Non Spin/HSFClub Certificate2025
FuugaFIN-9429
Avomeripurjehtijat ry
c/o Mainoskauppa Oy
Melkonkatu 16 B
00210 HELSINKI
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles43.0°43.0°40.8°40.0°39.6°39.3°39.2°39.7°41.1°
Beat VMG2.273.103.734.134.364.454.504.504.38
52°3.514.705.516.006.256.376.426.476.43
60°3.724.935.736.186.426.556.626.696.68
75°3.855.105.906.336.586.766.907.067.12
90°3.755.015.866.346.636.867.067.377.56
110°3.254.505.486.176.566.857.127.648.07
120°3.044.255.245.996.456.767.047.608.17
135°2.603.734.735.546.146.526.827.397.99
150°2.163.194.174.995.706.226.567.127.69
Run VMG1.872.773.634.415.135.766.246.857.40
Gybe Angles149.8°149.8°155.0°175.7°177.1°178.2°179.1°179.3°179.5°
APH ToD:653.7CDL: 7.211APH ToT: 0.9178CertNo:
BOAT
ClassFINNGULF 28 EDesignerKarl-Johan StråhlmanBuilderAge dateSeries date01/1999Offset fileFG28E2.OFFData fileFIN9429
HULL
Length Overall8.620 mMaximum Beam2.906 mDraft1.681 mDisplacement3,280 kgDLR6.8017IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.320%Age Allowance0.487%
PROPELLER
InstallationStrutTypeFolding 2 bladesDiameter0.400m
CREW
Maximum weight270 kg(declared)Minimum weight140 kg ✱ when appliedNon Manual PowerNoCrew Arm Extension
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail23.3823.83Headsail Luffed18.6118.61Headsail FlyingSymmetricAsymmetric
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail7.03Storm Jib6.08Heavy Weather Jib16.41
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails5
✱ Zero set flying
Spinnakers0
✱ Spinnaker pole aboard
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.
Non Spin/HSFClub Certificate2025
FuugaFIN-9429
Avomeripurjehtijat ry
c/o Mainoskauppa Oy
Melkonkatu 16 B
00210 HELSINKI
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1585.01160.4966.3871.4825.8808.1799.4799.2821.4
52°1024.3766.5653.7600.1576.4565.5560.4556.4560.0
60°968.7729.8628.1582.5561.2549.6543.8538.1539.2
75°935.0706.3610.3568.6546.8532.3521.7510.2505.6
90°961.2718.9614.2567.5543.1525.1510.1488.4475.9
110°1106.3800.1656.7583.9549.0525.7505.5471.4446.1
120°1183.3847.7687.2601.0558.4532.7511.1473.6440.5
135°1385.8965.9761.5650.0586.1551.8528.1487.0450.4
150°1665.61127.1863.8721.1632.1579.0548.5505.6468.2
Run VMG1926.11301.5992.4815.4701.8624.9576.9525.6486.4
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1751.31230.9979.3843.4763.8716.5688.2662.4653.9
All purpose1313.9942.9767.7677.4627.9599.5581.2558.9547.1
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward802.50.7476
All purpose653.70.9178
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low855.30.7015
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium648.90.9246
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High577.41.0392
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1105.20.5429
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium796.50.7533
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High685.60.8752
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance712.60.8419
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low855.30.7015
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium648.90.9246
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High577.41.0392
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1105.20.5429
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium796.50.7533
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High685.60.8752
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1889.31238.0923.1762.2670.1622.0587.4533.7517.7
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.6741
Downwind "popa"0.7583
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.6973
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.7309
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low855.30.7015
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium648.90.9246
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High577.41.0392
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1105.20.5429
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium796.50.7533
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High685.60.8752
Predominantly Upwind696.70.8612
Predominantly Downwind676.70.8867
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low855.30.7015
Triple Number AP Medium649.00.9244
Triple Number AP High577.41.0392
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1156.60.5188
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium796.50.7533
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High685.60.8752
Single Number Predominant Upwind724.60.8281
Single Number Predominant Reaching653.30.9184
Single Number Predominant Downwind712.10.8426
Predominant Upwind - Low998.30.6010
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med763.50.7858
Predominant Upwind - Medium673.10.8914
Predominant Upwind - Med/High630.00.9523
Predominant Upwind - High616.00.9740
Predominant Downwind Low1087.20.5519
Predominant Downwind Low/Med781.50.7678
Predominant Downwind Medium648.70.9250
Predominant Downwind Med/High570.81.0511
Predominant Downwind High533.81.1240
Predominant Reaching Low924.20.6492
Predominant Reaching Low/Med697.50.8603
Predominant Reaching Medium606.20.9899
Predominant Reaching Med/High555.21.0807
Predominant Reaching High529.61.1329
SA/DSPL Upwind18.95SA/DSPL Downwind18.95
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1299.20.4618
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med936.60.6406
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium780.80.7685
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High695.00.8633
5-Band Windward/Leeward High665.40.9017
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1283.00.4677
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med937.40.6400
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium792.60.7570
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High716.60.8373
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High692.90.8659
5-Band AP Low960.70.6246
5-Band AP Low/Med741.00.8097
5-Band AP Medium639.10.9388
5-Band AP Med/High584.41.0266
5-Band AP High560.71.0701
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low1110.70.5402
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med894.70.6707
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium755.90.7938
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High682.90.8786
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High657.10.9131
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.8029
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.8105
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.8090
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.5830
Bayview-Mac Shore0.5898
Harvest Moon Regatta567.11.0581
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance712.60.8419
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low855.30.7015
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium648.90.9246
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High577.41.0392
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1105.20.5429
