Club Certificate2025
LovaFIN-3587
Avomeripurjehtijat ry
c/o Mainoskauppa Oy
Melkonkatu 16 B
00210 HELSINKI
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles43.6°43.6°41.3°39.8°38.7°38.2°37.8°37.7°38.5°
Beat VMG2.283.153.834.314.594.724.804.864.82
52°3.574.815.696.226.496.636.706.776.79
60°3.795.075.936.406.656.796.876.966.99
75°3.925.226.096.546.806.987.117.277.34
90°3.875.246.196.686.937.077.237.527.70
110°3.835.236.246.767.087.357.597.928.19
120°3.655.026.076.677.037.347.638.228.69
135°3.194.455.516.356.817.157.478.169.12
150°2.573.734.805.736.436.847.167.808.58
Run VMG2.223.234.164.975.726.286.707.317.91
Gybe Angles146.5°146.5°151.4°152.8°161.5°168.9°177.7°178.8°178.1°
APH ToD:608.7CDL: 7.919APH ToT: 0.9857CertNo:
BOAT
ClassAlbin NovaDesignerPeter NorlinBuilderAlbin Batar AbAge date01/1984Series date01/1984Offset fileALBINNOVA.offData fileFIN3587
HULL
Length Overall9.896 mMaximum Beam3.156 mDraft1.718 mDisplacement4,400 kgDLR7.3038IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.310%Age Allowance0.487%
PROPELLER
InstallationShaft exposedTypeFolding 2 bladesDiameter0.406m
CREW
Maximum weight480 kg(declared)Minimum weight350 kg ✱ when appliedNon Manual PowerNoCrew Arm Extension
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail30.5931.19Headsail Luffed21.2221.22Headsail FlyingSymmetric60.7160.71Asymmetric
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail9.11Storm Jib5.78Heavy Weather Jib15.61
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails5
✱ One set on the forestay
Spinnakers4
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.
Club Certificate2025
LovaFIN-3587
Avomeripurjehtijat ry
c/o Mainoskauppa Oy
Melkonkatu 16 B
00210 HELSINKI
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1581.11143.5938.7834.8784.2762.3749.6740.9747.4
52°1008.3747.9632.3578.5554.6543.0537.2531.5530.6
60°948.7710.0607.1562.5541.4529.9523.6517.1515.1
75°919.1689.3591.4550.3529.4515.8506.1495.5490.4
90°930.4687.5581.3539.1519.4508.9497.7478.5467.4
110°941.0688.4576.5532.8508.6489.9474.5454.5439.6
120°987.5716.6593.4539.8512.2490.8471.9437.8414.2
135°1129.1808.8653.8567.4529.0503.7481.8441.2394.7
150°1402.1965.8750.6628.4559.6526.1502.5461.6419.5
Run VMG1623.51115.2865.8723.8629.1573.3537.6492.5455.3
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1600.51129.3902.3779.3706.6667.8643.6616.7601.4
All purpose1201.0864.7707.1628.0585.6562.6546.6525.0509.7
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward743.30.8072
All purpose608.70.9857
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low785.90.7635
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium604.20.9931
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High542.51.1060
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1015.70.5907
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium737.50.8136
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High639.50.9382
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance662.10.9062
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low785.90.7635
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium604.20.9931
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High542.51.1060
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1015.70.5907
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium737.50.8136
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High639.50.9382
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1704.41127.9848.4704.7623.5583.4552.8503.9488.0
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.7054
Downwind "popa"0.8507
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.7435
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.8012
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low785.90.7635
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium604.20.9931
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High542.51.1060
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1015.70.5907
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium737.50.8136
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High639.50.9382
Predominantly Upwind657.80.9121
Predominantly Downwind617.80.9712
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low785.90.7635
Triple Number AP Medium604.20.9930
Triple Number AP High542.51.1060
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1062.20.5649
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium737.50.8136
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High639.50.9382
Single Number Predominant Upwind685.00.8759
Single Number Predominant Reaching607.80.9872
Single Number Predominant Downwind646.70.9278
Predominant Upwind - Low947.30.6334
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med721.80.8312
Predominant Upwind - Medium636.20.9431
Predominant Upwind - Med/High595.51.0076
Predominant Upwind - High578.81.0366
Predominant Downwind Low957.30.6268
Predominant Downwind Low/Med701.80.8549
Predominant Downwind Medium594.31.0095
Predominant Downwind Med/High532.31.1272
Predominant Downwind High497.71.2056
Predominant Reaching Low843.90.7110
Predominant Reaching Low/Med643.00.9331
Predominant Reaching Medium566.51.0591
Predominant Reaching Med/High525.11.1426
Predominant Reaching High500.41.1990
SA/DSPL Upwind19.20SA/DSPL Downwind33.83
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1190.80.5039
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med863.50.6949
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium723.30.8295
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High648.40.9253
5-Band Windward/Leeward High618.70.9698
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1193.00.5029
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med872.70.6875
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium738.50.8125
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High669.40.8963
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High643.70.9322
5-Band AP Low870.30.6894
5-Band AP Low/Med684.50.8765
5-Band AP Medium595.71.0072
5-Band AP Med/High549.01.0930
5-Band AP High526.11.1405
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low1022.50.5868
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med826.00.7264
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium700.90.8560
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High636.10.9433
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High608.70.9856
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.8494
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.8747
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.8941
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6359
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6411
Harvest Moon Regatta532.21.1274
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance662.10.9062
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low785.90.7635
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium604.20.9931
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High542.51.1060
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1015.70.5907
