Club Certificate2025
EchoFIN-47145
Avomeripurjehtijat ry
c/o Mainoskauppa Oy
Melkonkatu 16 B
00210 HELSINKI
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles43.4°43.4°40.8°39.8°39.3°39.0°38.6°38.5°39.5°
Beat VMG2.323.183.844.294.574.724.804.844.75
52°3.624.845.686.236.526.696.786.846.81
60°3.835.085.916.426.696.866.967.037.03
75°3.965.246.086.576.857.037.187.357.40
90°3.915.286.246.746.987.127.287.587.76
110°4.005.436.426.927.247.507.697.948.05
120°3.865.286.326.877.217.517.798.228.48
135°3.404.755.846.597.017.327.628.228.85
150°2.844.035.075.956.576.937.217.718.25
Run VMG2.463.494.395.155.716.136.487.027.47
Gybe Angles144.2°144.2°148.0°148.8°152.5°158.5°162.8°179.3°179.3°
APH ToD:602.0CDL: 8.063APH ToT: 0.9967CertNo:
BOAT
ClassImpala 36DesignerBjorn JensenBuilderFordewerft + M&P YAge date01/1995Series date01/1992Offset fileI0014.BOFData fileFIN47145
HULL
Length Overall10.868 mMaximum Beam3.248 mDraft1.950 mDisplacement6,657 kgDLR9.3803IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.500%Age Allowance0.487%
PROPELLER
InstallationShaft exposedTypeFolding 3 bladesDiameter0.428m
CREW
Maximum weight420 kg(declared)Minimum weight290 kg ✱ when appliedNon Manual PowerNoCrew Arm Extension
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail30.9332.32Headsail Luffed32.4632.46Headsail FlyingSymmetricAsymmetric90.9690.96 (All asymmetric spinnakers with SHW/SFL > 85%)
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail9.08Storm Jib9.65Heavy Weather Jib26.05
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails5
✱ One set on the forestay
Spinnakers4
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.
Club Certificate2025
EchoFIN-47145
Avomeripurjehtijat ry
c/o Mainoskauppa Oy
Melkonkatu 16 B
00210 HELSINKI
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1553.81131.8936.7838.3787.7763.3750.5744.1757.7
52°995.0744.3633.7578.0551.8537.9531.2526.4528.6
60°940.6708.5608.8561.1537.9524.9517.3512.0511.9
75°909.3686.5591.9548.3525.9511.7501.6489.7486.2
90°919.6681.4577.1533.8515.4505.4494.4475.2463.6
110°899.1663.4560.4519.9497.2480.0468.2453.4447.0
120°932.8681.5569.5524.3499.4479.4462.2437.9424.7
135°1058.0758.4616.7546.0513.8491.7472.5437.9406.7
150°1268.7893.6710.1605.3547.8519.1499.5466.9436.4
Run VMG1465.01031.8819.9699.0630.1587.1555.6513.1482.0
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1508.81081.8878.3768.6708.9675.2653.0628.6619.8
All purpose1148.2835.9691.4619.0581.6559.8544.9526.4517.7
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward740.10.8107
All purpose602.00.9967
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low763.70.7857
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium597.81.0037
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High541.71.1077
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low980.10.6122
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium734.50.8169
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High649.40.9239
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance654.20.9172
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low763.70.7857
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium597.81.0037
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High541.71.1077
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low980.10.6122
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium734.50.8169
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High649.40.9239
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1592.31076.8825.9694.7620.1581.0550.6504.9494.5
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.7056
Downwind "popa"0.8684
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.7476
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.8122
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low763.70.7857
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium597.81.0037
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High541.71.1077
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low980.10.6122
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium734.50.8169
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High649.40.9239
Predominantly Upwind653.20.9185
Predominantly Downwind607.10.9883
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low763.70.7857
Triple Number AP Medium597.81.0036
Triple Number AP High541.71.1077
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1022.00.5871
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium734.50.8169
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High649.40.9239
Single Number Predominant Upwind679.40.8831
Single Number Predominant Reaching598.21.0031
Single Number Predominant Downwind633.10.9477
Predominant Upwind - Low927.30.6471
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med714.40.8399
Predominant Upwind - Medium633.20.9475
Predominant Upwind - Med/High593.91.0102
Predominant Upwind - High579.51.0353
Predominant Downwind Low907.20.6614
Predominant Downwind Low/Med678.80.8839
Predominant Downwind Medium586.61.0228
Predominant Downwind Med/High533.41.1248
Predominant Downwind High503.21.1923
Predominant Reaching Low817.40.7341
Predominant Reaching Low/Med629.60.9530
Predominant Reaching Medium559.61.0722
Predominant Reaching Med/High521.71.1500
Predominant Reaching High499.81.2004
SA/DSPL Upwind17.80SA/DSPL Downwind34.23
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1137.80.5273
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med844.60.7104
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium722.60.8303
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High657.40.9127
5-Band Windward/Leeward High631.30.9504
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1148.00.5227
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med857.40.6998
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium738.40.8126
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High676.80.8865
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High654.60.9166
5-Band AP Low838.20.7158
5-Band AP Low/Med671.00.8942
5-Band AP Medium590.21.0165
5-Band AP Med/High547.41.0962
5-Band AP High528.11.1362
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low985.80.6086
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med808.90.7418
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium697.80.8598
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High640.10.9374
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High617.10.9724
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.8569
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.8889
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.9169
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6579
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6620
Harvest Moon Regatta527.21.1380
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance654.20.9172
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low763.70.7857
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium597.81.0037
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High541.71.1077
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low980.10.6122
