Non Spin/HSFClub Certificate2025
LovaFIN-3587
Avomeripurjehtijat ry
c/o Mainoskauppa Oy
Melkonkatu 16 B
00210 HELSINKI
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles43.6°43.6°41.3°39.8°38.7°38.2°37.8°37.8°38.5°
Beat VMG2.283.153.844.314.594.724.804.864.81
52°3.574.815.706.226.496.636.706.776.78
60°3.805.075.936.406.656.796.876.966.99
75°3.925.226.096.546.806.987.117.267.34
90°3.795.116.026.546.837.057.247.527.70
110°3.344.635.646.366.767.057.307.788.26
120°3.104.345.376.166.636.957.227.738.30
135°2.623.784.825.666.306.706.997.528.08
150°2.183.234.235.095.826.376.747.287.80
Run VMG1.882.803.684.505.245.906.417.037.55
Gybe Angles149.8°149.8°155.0°174.8°176.2°177.5°178.9°179.5°179.3°
APH ToD:632.6CDL: 7.917APH ToT: 0.9484CertNo:
BOAT
ClassAlbin NovaDesignerPeter NorlinBuilderAlbin Batar AbAge date01/1984Series date01/1984Offset fileALBINNOVA.offData fileFIN3587
HULL
Length Overall9.896 mMaximum Beam3.156 mDraft1.718 mDisplacement4,400 kgDLR7.3036IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.320%Age Allowance0.487%
PROPELLER
InstallationShaft exposedTypeFolding 2 bladesDiameter0.406m
CREW
Maximum weight480 kg(declared)Minimum weight350 kg ✱ when appliedNon Manual PowerNoCrew Arm Extension
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail30.5931.19Headsail Luffed21.2221.22Headsail FlyingSymmetricAsymmetric
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail9.11Storm Jib5.78Heavy Weather Jib15.61
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails1
✱ One set on the forestay
✱ Zero set flying
Spinnakers0
✱ Spinnaker pole aboard
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.
Non Spin/HSFClub Certificate2025
LovaFIN-3587
Avomeripurjehtijat ry
c/o Mainoskauppa Oy
Melkonkatu 16 B
00210 HELSINKI
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1580.51143.1938.5834.7784.3762.5749.9741.3747.9
52°1008.0747.7632.1578.4554.6543.1537.3531.6530.8
60°948.3709.8607.0562.5541.4530.0523.7517.3515.3
75°918.8689.1591.2550.2529.4515.8506.1495.6490.5
90°948.7704.7597.7550.6527.0510.4497.1478.5467.5
110°1077.6778.3637.8566.4532.2510.8493.0462.8435.9
120°1160.5829.0670.0584.8542.7518.2498.8465.7433.9
135°1375.6952.7746.9636.0571.6537.1514.8478.5445.6
150°1653.01114.2850.5707.3618.6564.7534.1494.8461.8
Run VMG1910.51286.6977.2799.3686.5610.3561.9511.8476.7
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1742.21214.9957.9817.0735.4686.4655.9626.5612.3
All purpose1301.0926.7748.7656.6606.4577.4558.9536.4521.9
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward774.70.7745
All purpose632.60.9484
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low837.80.7162
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium627.70.9558
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High555.11.0809
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1086.40.5523
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium768.80.7804
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High652.50.9195
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance690.20.8694
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low837.80.7162
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium627.70.9558
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High555.11.0809
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1086.40.5523
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium768.80.7804
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High652.50.9195
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1883.51222.0902.5738.7646.4598.8565.4516.2499.4
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.7054
Downwind "popa"0.7730
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.7244
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.7514
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low837.80.7162
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium627.70.9558
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High555.11.0809
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1086.40.5523
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium768.80.7804
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High652.50.9195
Predominantly Upwind671.60.8934
Predominantly Downwind659.30.9101
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low837.70.7162
Triple Number AP Medium627.80.9557
Triple Number AP High555.11.0809
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1138.20.5272
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium768.80.7804
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High652.50.9195
Single Number Predominant Upwind699.70.8575
Single Number Predominant Reaching635.70.9438
Single Number Predominant Downwind695.10.8632
Predominant Upwind - Low981.80.6111
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med741.00.8097
Predominant Upwind - Medium647.40.9268
Predominant Upwind - Med/High601.80.9971
Predominant Upwind - High584.91.0258
Predominant Downwind Low1072.40.5595
Predominant Downwind Low/Med764.40.7849
Predominant Downwind Medium630.80.9511
Predominant Downwind Med/High553.31.0845
Predominant Downwind High517.51.1593
Predominant Reaching Low909.20.6599
Predominant Reaching Low/Med679.80.8827
Predominant Reaching Medium587.71.0210
Predominant Reaching Med/High537.41.1166
Predominant Reaching High513.01.1696
SA/DSPL Upwind19.20SA/DSPL Downwind19.20
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1283.30.4676
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med913.20.6570
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium752.60.7972
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High662.80.9053
5-Band Windward/Leeward High629.10.9537
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1266.90.4736
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med912.40.6576
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium761.90.7875
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High680.90.8812
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High652.10.9201
5-Band AP Low943.60.6359
5-Band AP Low/Med721.40.8317
5-Band AP Medium617.80.9713
5-Band AP Med/High562.21.0672
5-Band AP High537.81.1157
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low1093.50.5487
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med871.40.6885
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium728.00.8241
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High651.10.9215
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High621.70.9650
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.8301
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.8338
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.8281
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.5937
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6006
Harvest Moon Regatta551.81.0874
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance690.20.8694
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low837.80.7162
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium627.70.9558
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High555.11.0809