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium796.50.7533
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High685.60.8752
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1889.31238.0923.1762.2670.1622.0587.4533.7517.7
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance712.60.8419
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low855.30.7015
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium648.90.9246
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High577.41.0392
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1105.20.5429
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium796.50.7533
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High685.60.8752
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1889.31238.0923.1762.2670.1622.0587.4533.7517.7
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance712.6
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1889.31238.0923.1762.2670.1622.0587.4533.7517.7
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low855.30.7015
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium648.90.9246
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High577.41.0392
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1105.20.5429
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium796.50.7533
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High685.60.8752
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating712.60.8419
FinRating, kevyt tuuli1280.60.7809
FinRating, kova tuuli564.70.8854
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low855.30.7015
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium648.90.9246
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High577.41.0392
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1105.20.5429
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium796.50.7533
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High685.60.8752
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance0.8419
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7015
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.9246
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.0392
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5429
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.7533
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.8752
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1889.31238.0923.1762.2670.1622.0587.4533.7517.7
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)736.9
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance712.60.8419
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low855.30.7015
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium648.90.9246
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High577.41.0392
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1105.20.5429
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium796.50.7533
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High685.60.8752
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1889.31238.0923.1762.2670.1622.0587.4533.7517.7
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low855.30.7015
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium648.90.9246
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High577.41.0392
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1105.20.5429
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium796.50.7533
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High685.60.8752
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance712.60.8419
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low855.30.7015
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium648.90.9246
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High577.41.0392
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1105.20.5429
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium796.50.7533
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High685.60.8752
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1889.31238.0923.1762.2670.1622.0587.4533.7517.7
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance712.60.8419
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low855.30.7015
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium648.90.9246
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High577.41.0392
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1105.20.5429
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium796.50.7533
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High685.60.8752
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1889.31238.0923.1762.2670.1622.0587.4533.7517.7
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low855.3
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium648.9
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High577.4
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1105.2
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium796.5
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High685.6
Predominantly Upwind696.7
Predominantly Downwind676.7
Predominantly Reaching642.0
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance712.60.8419
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low855.30.7015
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium648.90.9246
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High577.41.0392
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1105.20.5429
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium796.50.7533
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High685.60.8752
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1889.31238.0923.1762.2670.1622.0587.4533.7517.7
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7015
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.9246
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.0392
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5429
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.7533
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.8752
Coastal/Long Distance0.8419
Predominantly Upwind0.8612
Predominantly Downwind0.8867
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)736.9
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Distanseseilas Singeltall  (APH)0.9178
Distanseseilas Trippeltall svak vind0.7015
Distanseseilas Trippeltall mellomvind0.9246
Distanseseilas Trippeltall sterk vind1.0392
Pølsebane Trippeltall svak vind0.5429
Pølsebane Trippeltall mellomvind0.7533
Pølsebane Trippeltall sterk vind0.8752
Motvind Singeltall0.8612
Medvind Singeltall0.8867
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low855.30.7015
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium648.90.9246
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High577.41.0392
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1105.20.5429
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium796.50.7533
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High685.60.8752
Coastal/Long Distance712.60.8419
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind696.70.8612
