/High596.31.0062
5-Band AP High578.51.0372
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low1042.20.5757
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med865.80.6930
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium756.90.7927
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High702.00.8547
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High682.20.8795
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.7943
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.8264
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.8549
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6173
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6217
Harvest Moon Regatta563.31.0652
Club Certificate2025
SjöfrökenFIN 6656
Avomeripurjehtijat ry
c/o Mainoskauppa Oy
Melkonkatu 16 B
00210 HELSINKI
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassLinjett 32 7/8MeasurementHINPlan reviewHull constructionCoredCarbon rudderNoLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA9.480Max. Beam3.112Draft1.668Displacement3,600Wetted area17.87IMS L7.311LSM07.122Acc. length9.480Sink (kg/mm) 12.33
VCGD-0.093VCGM0.023RM Rated (kg·m) 57.6Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight424Declared crew weight140
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeFolding 2 blades
InstallationShaft exposedTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRD0.390PBWPIPA0.0014
PSDPHDPHL
PSAESL
ST1ST2ST3
ST4ST5
RIG
Forestay tensionAftInner stayNone FittedMast materialAluminumSingle headsail furlerNoMainsail furlerNoArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunning backstays0CheckstaysSpreaders1Rotating mastNo
P11.650IG10.895ISP10.895MDT10.086MDL10.105MDT20.086MDL20.105TL0.000MW0.105GO0.000
E3.860J3.260BAS1.400FSD0.000SFJ0.000SPL3.410WPLTPSBDMWT0.00MCG0.000
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodRM estimatedFlotation Date01/01/2013
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible
Club Certificate2025
SjöfrökenFIN 6656
Avomeripurjehtijat ry
c/o Mainoskauppa Oy
Melkonkatu 16 B
00210 HELSINKI
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateComment20.721.312.333.1325.5704/06/2023
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateComment20.044.5610.20NoNo 23.44
SYMMETRIC SPINNAKER
IdSLUSLESLSHWSFLAreaMeas.DateCommenta0.0055.26
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length9.5 mTable area0.44 m²Headroom1.67 mMinimum number of berths4Personal gear stowage0.16 m³Fresh water capacity70 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit4Food stowage0.24 m³Fuel capacity40 lCabin soleStovesSinksGalley gear stowageToiletWash basinNavigation areaHanging locker
*This list is a summary of the requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for details.