Non Spin/HSFClub Certificate2025
OnyttanFIN 8387
Avomeripurjehtijat ry
c/o Mainoskauppa Oy
Melkonkatu 16 B
00210 HELSINKI
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles43.7°43.7°41.4°40.4°39.9°39.6°39.4°40.0°41.5°
Beat VMG2.162.963.573.994.214.304.344.334.21
52°3.374.525.315.826.066.166.226.256.21
60°3.584.765.546.006.246.356.416.466.46
75°3.714.925.716.166.416.576.686.796.84
90°3.614.845.676.176.466.686.857.087.21
110°3.174.385.346.026.416.706.957.397.72
120°2.964.145.115.846.306.616.887.397.88
135°2.533.634.615.406.006.386.677.217.75
150°2.113.124.064.875.556.076.426.957.48
Run VMG1.822.703.544.304.985.586.066.677.18
Gybe Angles149.6°149.6°155.0°164.6°171.2°176.3°179.0°177.5°177.5°
APH ToD:673.6CDL: 6.783APH ToT: 0.8907CertNo:
BOAT
ClassH-starDesignerHans GroopBuilderVenetekno OyAge date01/1982Series date01/1981Offset fileH-STAR.OFFData fileFIN8387
HULL
Length Overall9.484 mMaximum Beam2.574 mDraft1.472 mDisplacement2,955 kgDLR7.6786IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.350%Age Allowance0.487%
PROPELLER
InstallationShaft exposedTypeFolding 2 bladesDiameter0.350m
CREW
Maximum weight260 kg(declared)Minimum weight130 kg ✱ when appliedNon Manual PowerNoCrew Arm Extension
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail21.2121.50Headsail Luffed18.8018.80Headsail FlyingSymmetricAsymmetric
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail6.50Storm Jib4.69Heavy Weather Jib12.67
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails1
✱ One set on the forestay
✱ Zero set flying
✱ Woven polyester sails
Spinnakers0
✱ Spinnaker pole aboard
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.
Non Spin/HSFClub Certificate2025
OnyttanFIN 8387
Avomeripurjehtijat ry
c/o Mainoskauppa Oy
Melkonkatu 16 B
00210 HELSINKI
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1670.61217.31007.7903.1855.2837.5829.3831.4854.9
52°1068.1797.3677.5618.9593.8584.0579.1576.0579.3
60°1005.6756.5649.5599.7577.2566.7561.7557.1557.7
75°969.6731.3630.3584.7561.5547.7538.9530.4526.7
90°996.5744.5634.6583.7557.2539.2525.7508.4499.5
110°1135.7821.3673.8598.5561.5537.5517.9487.3466.1
120°1215.1869.8704.7616.0571.2544.4522.9487.1457.1
135°1422.5990.7780.6666.7600.5564.2539.7499.4464.8
150°1706.61155.4885.8739.4648.6593.4561.1517.6481.5
Run VMG1975.01334.21017.6838.0723.2645.0594.4540.1501.6
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1818.81275.81012.7870.6789.2741.3711.9685.7678.2
All purpose1361.8975.7792.7697.6646.1617.2599.0578.1567.9
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward829.70.7232
All purpose673.60.8907
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low884.20.6786
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium668.20.8979
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High595.71.0073
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1144.20.5244
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium822.90.7291
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High709.40.8458
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance734.90.8164
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low884.20.6786
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium668.20.8979
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High595.71.0073
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1144.20.5244
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium822.90.7291
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High709.40.8458
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1959.21281.6953.9785.9690.3640.9605.3551.7537.4
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.6480
Downwind "popa"0.7378
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.6725
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.7083
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low884.20.6786
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium668.20.8979
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High595.71.0073
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1144.20.5244
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium822.90.7291
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High709.40.8458
Predominantly Upwind720.00.8333
Predominantly Downwind696.20.8618
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low884.20.6786
Triple Number AP Medium668.30.8978
Triple Number AP High595.71.0073
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1197.90.5009
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium822.90.7291
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High709.40.8458
Single Number Predominant Upwind749.80.8002
Single Number Predominant Reaching673.30.8911
Single Number Predominant Downwind733.00.8186
Predominant Upwind - Low1038.20.5779
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med790.20.7593
Predominant Upwind - Medium694.80.8635
Predominant Upwind - Med/High651.20.9213
Predominant Upwind - High638.40.9399
Predominant Downwind Low1119.70.5359
Predominant Downwind Low/Med804.00.7463
Predominant Downwind Medium667.30.8992
Predominant Downwind Med/High587.51.0213
Predominant Downwind High550.61.0897
Predominant Reaching Low955.10.6282
Predominant Reaching Low/Med718.80.8347
Predominant Reaching Medium623.50.9623
Predominant Reaching Med/High571.91.0492
Predominant Reaching High548.01.0950
SA/DSPL Upwind19.36SA/DSPL Downwind19.36
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1346.70.4455
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med968.30.6196
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium806.90.7436
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High718.90.8346
5-Band Windward/Leeward High689.00.8709
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1333.00.4501
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med970.50.6182
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium819.70.7320
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High741.80.8088
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High718.20.8354
5-Band AP Low991.70.6050
5-Band AP Low/Med764.50.7849
5-Band AP Medium658.10.9117
5-Band AP Med/High602.50.9959
5-Band AP High579.91.0346
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low1151.40.5211
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med925.00.6486
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium780.60.7686
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High705.70.8502
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High680.20.8821
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.7758
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.7853
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.7860
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.5634
Bayview-Mac Shore0.5698
Harvest Moon Regatta583.01.0292
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance734.90.8164
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low884.20.6786
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium668.20.8979
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High595.71.0073