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium737.50.8136
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High639.50.9382
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1704.41127.9848.4704.7623.5583.4552.8503.9488.0
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance662.10.9062
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low785.90.7635
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium604.20.9931
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High542.51.1060
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1015.70.5907
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium737.50.8136
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High639.50.9382
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1704.41127.9848.4704.7623.5583.4552.8503.9488.0
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance662.1
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1704.41127.9848.4704.7623.5583.4552.8503.9488.0
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low785.90.7635
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium604.20.9931
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High542.51.1060
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1015.70.5907
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium737.50.8136
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High639.50.9382
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating662.10.9062
FinRating, kevyt tuuli1169.50.8551
FinRating, kova tuuli529.50.9443
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low785.90.7635
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium604.20.9931
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High542.51.1060
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1015.70.5907
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium737.50.8136
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High639.50.9382
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance0.9062
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7635
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.9931
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1060
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5907
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8136
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9382
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1704.41127.9848.4704.7623.5583.4552.8503.9488.0
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)684.0
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance662.10.9062
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low785.90.7635
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium604.20.9931
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High542.51.1060
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1015.70.5907
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium737.50.8136
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High639.50.9382
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1704.41127.9848.4704.7623.5583.4552.8503.9488.0
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low785.90.7635
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium604.20.9931
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High542.51.1060
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1015.70.5907
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium737.50.8136
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High639.50.9382
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance662.10.9062
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low785.90.7635
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium604.20.9931
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High542.51.1060
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1015.70.5907
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium737.50.8136
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High639.50.9382
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1704.41127.9848.4704.7623.5583.4552.8503.9488.0
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance662.10.9062
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low785.90.7635
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium604.20.9931
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High542.51.1060
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1015.70.5907
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium737.50.8136
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High639.50.9382
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1704.41127.9848.4704.7623.5583.4552.8503.9488.0
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low785.9
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium604.2
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High542.5
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1015.7
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium737.5
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High639.5
Predominantly Upwind657.8
Predominantly Downwind617.8
Predominantly Reaching593.5
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance662.10.9062
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low785.90.7635
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium604.20.9931
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High542.51.1060
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1015.70.5907
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium737.50.8136
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High639.50.9382
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1704.41127.9848.4704.7623.5583.4552.8503.9488.0
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7635
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.9931
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1060
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5907
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8136
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9382
Coastal/Long Distance0.9062
Predominantly Upwind0.9121
Predominantly Downwind0.9712
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)684.0
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Distanseseilas Singeltall  (APH)0.9857
Distanseseilas Trippeltall svak vind0.7635
Distanseseilas Trippeltall mellomvind0.9931
Distanseseilas Trippeltall sterk vind1.1060
Pølsebane Trippeltall svak vind0.5907
Pølsebane Trippeltall mellomvind0.8136
Pølsebane Trippeltall sterk vind0.9382
Motvind Singeltall0.9121
Medvind Singeltall0.9712
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low785.90.7635
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium604.20.9931
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High542.51.1060
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1015.70.5907
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium737.50.8136
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High639.50.9382
Coastal/Long Distance662.10.9062
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind657.80.9121
Predominantly Downwind617.80.9712