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium734.50.8169
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High649.40.9239
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1592.31076.8825.9694.7620.1581.0550.6504.9494.5
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance654.20.9172
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low763.70.7857
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium597.81.0037
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High541.71.1077
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low980.10.6122
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium734.50.8169
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High649.40.9239
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1592.31076.8825.9694.7620.1581.0550.6504.9494.5
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance654.2
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1592.31076.8825.9694.7620.1581.0550.6504.9494.5
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low763.70.7857
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium597.81.0037
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High541.71.1077
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low980.10.6122
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium734.50.8169
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High649.40.9239
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating654.20.9172
FinRating, kevyt tuuli1115.60.8964
FinRating, kova tuuli532.70.9386
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low763.70.7857
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium597.81.0037
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High541.71.1077
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low980.10.6122
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium734.50.8169
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High649.40.9239
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance0.9172
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7857
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0037
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1077
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6122
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8169
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9239
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1592.31076.8825.9694.7620.1581.0550.6504.9494.5
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)673.3
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance654.20.9172
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low763.70.7857
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium597.81.0037
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High541.71.1077
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low980.10.6122
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium734.50.8169
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High649.40.9239
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1592.31076.8825.9694.7620.1581.0550.6504.9494.5
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low763.70.7857
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium597.81.0037
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High541.71.1077
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low980.10.6122
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium734.50.8169
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High649.40.9239
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance654.20.9172
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low763.70.7857
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium597.81.0037
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High541.71.1077
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low980.10.6122
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium734.50.8169
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High649.40.9239
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1592.31076.8825.9694.7620.1581.0550.6504.9494.5
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance654.20.9172
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low763.70.7857
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium597.81.0037
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High541.71.1077
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low980.10.6122
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium734.50.8169
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High649.40.9239
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1592.31076.8825.9694.7620.1581.0550.6504.9494.5
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low763.7
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium597.8
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High541.7
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low980.1
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium734.5
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High649.4
Predominantly Upwind653.2
Predominantly Downwind607.1
Predominantly Reaching583.8
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance654.20.9172
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low763.70.7857
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium597.81.0037
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High541.71.1077
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low980.10.6122
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium734.50.8169
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High649.40.9239
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1592.31076.8825.9694.7620.1581.0550.6504.9494.5
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7857
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0037
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1077
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6122
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8169
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9239
Coastal/Long Distance0.9172
Predominantly Upwind0.9185
Predominantly Downwind0.9883
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)673.3
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Distanseseilas Singeltall  (APH)0.9967
Distanseseilas Trippeltall svak vind0.7857
Distanseseilas Trippeltall mellomvind1.0037
Distanseseilas Trippeltall sterk vind1.1077
Pølsebane Trippeltall svak vind0.6122
Pølsebane Trippeltall mellomvind0.8169
Pølsebane Trippeltall sterk vind0.9239
Motvind Singeltall0.9185
Medvind Singeltall0.9883
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low763.70.7857
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium597.81.0037
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High541.71.1077
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low980.10.6122
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium734.50.8169
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High649.40.9239
Coastal/Long Distance654.20.9172
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind653.20.9185