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1144.20.5244
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium822.90.7291
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High709.40.8458
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1959.21281.6953.9785.9690.3640.9605.3551.7537.4
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance734.90.8164
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low884.20.6786
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium668.20.8979
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High595.71.0073
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1144.20.5244
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium822.90.7291
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High709.40.8458
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1959.21281.6953.9785.9690.3640.9605.3551.7537.4
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance734.9
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1959.21281.6953.9785.9690.3640.9605.3551.7537.4
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low884.20.6786
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium668.20.8979
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High595.71.0073
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1144.20.5244
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium822.90.7291
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High709.40.8458
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating734.90.8164
FinRating, kevyt tuuli1326.50.7538
FinRating, kova tuuli584.20.8559
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low884.20.6786
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium668.20.8979
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High595.71.0073
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1144.20.5244
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium822.90.7291
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High709.40.8458
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance0.8164
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.6786
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.8979
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.0073
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5244
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.7291
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.8458
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1959.21281.6953.9785.9690.3640.9605.3551.7537.4
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)759.9
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance734.90.8164
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low884.20.6786
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium668.20.8979
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High595.71.0073
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1144.20.5244
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium822.90.7291
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High709.40.8458
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1959.21281.6953.9785.9690.3640.9605.3551.7537.4
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low884.20.6786
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium668.20.8979
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High595.71.0073
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1144.20.5244
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium822.90.7291
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High709.40.8458
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance734.90.8164
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low884.20.6786
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium668.20.8979
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High595.71.0073
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1144.20.5244
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium822.90.7291
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High709.40.8458
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1959.21281.6953.9785.9690.3640.9605.3551.7537.4
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance734.90.8164
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low884.20.6786
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium668.20.8979
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High595.71.0073
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1144.20.5244
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium822.90.7291
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High709.40.8458
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1959.21281.6953.9785.9690.3640.9605.3551.7537.4
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low884.2
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium668.2
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High595.7
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1144.2
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium822.9
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High709.4
Predominantly Upwind720.0
Predominantly Downwind696.2
Predominantly Reaching660.7
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance734.90.8164
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low884.20.6786
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium668.20.8979
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High595.71.0073
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1144.20.5244
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium822.90.7291
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High709.40.8458
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1959.21281.6953.9785.9690.3640.9605.3551.7537.4
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.6786
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.8979
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.0073
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5244
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.7291
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.8458
Coastal/Long Distance0.8164
Predominantly Upwind0.8333
Predominantly Downwind0.8618
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)759.9
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Distanseseilas Singeltall  (APH)0.8907
Distanseseilas Trippeltall svak vind0.6786
Distanseseilas Trippeltall mellomvind0.8979
Distanseseilas Trippeltall sterk vind1.0073
Pølsebane Trippeltall svak vind0.5244
Pølsebane Trippeltall mellomvind0.7291
Pølsebane Trippeltall sterk vind0.8458
Motvind Singeltall0.8333
Medvind Singeltall0.8618
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low884.20.6786
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium668.20.8979
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High595.71.0073
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1144.20.5244
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium822.90.7291
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High709.40.8458
Coastal/Long Distance734.90.8164