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1086.40.5523
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium768.80.7804
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High652.50.9195
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1883.51222.0902.5738.7646.4598.8565.4516.2499.4
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance690.20.8694
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low837.80.7162
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium627.70.9558
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High555.11.0809
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1086.40.5523
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium768.80.7804
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High652.50.9195
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1883.51222.0902.5738.7646.4598.8565.4516.2499.4
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance690.2
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1883.51222.0902.5738.7646.4598.8565.4516.2499.4
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low837.80.7162
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium627.70.9558
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High555.11.0809
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1086.40.5523
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium768.80.7804
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High652.50.9195
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating690.20.8694
FinRating, kevyt tuuli1265.00.7905
FinRating, kova tuuli542.00.9225
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low837.80.7162
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium627.70.9558
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High555.11.0809
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1086.40.5523
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium768.80.7804
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High652.50.9195
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance0.8694
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7162
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.9558
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.0809
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5523
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.7804
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9195
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1883.51222.0902.5738.7646.4598.8565.4516.2499.4
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)715.2
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance690.20.8694
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low837.80.7162
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium627.70.9558
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High555.11.0809
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1086.40.5523
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium768.80.7804
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High652.50.9195
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1883.51222.0902.5738.7646.4598.8565.4516.2499.4
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low837.80.7162
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium627.70.9558
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High555.11.0809
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1086.40.5523
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium768.80.7804
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High652.50.9195
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance690.20.8694
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low837.80.7162
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium627.70.9558
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High555.11.0809
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1086.40.5523
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium768.80.7804
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High652.50.9195
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1883.51222.0902.5738.7646.4598.8565.4516.2499.4
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance690.20.8694
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low837.80.7162
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium627.70.9558
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High555.11.0809
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1086.40.5523
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium768.80.7804
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High652.50.9195
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1883.51222.0902.5738.7646.4598.8565.4516.2499.4
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low837.8
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium627.7
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High555.1
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1086.4
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium768.8
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High652.5
Predominantly Upwind671.6
Predominantly Downwind659.3
Predominantly Reaching624.6
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance690.20.8694
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low837.80.7162
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium627.70.9558
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High555.11.0809
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1086.40.5523
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium768.80.7804
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High652.50.9195
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1883.51222.0902.5738.7646.4598.8565.4516.2499.4
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7162
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.9558
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.0809
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5523
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.7804
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9195
Coastal/Long Distance0.8694
Predominantly Upwind0.8934
Predominantly Downwind0.9101
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)715.2
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Distanseseilas Singeltall  (APH)0.9484
Distanseseilas Trippeltall svak vind0.7162
Distanseseilas Trippeltall mellomvind0.9558
Distanseseilas Trippeltall sterk vind1.0809
Pølsebane Trippeltall svak vind0.5523
Pølsebane Trippeltall mellomvind0.7804
Pølsebane Trippeltall sterk vind0.9195
Motvind Singeltall0.8934
Medvind Singeltall0.9101
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low837.80.7162
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium627.70.9558
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High555.11.0809
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1086.40.5523
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium768.80.7804
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High652.50.9195
Coastal/Long Distance690.20.8694
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind671.60.8934