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore606.00.9902
Cape Doctor Coastal514.31.1667
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low785.90.7635
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium604.20.9931
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High542.51.1060
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1015.70.5907
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium737.50.8136
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High639.50.9382
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7635
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.9931
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1060
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5907
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8136
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9382
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7635
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.9931
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1060
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5907
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8136
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9382
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance662.10.9062
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low785.90.7635
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium604.20.9931
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High542.51.1060
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1015.70.5907
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium737.50.8136
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High639.50.9382
Predominantly Upwind657.80.9121
Predominantly Downwind617.80.9712
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1704.41127.9848.4704.7623.5583.4552.8503.9488.0
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance662.10.9062
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low785.90.7635
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium604.20.9931
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High542.51.1060
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1015.70.5907
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium737.50.8136
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High639.50.9382
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1704.41127.9848.4704.7623.5583.4552.8503.9488.0
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low785.90.7635
Triple Number AP Medium604.20.9930
Triple Number AP High542.51.1060
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1062.20.5649
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium737.50.8136
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High639.50.9382
Single Number Predominant Upwind685.00.8759
Single Number Predominant Reaching607.80.9872
Single Number Predominant Downwind646.70.9278
Predominant Upwind - Low947.30.6334
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med721.80.8312
Predominant Upwind - Medium636.20.9431
Predominant Upwind - Med/High595.51.0076
Predominant Upwind - High578.81.0366
Predominant Downwind Low957.30.6268
Predominant Downwind Low/Med701.80.8549
Predominant Downwind Medium594.31.0095
Predominant Downwind Med/High532.31.1272
Predominant Downwind High497.71.2056
Predominant Reaching Low843.90.7110
Predominant Reaching Low/Med643.00.9331
Predominant Reaching Medium566.51.0591
Predominant Reaching Med/High525.11.1426
Predominant Reaching High500.41.1990
SA/DSPL Upwind19.20SA/DSPL Downwind33.83
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1190.80.5039
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med863.50.6949
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium723.30.8295
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High648.40.9253
5-Band Windward/Leeward High618.70.9698
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1193.00.5029
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med872.70.6875
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium738.50.8125
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High669.40.8963
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High643.70.9322
5-Band AP Low870.30.6894
5-Band AP Low/Med684.50.8765
5-Band AP Medium595.71.0072
5-Band AP Med/High549.01.0930
5-Band AP High526.11.1405
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low1022.50.5868
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med826.00.7264
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium700.90.8560
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High636.10.9433
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High608.70.9856
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.8494
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.8747
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.8941
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6359
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6411
Harvest Moon Regatta532.21.1274
Club Certificate2025
LovaFIN-3587
Avomeripurjehtijat ry
c/o Mainoskauppa Oy
Melkonkatu 16 B
00210 HELSINKI
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassAlbin NovaMeasurement25/05/2021HINPlan reviewHull constructionCoredCarbon rudderNoLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA9.896Max. Beam3.156Draft1.718Displacement4,400Wetted area21.25IMS L8.586LSM08.445Acc. length9.896Sink (kg/mm) 14.77
VCGD-0.042VCGM-0.022RM Rated (kg·m) 74.0Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight541Declared crew weight480
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeFolding 2 blades
InstallationShaft exposedTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRD0.406PBWPIPA0.0016
PSDPHDPHL
PSAESL
ST1ST2ST3
ST4ST5
RIG
Forestay tensionAftInner stayNone FittedMast materialAluminumSingle headsail furlerYesMainsail furlerNoArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunning backstays1CheckstaysSpreaders1Rotating mastNo
P12.100IG10.750ISP10.800MDT10.115MDL10.170MDT2MDL2TLTaperMWGO
E4.300J3.700BAS1.540FSDFoilSFJSPL3.750WPLTPSBDMWTMCG
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodRM estimatedFlotation Date25/05/2021
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible
Club Certificate2025
LovaFIN-3587
Avomeripurjehtijat ry
c/o Mainoskauppa Oy
Melkonkatu 16 B
00210 HELSINKI
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateComment20.120.861.592.743.5730.5907/05/2022
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateComment20.080.561.072.073.063.9910.35NoNo 21.2207/05/2022
SYMMETRIC SPINNAKER
IdSLUSLESLSHWSFLAreaMeas.DateComment110.8010.8010.806.756.7360.71
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length9.9 mTable area0.44 m²Headroom1.70 mMinimum number of berths4Personal gear stowage0.16 m³Fresh water capacity78 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit4Food stowage0.24 m³Fuel capacity48 lCabin soleStovesSinksGalley gear stowageToiletWash basinNavigation areaHanging locker
*This list is a summary of the requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for details.