Predominantly Downwind607.10.9883
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore622.50.9639
Cape Doctor Coastal520.31.1531
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low763.70.7857
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium597.81.0037
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High541.71.1077
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low980.10.6122
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium734.50.8169
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High649.40.9239
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7857
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0037
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1077
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6122
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8169
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9239
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7857
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0037
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1077
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6122
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8169
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9239
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance654.20.9172
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low763.70.7857
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium597.81.0037
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High541.71.1077
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low980.10.6122
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium734.50.8169
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High649.40.9239
Predominantly Upwind653.20.9185
Predominantly Downwind607.10.9883
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1592.31076.8825.9694.7620.1581.0550.6504.9494.5
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance654.20.9172
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low763.70.7857
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium597.81.0037
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High541.71.1077
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low980.10.6122
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium734.50.8169
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High649.40.9239
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1592.31076.8825.9694.7620.1581.0550.6504.9494.5
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low763.70.7857
Triple Number AP Medium597.81.0036
Triple Number AP High541.71.1077
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1022.00.5871
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium734.50.8169
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High649.40.9239
Single Number Predominant Upwind679.40.8831
Single Number Predominant Reaching598.21.0031
Single Number Predominant Downwind633.10.9477
Predominant Upwind - Low927.30.6471
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med714.40.8399
Predominant Upwind - Medium633.20.9475
Predominant Upwind - Med/High593.91.0102
Predominant Upwind - High579.51.0353
Predominant Downwind Low907.20.6614
Predominant Downwind Low/Med678.80.8839
Predominant Downwind Medium586.61.0228
Predominant Downwind Med/High533.41.1248
Predominant Downwind High503.21.1923
Predominant Reaching Low817.40.7341
Predominant Reaching Low/Med629.60.9530
Predominant Reaching Medium559.61.0722
Predominant Reaching Med/High521.71.1500
Predominant Reaching High499.81.2004
SA/DSPL Upwind17.80SA/DSPL Downwind34.23
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1137.80.5273
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med844.60.7104
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium722.60.8303
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High657.40.9127
5-Band Windward/Leeward High631.30.9504
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1148.00.5227
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med857.40.6998
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium738.40.8126
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High676.80.8865
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High654.60.9166
5-Band AP Low838.20.7158
5-Band AP Low/Med671.00.8942
5-Band AP Medium590.21.0165
5-Band AP Med/High547.41.0962
5-Band AP High528.11.1362
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low985.80.6086
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med808.90.7418
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium697.80.8598
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High640.10.9374
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High617.10.9724
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.8569
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.8889
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.9169
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6579
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6620
Harvest Moon Regatta527.21.1380
Club Certificate2025
EchoFIN-47145
Avomeripurjehtijat ry
c/o Mainoskauppa Oy
Melkonkatu 16 B
00210 HELSINKI
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassImpala 36Measurement10/05/2021HINPlan reviewHull constructionSolidCarbon rudderNoLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA10.868Max. Beam3.248Draft1.950Displacement6,657Wetted area25.00IMS L8.938LSM08.919Acc. length10.556Sink (kg/mm) 17.08
VCGD-0.023VCGM-0.016RM Rated (kg·m) 103.2Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight585Declared crew weight420
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeFolding 3 blades
InstallationShaft exposedTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRD0.428PBWPIPA0.0018
PSDPHDPHL
PSAESL
ST1ST2ST3
ST4ST5
RIG
Forestay tensionAftInner stayNone FittedMast materialAluminumSingle headsail furlerYesMainsail furlerNoArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunning backstays0CheckstaysSpreaders2Rotating mastNo
P12.200IG13.890ISP13.680MDT10.137MDL10.275MDT2MDL2TLNo TaperMWGO
E4.250J4.420BAS1.480FSDSFJSPLWPLTPS4.420BDMWTMCG
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodRM estimatedFlotation Date10/05/2021
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible
Club Certificate2025
EchoFIN-47145
Avomeripurjehtijat ry
c/o Mainoskauppa Oy
Melkonkatu 16 B
00210 HELSINKI
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateComment10.150.871.592.753.6030.93
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateComment50.030.621.242.634.115.6311.97NoNo 32.4616/04/20252025
ASYMMETRIC SPINNAKER
IdSLUSLESLSHWSFLRatioAreaMeas.DateComment215.0613.0514.068.026.75119%90.96
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length10.6 mTable area0.44 m²Headroom1.74 mMinimum number of berths4Personal gear stowage0.16 m³Fresh water capacity92 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit4Food stowage0.24 m³Fuel capacity62 lCabin soleStovesSinksGalley gear stowageToiletWash basinNavigation areaHanging locker
*This list is a summary of the requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for details.