Predominantly Downwind659.30.9101
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore616.60.9731
Cape Doctor Coastal526.21.1402
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low837.80.7162
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium627.70.9558
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High555.11.0809
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1086.40.5523
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium768.80.7804
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High652.50.9195
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7162
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.9558
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.0809
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5523
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.7804
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9195
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7162
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.9558
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.0809
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5523
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.7804
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9195
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance690.20.8694
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low837.80.7162
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium627.70.9558
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High555.11.0809
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1086.40.5523
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium768.80.7804
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High652.50.9195
Predominantly Upwind671.60.8934
Predominantly Downwind659.30.9101
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1883.51222.0902.5738.7646.4598.8565.4516.2499.4
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance690.20.8694
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low837.80.7162
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium627.70.9558
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High555.11.0809
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1086.40.5523
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium768.80.7804
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High652.50.9195
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1883.51222.0902.5738.7646.4598.8565.4516.2499.4
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low837.70.7162
Triple Number AP Medium627.80.9557
Triple Number AP High555.11.0809
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1138.20.5272
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium768.80.7804
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High652.50.9195
Single Number Predominant Upwind699.70.8575
Single Number Predominant Reaching635.70.9438
Single Number Predominant Downwind695.10.8632
Predominant Upwind - Low981.80.6111
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med741.00.8097
Predominant Upwind - Medium647.40.9268
Predominant Upwind - Med/High601.80.9971
Predominant Upwind - High584.91.0258
Predominant Downwind Low1072.40.5595
Predominant Downwind Low/Med764.40.7849
Predominant Downwind Medium630.80.9511
Predominant Downwind Med/High553.31.0845
Predominant Downwind High517.51.1593
Predominant Reaching Low909.20.6599
Predominant Reaching Low/Med679.80.8827
Predominant Reaching Medium587.71.0210
Predominant Reaching Med/High537.41.1166
Predominant Reaching High513.01.1696
SA/DSPL Upwind19.20SA/DSPL Downwind19.20
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1283.30.4676
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med913.20.6570
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium752.60.7972
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High662.80.9053
5-Band Windward/Leeward High629.10.9537
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1266.90.4736
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med912.40.6576
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium761.90.7875
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High680.90.8812
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High652.10.9201
5-Band AP Low943.60.6359
5-Band AP Low/Med721.40.8317
5-Band AP Medium617.80.9713
5-Band AP Med/High562.21.0672
5-Band AP High537.81.1157
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low1093.50.5487
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med871.40.6885
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium728.00.8241
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High651.10.9215
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High621.70.9650
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.8301
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.8338
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.8281
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.5937
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6006
Harvest Moon Regatta551.81.0874
Non Spin/HSFClub Certificate2025
LovaFIN-3587
Avomeripurjehtijat ry
c/o Mainoskauppa Oy
Melkonkatu 16 B
00210 HELSINKI
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassAlbin NovaMeasurement25/05/2021HINPlan reviewHull constructionCoredCarbon rudderNoLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA9.896Max. Beam3.156Draft1.718Displacement4,400Wetted area21.25IMS L8.584LSM08.445Acc. length9.896Sink (kg/mm) 14.77
VCGD-0.041VCGM-0.021RM Rated (kg·m) 73.9Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight541Declared crew weight480
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeFolding 2 blades
InstallationShaft exposedTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRD0.406PBWPIPA0.0016
PSDPHDPHL
PSAESL
ST1ST2ST3
ST4ST5
RIG
Forestay tensionAftInner stayNone FittedMast materialAluminumSingle headsail furlerYesMainsail furlerNoArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunning backstays1CheckstaysSpreaders1Rotating mastNo
P12.100IG10.750ISP10.800MDT10.115MDL10.170MDT2MDL2TLTaperMWGO
E4.300J3.700BAS1.540FSDFoilSFJSPL3.750WPLTPSBDMWTMCG
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodRM estimatedFlotation Date25/05/2021
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible
Non Spin/HSFClub Certificate2025
LovaFIN-3587
Avomeripurjehtijat ry
c/o Mainoskauppa Oy
Melkonkatu 16 B
00210 HELSINKI
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateComment20.120.861.592.743.5730.5907/05/2022
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateComment20.080.561.072.073.063.9910.35NoNo 21.2207/05/2022
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length9.9 mTable area0.44 m²Headroom1.70 mMinimum number of berths4Personal gear stowage0.16 m³Fresh water capacity78 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit4Food stowage0.24 m³Fuel capacity48 lCabin soleStovesSinksGalley gear stowageToiletWash basinNavigation areaHanging locker
*This list is a summary of the requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for details.