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind720.00.8333
Predominantly Downwind696.20.8618
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore680.50.8817
Cape Doctor Coastal571.01.0508
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low884.20.6786
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium668.20.8979
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High595.71.0073
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1144.20.5244
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium822.90.7291
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High709.40.8458
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.6786
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.8979
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.0073
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5244
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.7291
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.8458
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.6786
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.8979
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.0073
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5244
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.7291
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.8458
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance734.90.8164
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low884.20.6786
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium668.20.8979
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High595.71.0073
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1144.20.5244
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium822.90.7291
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High709.40.8458
Predominantly Upwind720.00.8333
Predominantly Downwind696.20.8618
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1959.21281.6953.9785.9690.3640.9605.3551.7537.4
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance734.90.8164
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low884.20.6786
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium668.20.8979
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High595.71.0073
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1144.20.5244
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium822.90.7291
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High709.40.8458
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1959.21281.6953.9785.9690.3640.9605.3551.7537.4
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low884.20.6786
Triple Number AP Medium668.30.8978
Triple Number AP High595.71.0073
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1197.90.5009
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium822.90.7291
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High709.40.8458
Single Number Predominant Upwind749.80.8002
Single Number Predominant Reaching673.30.8911
Single Number Predominant Downwind733.00.8186
Predominant Upwind - Low1038.20.5779
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med790.20.7593
Predominant Upwind - Medium694.80.8635
Predominant Upwind - Med/High651.20.9213
Predominant Upwind - High638.40.9399
Predominant Downwind Low1119.70.5359
Predominant Downwind Low/Med804.00.7463
Predominant Downwind Medium667.30.8992
Predominant Downwind Med/High587.51.0213
Predominant Downwind High550.61.0897
Predominant Reaching Low955.10.6282
Predominant Reaching Low/Med718.80.8347
Predominant Reaching Medium623.50.9623
Predominant Reaching Med/High571.91.0492
Predominant Reaching High548.01.0950
SA/DSPL Upwind19.36SA/DSPL Downwind19.36
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1346.70.4455
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med968.30.6196
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium806.90.7436
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High718.90.8346
5-Band Windward/Leeward High689.00.8709
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1333.00.4501
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med970.50.6182
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium819.70.7320
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High741.80.8088
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High718.20.8354
5-Band AP Low991.70.6050
5-Band AP Low/Med764.50.7849
5-Band AP Medium658.10.9117
5-Band AP Med/High602.50.9959
5-Band AP High579.91.0346
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low1151.40.5211
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med925.00.6486
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium780.60.7686
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High705.70.8502
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High680.20.8821
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.7758
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.7853
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.7860
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.5634
Bayview-Mac Shore0.5698
Harvest Moon Regatta583.01.0292
Non Spin/HSFClub Certificate2025
OnyttanFIN 8387
Avomeripurjehtijat ry
c/o Mainoskauppa Oy
Melkonkatu 16 B
00210 HELSINKI
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassH-starMeasurement09/06/2021HINPlan reviewHull constructionSolidCarbon rudderNoLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA9.484Max. Beam2.574Draft1.472Displacement2,955Wetted area16.31IMS L7.468LSM07.273Acc. length8.366Sink (kg/mm) 11.56
VCGD0.021VCGM0.002RM Rated (kg·m) 46.0Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight437Declared crew weight260
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeFolding 2 blades
InstallationShaft exposedTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRD0.350PBWPIPA0.0012
PSDPHDPHL
PSAESL
ST1ST2ST3
ST4ST5
RIG
Forestay tensionAftInner stayNone FittedMast materialAluminumSingle headsail furlerYesMainsail furlerNoArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunning backstays1CheckstaysSpreaders1Rotating mastNo
P10.600IG9.685ISP9.765MDT10.095MDL10.140MDT2MDL2TLTaperMWGO
E3.500J3.070BAS1.135FSDSFJ0.650SPL3.000WPLTPSBDMWTMCG
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodRM estimatedFlotation Date09/06/2021
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible
Non Spin/HSFClub Certificate2025
OnyttanFIN 8387
Avomeripurjehtijat ry
c/o Mainoskauppa Oy
Melkonkatu 16 B
00210 HELSINKI
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateComment20.120.641.182.122.9021.2127/06/2022
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateComment10.040.460.911.933.014.149.44NoNo 18.80
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length8.4 mTable area0.33 m²Headroom1.40 mMinimum number of berths3Personal gear stowage0.12 m³Fresh water capacity36 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit3Food stowage0.18 m³Fuel capacity20 lCabin soleStovesSinksGalley gear stowageToiletWash basinNavigation areaHanging locker
*This list is a summary of the requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for details.