Predominantly Downwind676.70.8867
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore656.40.9140
Cape Doctor Coastal550.61.0897
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low855.30.7015
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium648.90.9246
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High577.41.0392
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1105.20.5429
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium796.50.7533
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High685.60.8752
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7015
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.9246
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.0392
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5429
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.7533
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.8752
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7015
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.9246
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.0392
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5429
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.7533
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.8752
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance712.60.8419
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low855.30.7015
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium648.90.9246
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High577.41.0392
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1105.20.5429
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium796.50.7533
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High685.60.8752
Predominantly Upwind696.70.8612
Predominantly Downwind676.70.8867
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1889.31238.0923.1762.2670.1622.0587.4533.7517.7
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance712.60.8419
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low855.30.7015
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium648.90.9246
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High577.41.0392
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1105.20.5429
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium796.50.7533
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High685.60.8752
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1889.31238.0923.1762.2670.1622.0587.4533.7517.7
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low855.30.7015
Triple Number AP Medium649.00.9244
Triple Number AP High577.41.0392
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1156.60.5188
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium796.50.7533
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High685.60.8752
Single Number Predominant Upwind724.60.8281
Single Number Predominant Reaching653.30.9184
Single Number Predominant Downwind712.10.8426
Predominant Upwind - Low998.30.6010
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med763.50.7858
Predominant Upwind - Medium673.10.8914
Predominant Upwind - Med/High630.00.9523
Predominant Upwind - High616.00.9740
Predominant Downwind Low1087.20.5519
Predominant Downwind Low/Med781.50.7678
Predominant Downwind Medium648.70.9250
Predominant Downwind Med/High570.81.0511
Predominant Downwind High533.81.1240
Predominant Reaching Low924.20.6492
Predominant Reaching Low/Med697.50.8603
Predominant Reaching Medium606.20.9899
Predominant Reaching Med/High555.21.0807
Predominant Reaching High529.61.1329
SA/DSPL Upwind18.95SA/DSPL Downwind18.95
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1299.20.4618
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med936.60.6406
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium780.80.7685
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High695.00.8633
5-Band Windward/Leeward High665.40.9017
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1283.00.4677
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med937.40.6400
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium792.60.7570
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High716.60.8373
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High692.90.8659
5-Band AP Low960.70.6246
5-Band AP Low/Med741.00.8097
5-Band AP Medium639.10.9388
5-Band AP Med/High584.41.0266
5-Band AP High560.71.0701
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low1110.70.5402
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med894.70.6707
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium755.90.7938
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High682.90.8786
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High657.10.9131
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.8029
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.8105
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.8090
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.5830
Bayview-Mac Shore0.5898
Harvest Moon Regatta567.11.0581
Non Spin/HSFClub Certificate2025
FuugaFIN-9429
Avomeripurjehtijat ry
c/o Mainoskauppa Oy
Melkonkatu 16 B
00210 HELSINKI
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassFINNGULF 28 EMeasurementHINPlan reviewHull constructionCoredCarbon rudderNoLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA8.620Max. Beam2.906Draft1.681Displacement3,280Wetted area17.01IMS L7.881LSM07.841Acc. length8.620Sink (kg/mm) 12.40
VCGD-0.125VCGM-0.065RM Rated (kg·m) 53.8Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight487Declared crew weight270
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeFolding 2 blades
InstallationStrutTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRD0.400PBWPIPA0.0006
EDLST1ST2
ST3ST4ST5
RIG
Forestay tensionAftInner stayNone FittedMast materialAluminumSingle headsail furlerNoMainsail furlerNoArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunning backstays0CheckstaysSpreaders2Rotating mastNo
P10.469IG10.939ISP10.965MDT10.090MDL10.155MDT20.083MDL20.113TL2.210MW0.141GO0.166
E3.835J3.270BAS1.455FSD0.025SFJ0.000SPL3.250WPLTPS3.800BD0.121MWT89.30MCG4.028
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodRM estimatedFlotation Date01/01/2013
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible
Non Spin/HSFClub Certificate2025
FuugaFIN-9429
Avomeripurjehtijat ry
c/o Mainoskauppa Oy
Melkonkatu 16 B
00210 HELSINKI
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateComment10.130.751.372.403.1823.3818/03/2024
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateComment20.030.490.941.752.543.2910.85NoNo 18.6124/04/2025
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length8.6 mTable area0.33 m²Headroom1.55 mMinimum number of berths3Personal gear stowage0.12 m³Fresh water capacity39 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit3Food stowage0.18 m³Fuel capacity22 lCabin soleStovesSinksGalley gear stowageToiletWash basinNavigation areaHanging locker
*This list is a summary of the requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for details.